Module 18 - memory

Question 1

What are the 2 types of memory

Answer 1

• declaritive/ explicit
• non declaritive/implicit

Question 2

What type of memory in hippocampus

Answer 2

explicit

Question 3

what type of memory in cerebellum and basal ganglia

Answer 3

procedural memory

Question 4

2 specific areas of basal ganglia that memory is in

Answer 4

striatum
Putamen

Question 5

What type of memory in amygdala

Answer 5

ones with emotional attachment

Question 6

What type of memory in cortex

Answer 6

Short and long term explicit memory

Question 7

Name type of neurons that responsible for location and cognitive maps

Answer 7

Place cells

Question 8

What do taxi drivers have more of compared to bus drivera

Answer 8

more grey matter in hippocampus

Question 9

diff between short term memory and working memory

Answer 9

short term is only maintence (e.g. what u ate for brekkie yom nom)
working memory is maintence AND manipulation, so acc using it e.g. phone number to write it down

Question 10

how is short term vs long term encoded

Answer 10

st = acoustic
lt = acoustic and visual (also semantic, knowing meaning)

Question 11

how is short term vs long term retrieval

Answer 11

st = sequential
lt =via association

Question 12

stages of memory

Answer 12

stimulus
encoding
storage
retrieval

Question 13

what did hebb say

Answer 13

efficiency of neurons can increase after repeated stimulation
‘neurons that fire together wire together’

Question 14

what is LTP

Answer 14

persistent strengthening of synapses following high-frequency stimulation of a chemical synapse
(model used for learning and memory)

Question 15

2 types of synaptic plasticity

Answer 15

LTP and LTD
long term potentiation
long term depression

Question 16

what process used to induce LTP

Answer 16

tetanisation (high frq stimulation on synapse) of area in hippocampus

Question 17

2 types of glutamate receptors

Answer 17

AMPA
NMDA

Question 18

what does glutamate do when binds to AMPA

Answer 18

receptor opens
Na+ influx
(just a lignad gated na channel)
causes depolarlisation

Question 19

what ion blocks the NMDA rec

Answer 19

Mg2+

Question 20

what does NMDA require to open

Answer 20

AMDA needs to be activated
cuz this will depol the memb
which is needed
and also
glutamate and glycine needs to bind

Question 21

what ions travel through
NMDA when open

Answer 21

Na+ and Ca2+

Question 22

following LTP, what changes occur

Answer 22

first = presyn = increased NT vesicles and increased NT release
then = postsyn = increased dendritic area, inc dendritic spines, increase AMPA receptors

Question 23

what enzyme plays role stabilising strength of synaptic activities following LTP

Answer 23

protein kinase A

Question 24

what is a kinase that regulates protein synthesis in postsynaptic mechanisms

Answer 24

extracellular regulatied kinase
activated by a bunch of signalling pathways
it allows protein synthesis = long term memories

Question 25

how does LTD occur

Answer 25

weak depolarisation of memb
little Ca2+ influx via NMDA receptor
long lasting DECREASE in efficiency of synaptic transmission

Question 26

what are the 4 phsyioloogical functions of LTD

Answer 26

• memory hippocampus (working and episodic, novelty detection)
• fear conditioning in amygdala
• recognition memory in perirhinal cortex
• cerebellar learning

Question 27

what are 4 pathological things LTD involved in

Answer 27

• psychiatric conditions
• drug addiction
• mental retardation
• neurodegeneration

Question 28

2 types of amnesia

Answer 28

retrograde
anterograde

Question 29

what area did HM have taken

Answer 29

bilateral medial temporal lobe
which included the hippocampus
hence amnesia

Question 30

diff between amnesia and dementia

Answer 30

dementia is progressive

Question 31

2 biggest causes of dementia

Answer 31

alzheimers
vascular dementia

Question 32

2 things that characterise AD

Answer 32

• presence of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles
• accumulation of extracellular Beta-amyloid plaques

Question 33

causes of vasc dementia

Answer 33

after stroke
damage to blood vessels
reduced circulation (could be caused by other heart and vasc diseases)