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Excitable Cells: Neuroscience > Module 16 - Muscle > Flashcards

Module 16 - Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of muscle cell

A

smooth
skeletal and cardiac (striated)

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2
Q

2 functions of skeletal muscle

A

movement
heat generation

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3
Q

what is muscle fiber

A

single muscle cell
smallest part of muscle tissue
aka a myocyte

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4
Q

name of a bundle of muscle fibres

A

fascicle

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5
Q

name the sheath of connective tissue surrounding bundle of muscle fibres

A

perimysium

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6
Q

name of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibres

A

endomysium

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7
Q

name the outer layer of muscle

A

epimysium

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8
Q

what is a triad made up of

A

T tubule
terminal cisternae

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9
Q

what is the sarcolemma

A

cell memb of msucle fibre
NOT to be confused with endomysium which is connective tissue on top of this

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10
Q

sarcomere sections in order left to right

A

Z line
I band (crosses over 2 sarcomeres)
A band
H zone
M line
see diagram

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11
Q

what is thick filament made up of

A

myosin and titin

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12
Q

what is thin filament made up of

A

actin and nebulin

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13
Q

which of the filaments connects to the M line

A

thick filament

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14
Q

what happens when muscle contracts to the filaments

A

thin move closer together
thick filaments have contractin in titin at the end

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15
Q

cross section - what filaments are present in A band

A

thick and thin filaments

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16
Q

cross section - what filaments are present in H zone

A

thick filaments

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17
Q

cross section - what filaments are present in I band

A

thin filaments

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18
Q

qhat is optimum srcomere length fro highest contrac force

A

1.1-1.2 micometres

19
Q

how many types of myosin

A

9
8 skeletal/cardiac
1 smooth
(myosin = hexamer, 2 heavy chains, 2 regulatory light chains, 2 heavy chains)

20
Q

what type of actin is found in muscle

A

filamentous actin

21
Q

tropomyosin structure

A

2 alpha helixes in coiled coil
1 for every 7 actin

22
Q

what are the 3 components of troponin and what do they do

A

T = binds with tropomyosin
C = binds Ca2+ during contraction
I = binds with actin and inhibits myosin by covering binding sites

23
Q

what happens when ATP binds to myosin

A

myosin dissociates froma actin
ATP hudrolysed to ADP and Pi
mysoin moves along
Pi dissociates
ADP dissociates

24
Q

what molecule regulates contration and how

A

Ca2+
binds to TnC = causes it to move and uncover binding sites on myosin

25
Q

name the channel in SR that allows main movement of Ca2+ into the cytoplasm

A

ryanodine receptor

26
Q

what channel acts as a voltage sensor and activates the ryanodine receptor

A

L type Ca channels (DHP) in the sarcolemma memb

27
Q

what receptor allows resotration of Ca balance

A

SERCA receptors in SR memb
moves Ca frm cyto back into SR

28
Q

what triggers the DHP receptor to activate

A

depolarisation of sarcolemma memb
via AP being passed down
after nACh receptors are activated

29
Q

name process that occurs when neuron meets muscle fibre and neruomuscular junction

A

aborization
basiclaly it just splits into branches

30
Q

what type of disease is myasthenia gravis

A

autoimmune disorder attacking skeletal muslce
leading to muscle weakness and fatigue

31
Q

who is MG most common in

A

women 20-40

32
Q

how do we know thymus gland may be involved in MG

A

many have thymomas
Removal of the thymus gland can prove beneficial for many patients

33
Q

where are the ACh binding sites in nACHr

A

between alpha and delta and alpha and epsilon on extracellular side

34
Q

what does 2nd TM domain of nAChr form

A

the inner lining of ion channel

35
Q

where to antibodies in MG target on nACHr

A

extracellular parts of alpha subunits
aka the main immunogenic region MIR

36
Q

what are the 3 pathological mechanisms of MG

A

1 - antibody binding causes receptors to be internalised (endocytosis)
2 - end plate region destroyed/simplified by immune system
3 - antibodies can act as comp ant and dont allow Ach to bind (this is least important one, others have more effect)

37
Q

3 types of treatment for MG

A

AChesterase inhibitors (reversible) (end in -stigmine)
Immunosuppressants (azathioprine)
Plasma therapy/plasmapheris/plasma exchange (removes the autoantibodies form circ)

38
Q

name the irreverisble AChEsterase inhibitor

A

sarin
vry deadly

39
Q

what AA does sarin bind to in AChEsterase that inhibits it

A

serine
forms sarin-serin complex = cant be recycled

40
Q

2 reasons why sarin causes flaccid paralysis

A
  • nAChr get desensitised after being exposed for long time
  • =memb constantly depolarise and Na+ channels get inactivated
41
Q

what 3 AAs control enzymatic activity of AChEsterase

A

serine
glutamate
histidine

42
Q

2 antidotes for sarin

A

injecting atropine as a muscarinic antagonist
pralidoxime = recycles AChesterase (only effective if used quick)

43
Q

what tissue from electric fish is used to study nicotinic receptors

A

electroplaque
Elecetrocytes
has lots of nAChr
orginally derived form msucle

Excitable Cells: Neuroscience (21 decks)

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