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Excitable Cells: Neuroscience > Module 10 - Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Module 10 - Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 classes of receptor

A

Receptor Tyrosine kinase
G protein coupled receptor (metabotropic)
Ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic)
Nuc hormone receptor

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2
Q

In Gprotein, where are the binding domains in Family A and C

A

A - binding site buried in membrane
C - binding site in N terminus

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3
Q

3 types of G protein

A

Gs
Gi
Gq
each have corresponding alpha subunits

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4
Q

what is the target and effect of Gs

A

adenylate cyclase
increases cAMP
(s for stimulatory)

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5
Q

what is the target and effect of Gi

A

adenylate cyclase
dec cAMP
(i for inhibitory)

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6
Q

what is the target and effect of Gq

A

phospholipase C
increases IP3
thus increasing Ca2+

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7
Q

5 monoamines

A

HANDS
histamine
adrenaline
noradrenaline
dopamine
serotonin

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8
Q

key property of monamines

A

made from aromatic AAs
all aromatic
REMEMBER - ACh is NOT monoamine = not aromatic

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9
Q

what are the groups of neurotransmitters

A

monoamines
amine (only ACh)
neuropeptides
amino acids
others (e.g. ATP)

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10
Q

what enzyme joins acetyl coA and choline to make ACh

A

choline acetyl transferase
byproduct of coA

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11
Q

what enzyme breaks down ACh and what ar the products

A

AChEsterase
choline + acetate

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12
Q

how does glutamate receptor get rid of gulatamate in the synapse

A

2 ways
- EAAT = reuptake in presynapse
- glutamate can diffuse into surrounding area
= taken up by astrocyte
- converts glutamate to glutamine
- which gets turned back into glutamate only in presynapse

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13
Q

what enzyme turns glutamate to glutamine

A

glutamine synthase

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14
Q

what enzyme turns glutamine into glutamate

A

glutaminase

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15
Q

what neurotransmitters are only metabotropic

A

HANDAN
Histamine
Adenosine
Noradrenaline
Dopamine
Adrenaline
Neuropeptides

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16
Q

what are the 2 types of ACh receptors

A

nicotinic
muscarinic

17
Q

structure of nicotinic ACh receptors

A

pentameric
16 subunits (9 alpha, 4 beta, gamma (foetal), delta and epsilon (adult)
2 sites of ACh binding

18
Q

structure of muscarinic ACh receptors

A

monomeric
M1-5 (so 5 receptors types)
1 Ach binding site

19
Q

are Ach receptors excitatory or inhibitory

A

nicotinic - excitatory
muscarinic - excitatory or inhibitory

20
Q

what are the 2 types of glutatmate receptors

A

ionotropic
metabotropic

21
Q

what are the 3 types of ionotropic glutamate receptors

A
  • AMPA
  • Kainate
  • NMDA
22
Q

what type of GPCR are metabotropic gluatamate receptors

A

family C GPCRs
always operate as dimers

23
Q

what types of metabotropic glutamate receptors are there

A

3 groups with 8 types
Group 1 = post synaptic, excitatory
Group 2, 3 = pre synaptic inhibitory

24
Q

what is different about NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors

A

vry permeable to Ca 2+
and is blocked by Mg2+ at resting
- also, needs glycine as a coagonist

25
Q

what voltage needed to get rid of the Mg2+ in NMDA receptors

A

-30mV

26
Q

which type of glutamate receptor allows increased depolarisation and transmission to soma, and how?

A

NMDA
but can only happen after AMPA is activated for prolonged time
also metabotropic receptor has (slow) also contributes
depolarises little by little, until -30mV
then Mg2+ removed from NMDA

27
Q

what are the 2 types of GABA receptors

A

GABA a/c
GABA b

28
Q

what type of receptor is GABA a/c

A

ligand gated chloride channels
pentamers
fast

29
Q

what type of receptors are GABA b

A

family C GPCRs
(only 1 half of receptor dimer interacts with GABA)
slower

30
Q

how does increase in Cl- permeability lead to inhibition

A

the reversal potential for Cl is vry close to RMP
so it stabilises the memb potential
harder to move the potential out of resting

31
Q

what 3 things do GABA b receptors do (note that they have Gi proteins)

A
  • inhibit Ca2+ channels
  • open K+ channels
  • inhibit adenylyl cyclase = less cyclicAMP
32
Q

example of autoreceptors

A
  • noradrenaline control by alpha 2 autoreceptors
    (GPCRs w/Gi)
33
Q

example of heteroreceptor

A

dopamine release stimulated by heteroreceptor
- which are nicotinic ACh receptors

34
Q

what are the 2 mechanisms used by nicotinic ACh receptors to act as heteroreceptors for dopamine release

A
  • depolarise the presyn nerve terminal
    increasing the Ca2+ entry from channels
  • also allow Ca2+ entry through the heterreceptor itself
35
Q

what is a protein regulator of the nicotinic receptors

A

Lynx1

36
Q

what did Lynx1 evolve to become

A

toxins (alpha cobra toxins and alpha bungarotoxins)
targetting nicotinic ACh receptors

Excitable Cells: Neuroscience (21 decks)

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