2: Cell structure Flashcards
What important thing did golgi develop
Silver stain
Allows u to see individual cells in great detail
Reticular theory
golgi
Beloved neurites were fused together
Neuron doctrine
canal developed this via gokgi’s silver stain
Each neuron is a distinct cell
What 2 principles did canal come up with
dynamic polarisation - neurons transmit info in specific direction
Connectional specificity - self explanatory, connections made aren’t random
Resolution of electron microscope
0.1nm
How to immunofluorescence
Attach label to antibody
Allow to bind ti target tissue
Name the thing that combines a laser and microscope
confocal microscopes
Allows 3d images
But resolution ain’t great
2 major types of cells in nervous system
neurons
Glial cells
Same origins, but diff structures and functions
Glial cells - astrocytes fucntion
majority
Fill space
Regulate extracellular fluid composition
Direct proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells
Which two types of glial cells mylenate neuron axons
oligodendrocytes (in CNS, many axons)
Schwann cells (in PNS, each cell mylenwtes single axon)
Special feature of microglia
only type that can migrate to diff tissues
Makes sense since they have immune function
Where are epindymal cells
in ventricles
Epindymal cells function
produce csf
Maybe they turn into nerve cells, not confirmed
Huntington disease- what AA does the mutated gene code for
glutamine residues
Known as polyQ residues
How many repeats of glutamine confirm HD and how many is no risk
Above 40 means you’ll get HD
Under 27 is no risk of hd
What eventually kills the cell as a consequence of hd
build up of huntingtin breakdown products
Cuz the huntingtin can’t be broken down
Worst area affected by HD
Basal ganglia
What 2 types of glial cells are also affected by HD
astrocytes and microglia
Leads to neuroinflammation
Alzheimer’s disease - how are amyloid plaques formed
When amhlpid precursor protein is cleaved
It forms amyloid beta
Which is normally soluble
But sometimes can misfold and become insoluble
Which can tgen induce others to misfold
And aggreg
What is second type of protein deposit that causes alzeihmers disease
tau protein
What can cause the tau protein to clump together and get tangled inside the neuron
hyperphosphorylation
what are the 2 processes in a neuron
dendrite - specialised for reciept of information
axon - specialised for transmission of information
what 2 qualitites are unique to neurons
can’t divide
trigger action potentials
what type of organelles are in the dendrite compared to the axon
axon - synatpic vesicles
dendrite - rough ER, ribosoems, golgi
what are perioxisomes
small membrane bound organelles
what are the organelles that change at the axon hillock
synaptic vesicles
mitochondria
smooth ER
(all make sense when u think bout function and struct of axon)
3 main roles of neuronal cytoskeleton
structural support
transpoting cargo to and from axons and dendrites
tethering things at membran surface
neuronal cytoskeleton: microtubules role
stucture and transport
run longitudinally down axons and dendrites
neuronal cytoskeleton: micrtotubules sturcture
big
20nm wide
tubulin polymers
also have
kinesin and dyenin
both involved in transport
and microtubule associated protiens
neuronal cytoskeleton: neurofilaments role
mechanical strength
neuronal cytoskeleton: neurofilaments structure
10nm wide
filamentous protein threads
neuronal cytoskeleton: microfilaments role
mediate shape change
neuronal cytoskeleton: microfilaents structure
5nm wide
actin polymers
tethered to membrane
