Lecture 21 - neurotechniques

Question 1

What is cranial trepanation

Answer 1

boring holes in a skull

Question 2

What is experimental ablasion

Answer 2

Lesioning/destroying a part of brain to study its function

Question 3

When experimental ablasion performed on fish to study shoaling behaviour, what area was found to be responsible

Answer 3

Telencephalon

Question 4

name of brain map thing

Answer 4

stereotaxic atlas

Question 5

During stereotaxic surgery, what 2 methods can be used to make lesions

Answer 5

electrode - not as specific
Cannula w/ excitatory amino acids - can specific type of neuron and also will only target cell bodies

Question 6

What is a sham lesion

Answer 6

placebo

Question 7

Why would histological methods need to be used after stereotaxic experiment

Answer 7

to observe the location of the lesion

Question 8

What did wilder penfield do

Answer 8

brain stim on awak patients
To treat epilepsy but also locate brain areas
Stim brain and recorded their reaction
Made many functional maps of cortex
And motor homunculous

Question 9

What are the 3 types of electrical recording/stimulation techniques

Answer 9

Electrophysiolgy
Electroencaphologram EEG
Deep brain stimulation DBS

Question 10

What ar ethe 3 brain imagin techniquea

Answer 10

Computerised tomography CT
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Question 11

How is electric stimulation controlled in DBS

Answer 11

pacemaker like device placed in upper chest which connects to the electrodes in ur brain

Question 12

What are the 2 uses of DBS

Answer 12

Can regulate abnormal impulses
Or
Affect certain cells and chemicals in brain
E.g. Used to treat treemors in parkinsons

Question 13

What has DBS been approved to treat

Answer 13

dystonia
Tremors
Parkinson’s
Parkinson’s
OCD
epilepsy

Question 14

What kind of imagin is CT

Answer 14

Combination of x ray images to make cross sectional image
Used for internal injuries

Question 15

What 4 things is CT used for

Answer 15

• pinpoint location of tumor, infection etc
• guide surgical procedures
  -detect and monitor diseases
• monitor treatment

Question 16

What type of imagin is PET

Answer 16

uses radioactive tracer
To detect heightened level of chemical activity

Question 17

What can. PET be used for

Answer 17

to reveal or evaluate tumours and other disorders
That maybe other tests can’t detect
And can be combined with the other tests

Question 18

What type of imaging is MRI

Answer 18

magnetic fields and radio waves used to make detailed images
Used mostly for brain and spi al cord

Question 19

What things can mri be used to diagnose

Answer 19

Aneurysms
Inner ear or eye disorders
Multiple sclerosis
Injuries from trauma
Tumours
Stroke

Question 20

How is fMRI different to mri

Answer 20

records activity over time, and also only the brain
Mri is just image, and can be other parts

Question 21

What can fmri be used for

Answer 21

Examine brain anatomy before surgery
Assess damage from injury or disprders

Question 22

3 approaches of gene therapy

Answer 22

• replacing mutated gene with helathy version
• inactivating, knocking out a mutated gene
• introduce new gene to help fight the disease

Question 23

2 types of doing gene therapy

Answer 23

• ex vivo = inserting genetically modified cells
• in vivo = injecting viral vectors into tissue

Question 24

3 commonly used viral vectors

Answer 24

• lentiviral
• adenovirus/adeno associated virus
• herpes simplex virus

Question 25

what is intraparaenchymal administration and its advantages

Answer 25

direct injection to brain
- less virus volume needed to be used
- less biodistribution of it to other body parts
- bypasses blood brain barrier

Question 26

why is AADC injected into patients w/ parkinsons

Answer 26

• parkinsons = less dopamine
• levadopa treatment given,which naturally converted into dopamine by AADC, but less effective over time
• AADC gene injected
  shown to produce more AADC in patients = effective

Question 27

what type of relevant diseases has stem cell therapies been used in

Answer 27

neurodegen diseases
e.g. AD and PD

Question 28

what disease in mice has been treated with stem cell therapy

Answer 28

hyposmia
(loss of smell)
stem cells to produce olfactory neurons given