Module 10 - Neurotransmitters Flashcards by kirti :3

what are the 4 classes of receptor

Receptor Tyrosine kinase
G protein coupled receptor (metabotropic)
Ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic)
Nuc hormone receptor

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In Gprotein, where are the binding domains in Family A and C

A - binding site buried in membrane
C - binding site in N terminus

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3 types of G protein

Gs
Gi
Gq
each have corresponding alpha subunits

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what is the target and effect of Gs

adenylate cyclase
increases cAMP
(s for stimulatory)

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what is the target and effect of Gi

adenylate cyclase
dec cAMP
(i for inhibitory)

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what is the target and effect of Gq

phospholipase C
increases IP3
thus increasing Ca2+

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5 monoamines

HANDS
histamine
adrenaline
noradrenaline
dopamine
serotonin

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key property of monamines

made from aromatic AAs
all aromatic
REMEMBER - ACh is NOT monoamine = not aromatic

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what are the groups of neurotransmitters

monoamines
amine (only ACh)
neuropeptides
amino acids
others (e.g. ATP)

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what enzyme joins acetyl coA and choline to make ACh

choline acetyl transferase
byproduct of coA

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what enzyme breaks down ACh and what ar the products

AChEsterase
choline + acetate

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how does glutamate receptor get rid of gulatamate in the synapse

2 ways
- EAAT = reuptake in presynapse
- glutamate can diffuse into surrounding area
= taken up by astrocyte
- converts glutamate to glutamine
- which gets turned back into glutamate only in presynapse

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what enzyme turns glutamate to glutamine

glutamine synthase

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what enzyme turns glutamine into glutamate

glutaminase

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what neurotransmitters are only metabotropic

HANDAN
Histamine
Adenosine
Noradrenaline
Dopamine
Adrenaline
Neuropeptides

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what are the 2 types of ACh receptors

nicotinic
muscarinic

structure of nicotinic ACh receptors

pentameric
16 subunits (9 alpha, 4 beta, gamma (foetal), delta and epsilon (adult)
2 sites of ACh binding

structure of muscarinic ACh receptors

monomeric
M1-5 (so 5 receptors types)
1 Ach binding site

are Ach receptors excitatory or inhibitory

nicotinic - excitatory
muscarinic - excitatory or inhibitory

what are the 2 types of glutatmate receptors

ionotropic
metabotropic

what are the 3 types of ionotropic glutamate receptors

AMPA
Kainate
NMDA

what type of GPCR are metabotropic gluatamate receptors

family C GPCRs
always operate as dimers

what types of metabotropic glutamate receptors are there

3 groups with 8 types
Group 1 = post synaptic, excitatory
Group 2, 3 = pre synaptic inhibitory

what is different about NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors

vry permeable to Ca 2+
and is blocked by Mg2+ at resting
- also, needs glycine as a coagonist

what voltage needed to get rid of the Mg2+ in NMDA receptors

-30mV

which type of glutamate receptor allows increased depolarisation and transmission to soma, and how?

NMDA but can only happen after AMPA is activated for prolonged time also metabotropic receptor has (slow) also contributes depolarises little by little, until -30mV then Mg2+ removed from NMDA

what are the 2 types of GABA receptors

GABA a/c GABA b

what type of receptor is GABA a/c

ligand gated chloride channels pentamers fast

what type of receptors are GABA b

family C GPCRs (only 1 half of receptor dimer interacts with GABA) slower

how does increase in Cl- permeability lead to inhibition

the reversal potential for Cl is vry close to RMP so it stabilises the memb potential harder to move the potential out of resting

what 3 things do GABA b receptors do (note that they have Gi proteins)

- inhibit Ca2+ channels - open K+ channels - inhibit adenylyl cyclase = less cyclicAMP

example of autoreceptors

- noradrenaline control by alpha 2 autoreceptors (GPCRs w/Gi)

example of heteroreceptor

dopamine release stimulated by heteroreceptor - which are nicotinic ACh receptors

what are the 2 mechanisms used by nicotinic ACh receptors to act as heteroreceptors for dopamine release

- depolarise the presyn nerve terminal increasing the Ca2+ entry from channels - also allow Ca2+ entry through the heterreceptor itself

what is a protein regulator of the nicotinic receptors

Lynx1

what did Lynx1 evolve to become

toxins (alpha cobra toxins and alpha bungarotoxins) targetting nicotinic ACh receptors