Module 15 - other sensory systems

Question 1

what type of recepotrs detect smell

Answer 1

olfactory sensory neurons

Question 2

what is OSN pathway in insect

Answer 2

glomeruli in antennal lobe
then projection neurons which take it to
mushroom body (MB) and lateral horn (LH)

Question 3

what is OSN pathway in mammals

Answer 3

glomeruli in olfactory bulb
then via mitral cells to the olfactory cortex

Question 4

what are the lateral cells in olfaction (mammals)

Answer 4

periglomerular cells
granule cell

Question 5

what type of receptors are olfactory receptors

Answer 5

GPCRs

Question 6

what does odorant binding activate in the GPCR

Answer 6

GDP replaced with GTP
which activates adenylate cyclase
which converts ATP to cAMP
which activates cyclic nucleotide gated channel
which allows Ca2+ and Na+ through
which= depolarisation

Question 7

how does combinatorial coding work

Answer 7

diff odorants acittvate various receptors activating many neurons

Question 8

one diff between olfac and vision system

Answer 8

in vision the receptors are at the back
olfac reptors at front

Question 9

what nerve do taste reeptor cells activate

Answer 9

gustatory nerve

Question 10

what are the 3 tytpes of papillae

Answer 10

circumvallate (at back)
foliate (at sides)
fungiform (at tip)

Question 11

what are the receptor type for umami, sweet and bitter

Answer 11

GPCRs

Question 12

what are the specific GPCRs for umami and sweet

Answer 12

T1R1
T1R2
T1R3

Question 13

what is receptor type for sour taste

Answer 13

TRP channels

Question 14

what organ in vertabrates detetcs environmental chemical changes or pheromones

Answer 14

Vomeronasal organ
sends signals to hypothalamus

Question 15

how is sound detected

Answer 15

variations in air pressure

Question 16

how do insects detect sound

Answer 16

as speed of moving particles

Question 17

normal human heaing range

Answer 17

20-20,000Hz

Question 18

what frq waves travel furthwr

Answer 18

low frq waves

Question 19

what are stereocillium on hair cells linked by

Answer 19

tip links
these are pushed by mechanical force which opens channel - allows K+ entry INWARDS

Question 20

which NT is released in hair cells

Answer 20

glutamate
travels to spiral ganglion neuron

Question 21

what is the tonotopy of the cochlea

Answer 21

apex is wider and less stiff = lower frq
base is thinner, shorter and more stiff = high frq
(think of harp strings)

Question 22

name the 3 tiny ear bones

Answer 22

malleus
incus
stapes

Question 23

what are the 2 components of vestibular system

Answer 23

semicircular canals
otolith organs

Question 24

whatt do utricle and saccule detect

Answer 24

head acceleration and psotion
via CaCO3 crystals that dectect gravity and acceleration

Question 25

what do semicirulcar canals detect

Answer 25

head rotaition
via moevement of fluid unlike the otolith

Question 26

what are the 3 fluid filled cahmebrs in the cochlea

Answer 26

scala vestibuli
scala media
scala tympani

Question 27

what does vestibular system detect

Answer 27

balance and movement

Question 28

what 2 cell types detect steady pressure in skin

Answer 28

merkel cells
ruffini endings
mark ruffalo

Question 29

what 2 cell types detect vibration in skin

Answer 29

meissner and Pacinian corpuscule

Question 30

what lobe is vestibular cortex in

Answer 30

parietal

Question 31

what lobe is olfactory ortex in

Answer 31

temporal

Question 32

what lobe is auditory cortex in

Answer 32

temporal

Question 33

what lobe is somatosensorycortex in

Answer 33

parietal lobe

Question 34

what lobe is gustatory cortex in

Answer 34

insular and frontal

Question 35

what lobe is visualcortex in

Answer 35

occipital