Module 13: Capnography (Part 01) Flashcards
The pulmonary system is made up with what?
(1) Two (2) Lungs
(2) Airways
(3) Blood Vessels that serve the lungs and the chest wall or thoracic cage
This is the noninvasive measurement of peak CO2 at the end of the tidal expiration measured by capnography.
End tidal CO2
The upper airway is consisted of what?
(1) Nose
(2) Oral Cavity
(3) Pharynx
(4) Larynx
This lines the upper airway that warms and humidifies inspired air and removes foreign substances.
Ciliated mucosa
This is the area of the upper airway structures that does not participate in gas exchange.
Anatomic Dead Space
What does the anatomic dead space include?
(1) Nasal Passages
(2) Oral Cavity
(3) Pharynx
(4) Trachea
(5) Largest Airways
This connects the upper airways.
Larynx
These muscles control the length and tension of the vocal cord.
Internal Laryngeal Muscles
These muscles move the larynx as a whole.
External Laryngeal Muscles
In what processes are the Internal Laryngeal Muscles and External Laryngeal Muscles involved in?
(1) Swallowing
(2) Ventilation
(3) Vocalization
This contains branching airways.
Tracheobronchial tree
This connects the larynx to the bronchi, the conducting airways of the lungs.
trachea
How does the bronchi branches?
The trachea bifurcates into the right and left main stem bronchi. The main stem bronchi branch into lobar, segmental and sub segmental bronchi. The sub segmental bronchi branch into terminal and respiratory bronchioles, and into alveolar ducts and alveoli.
This zone is where alveolar ventilation and gas exchange takes place
Respiratory Zone
What does the respiratory zone include?
(1) respiratory bronchioles,
(2) alveolar ducts and sacs
(3) and alveoli.
These are responsible for changes in oxygen (O.) and carbon dioxide (CO.).
Alveolar volume and alveolar minute ventilation
This is the alveolar volume times the respiratory rate.
Alveolar minute ventilation
This is approximately two-thirds of the respiratory tidal volume.
Alveolar volume
This measures the partial pressure of CO.
Capnography
In the exhaled breath at the end of expiration of normal tidal volume is termed what?
end-tidal or etCO
This pertains to the process of inhalation and exhalation
Respiratory cycle
This pertains to the number of respiratory cycles/minute
Respiratory Rate
This is the measure of the adequacy or inadequacy of respiration or breathing, and is monitored by capnography noninvasively or PaCO. invasively.
Ventilation
This is the process that describes the exchange of oxygen between alveoli and blood. Commonly assessed by either arterial oxygen tension PaO, in the blood or noninvasively by pulse oximetry.
Oxygenation
This pertains to the noninvasive measurement of CO, at the end of expiration, measured by capnography.
End-tidal CO. (etCO.
This is the process by which concentration of oxygen in the tissues increase. Oxygen being inhaled into the lungs, dispersed by the alveoli to the blood, distributed to and metabolized by the cells of our muscles and organs.
Oxygenation
This provides a non-invasive means to monitor oxygenation
Pulse oximetry
This is the inspiratory and expiratory phases as both are needed for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, the latter being a waste product of metabolism.
Ventilation
This is the cyclical breathing movements that alternately move gas into and out of the lungs. Inspiration fills the lungs with oxygenated air and expiration removes carbon dioxide from the body.
Ventilation
The efficiency of gas exchange is dependent on what?
Ventilation
These are both needed, in proper proportion, to sustain an adequate and safe quality of life.
Oxygenation and ventilation
All cells require this for aerobic metabolism
Oxygen
This is produced as a metabolic byproduct of the breakdown of metabolic fuels.
Carbon Dioxide
What happens when there is a high metabolic rate?
The higher the metabolic rate (during exercise, exertion or increased body temperature), the higher the CO. production.
How is carbon dioxide produced and conveyed?
CO. is produced by both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism within cells. CO. dissolves rapidly in cell water and easily diffuses out of cells into the vascular system. Then it is transported in both the dissolved and combined state with hemoglobin. CO. is carried by the vascular system through the heart and into the pulmonary arteries to reach the capillaries surrounding pulmonary alveoli.
What happens under normal conditions?
Under normal healthy conditions, one pass of blood through the alveolar capillary allows the partial pressure of CO. in the alveolar air (PaCO. - alveolar PCO, in mm Hg or Torro nearly match (usually within 5 mmHg) the partial pressure of CO, in the arterial blood (PaCO. - arterial PC02 in mm Hg or torr where P means partial pressure) as measured by arterial blood gasses.
This is an indicator of V/Q status, is the difference between the arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO.) and end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (etCO.) values.
Gradient
This is referred to as the relationship between ventilation (V), or airflow to the alveoli, and perfusion (Q), or blood flow to the pulmonary capillaries.
ventilation-perfusion matching or V/Q ratio.
How do you calculate a gradient?
Calculating the gradient requires obtaining a simultaneous arterial blood gas sample and an etCO. measurement. In normal, healthy lungs, there is a good match of alveolar ventilation and perfusion to the pulmonary capillaries resulting in an etCO. that closely correlates with or matches the PaCO.
What is the normal gradient in patients?
2 mmHg to 5 mmHg
These are conceptually defined as areas of ventilation without perfusion
Dead Space
This can be defined as the portion of inspired volume that passes through the anatomical dead space to mix with gas at the alveolar level, but does not take part in gas exchange.
Alveolar dead space (may happen due to pulmonary embolism or decreased cardiac output)
This is defined as perfusion without ventilation.
Shunt
This occurs when areas of the lungs are perfused but not ventilated.
Shunt Perfusion (This can occur in conditions that cause the alveoli to collapse or fill with fluid, such as increased bronchial and alveolar secretions that cause mucus plugging or atelectasis)
This is the phase where inhalation will begin. Oxygen fills the airway and CO. levels drop back to zero. Identified as the rapid descent at the end of the respiratory cycle. When inspiration does begin again, the amount of measure CO. quickly drops to zero.
Phase 0 or D.E
The return to baseline is called what?
phase 0.1
