Lecture 21 - neurotechniques Flashcards
What is cranial trepanation
boring holes in a skull
What is experimental ablasion
Lesioning/destroying a part of brain to study its function
When experimental ablasion performed on fish to study shoaling behaviour, what area was found to be responsible
Telencephalon
name of brain map thing
stereotaxic atlas
During stereotaxic surgery, what 2 methods can be used to make lesions
electrode - not as specific
Cannula w/ excitatory amino acids - can specific type of neuron and also will only target cell bodies
What is a sham lesion
placebo
Why would histological methods need to be used after stereotaxic experiment
to observe the location of the lesion
What did wilder penfield do
brain stim on awak patients
To treat epilepsy but also locate brain areas
Stim brain and recorded their reaction
Made many functional maps of cortex
And motor homunculous
What are the 3 types of electrical recording/stimulation techniques
Electrophysiolgy
Electroencaphologram EEG
Deep brain stimulation DBS
What ar ethe 3 brain imagin techniquea
Computerised tomography CT
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
How is electric stimulation controlled in DBS
pacemaker like device placed in upper chest which connects to the electrodes in ur brain
What are the 2 uses of DBS
Can regulate abnormal impulses
Or
Affect certain cells and chemicals in brain
E.g. Used to treat treemors in parkinsons
What has DBS been approved to treat
dystonia
Tremors
Parkinson’s
Parkinson’s
OCD
epilepsy
What kind of imagin is CT
Combination of x ray images to make cross sectional image
Used for internal injuries
What 4 things is CT used for
- pinpoint location of tumor, infection etc
- guide surgical procedures
-detect and monitor diseases - monitor treatment
What type of imagin is PET
uses radioactive tracer
To detect heightened level of chemical activity
What can. PET be used for
to reveal or evaluate tumours and other disorders
That maybe other tests can’t detect
And can be combined with the other tests
What type of imaging is MRI
magnetic fields and radio waves used to make detailed images
Used mostly for brain and spi al cord
What things can mri be used to diagnose
Aneurysms
Inner ear or eye disorders
Multiple sclerosis
Injuries from trauma
Tumours
Stroke
How is fMRI different to mri
records activity over time, and also only the brain
Mri is just image, and can be other parts
What can fmri be used for
Examine brain anatomy before surgery
Assess damage from injury or disprders
3 approaches of gene therapy
- replacing mutated gene with helathy version
- inactivating, knocking out a mutated gene
- introduce new gene to help fight the disease
2 types of doing gene therapy
- ex vivo = inserting genetically modified cells
- in vivo = injecting viral vectors into tissue
3 commonly used viral vectors
- lentiviral
- adenovirus/adeno associated virus
- herpes simplex virus
what is intraparaenchymal administration and its advantages
direct injection to brain
- less virus volume needed to be used
- less biodistribution of it to other body parts
- bypasses blood brain barrier
why is AADC injected into patients w/ parkinsons
- parkinsons = less dopamine
- levadopa treatment given,which naturally converted into dopamine by AADC, but less effective over time
- AADC gene injected
shown to produce more AADC in patients = effective
what type of relevant diseases has stem cell therapies been used in
neurodegen diseases
e.g. AD and PD
what disease in mice has been treated with stem cell therapy
hyposmia
(loss of smell)
stem cells to produce olfactory neurons given
