Module 05: Renal System Flashcards by ADRIANNE DOMINIQUE BENAURO

These are arteries and veins, and arterioles and venules.

Vascular System

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This is the clear part of the blood.

Plasma

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This is obtained when blood is separated in the laboratory (red blood cells being separated from the plasma).

Serum

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This is the whole component of the blood with plasma.

Whole Blood

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This is composed of red cell, white cell platelets, etc.

Blood

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What are the major functions of the kidney (urinary) system?

(1) Excretory Organs - Removes waste and toxic substances in the blood (metabolic by products of cells and substances)
(2) Regulator of Blood Volume and Blood Pressure by controlling extracellular fluid volume (renin) and urine concentration (osmolality)
(3) Regulation of Solutes and Ions in the blood plasma
(4) Regulator of the body fluid ph (Acidity or Alkalinity)
(5) Regulator of the red blood cell synthesis (erythropoietin)
(6) Synthesis of Vitamin D

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This is the metabolic byproduct of carbohydrate.

Lactic Acid

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This is the metabolic byproduct of fats.

Keto Acid

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This is the metabolic byproduct of proteins.

Urea

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This is the product from the contraction of muscle fibers due to the adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Creatinine Phosphate

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This is the currency of energy in the body, without it, our muscle fibers cannot contract.

adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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This is the byproduct of proteins and amino acids.

Ammonia (NH3)

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This is the byproduct from the breakdown of hemoglobin, which has the intrinsic capacity to alter our skin color to yellow (jaundice).

Bilirubin

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This is the metabolic byproduct of nucleic acid (animal protein).

Uric Acid

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This hormone is used to regulate the blood plasma

Renin

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This is the alkaline component in the kidney that allows your blood to have changes in the ph.

Bicarbonate and Carbon Dioxide (acidosis)

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This is used to regulate our red blood cells.

Erythropoietin - this is used to treat anemic patients in dialysis

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This is called the active form of vitamin D.

1.25 Dihydrocholecalciferol (Calcitriol - Vitamin D3)

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This is a bean shaped organ located at the retroperitoneal constituted of adipose (fat) tissues that holds it in place.

Kidney (Renal)

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How do you locate the kidney?

Costovertebral angle (12th rib and 1st 3 Lumbar Spine)

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This is behind the peritoneum

Retroperitoneum

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How is the structure of the right and left kidney?

Right Kidney is Lower than the left kidney due to the large structure of the liver located at the right side

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This is the connective tissue (fibrous) that surrounds and protects the kidney.

Renal Capsule

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This is the medial indentation on each side of the kidney where vessels or nerves enter or exit. The area where the renal artery enters the kidney and the renal vein and ureter exits the kidney.

Hilum (Indentation)

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This pertains to the symptom related to the ringing of the ears.

Ototoxicity

This is the fat filled sinus that contains the blood vessels (opening)

Renal Sinus

This is the wide section of the urinary channel.

Renal Pelvis

This is the funnel shape branch of the renal pelvis and is also known as "cup of a flower." This is a structure that surrounds the pyramid.

Calyx

This pertains to the surface of the kidney.

Renal Parenchyma

This pertains to the outer Renal Parenchyma

Cortex

This pertains to the inner Renal Parenchyma

Medulla

This is a cone-shaped sections of tissue lying mostly in the medulla.

Renal Pyramids

This pertains to the tip of the pyramid.

Renal Papilla

This is the microscopic or the functional unit of the kidney (what makes the kidney work)

Nephrons

What is the function of the nephron?

(1) Filtration (2) Reabsorption (going back to the blood) (3) Secretion (coming back from the blood to the nephron)

How many milliliters of blood plasma does the kidney have?

1.3 milliliters each kidney

How many liters blood plasma passes through the kidneys 24 hours?

150 liters to 180 liters

What is the average urinary output of a person?

1.0 liters to 1.8 liters

These are loops of the Henle that are not deep into the medulla.

Cortical Nephrons (80% to 85%)

These are next to the medulla and are loops of the Henle that extend deep into the medulla.

Juxtamedullary Nephrons (15% to 25%)

This is the branch of the aorta.

Renal Artery

This is a branch of the inferior vena cava.

Renal Vein

This originates from the renal artery and this is where reabsorption, and transport occurs.

Peritubular Capillaries

which pathway does the Peritubular Capillaries originate from?

Efferent Pathway

This connects the renal vein.

Vasa Recta

Components of a Nephron:

(1) Renal Corpuscle (2) Proximal Tubule (3) Loop of Henle (4) Distal Tubule (5) Collecting ducts

This involves the bowman's capsule and the glomerulus.

Renal Corpuscle

This is pathway is where filtration transpires.

Afferent Pathway

This is a tuft of capillaries which resembles a ball of yarn.

Glomerulus

This is the arteriole where blood goes in for filtration.

Afferent Pathway

These are known as the crumble of cells that constitute the distal tubule.

Juxtaglomeloral Apparatus

This pathway is where blood goes out to supply the blood circulation of the nephron.

Efferent Pathway

This is an enclosure or a double walled chamber that has 3 filtration membranes.

Bowman's Capsule

What are the three (3) filtration membranes of the Bowman's capsule?

(1) Capillary Endothelium (separates the bowman's capsule and the glomerulus) (2) Basement membrane (first layer of the bowman's capsule that has semi-permeable pores where red blood cells and proteins cannot pass through) (3) Podocyte Cell Processes (also has semi-permeable pores)

What are the substances that are filtered?

(1) Toxic Substances (Urea and Creatinine) (2) Glucose (3) Ions

What are the substances that are not filtered?

Blood cells and proteins

This tubule carries the fluid away from the capsule.

Proximal Tubule

What happens in the proximal tubule

There is 70% of water reabsorption. Water goes back to the circulation while ions, glucose, and toxic substances are retained.

What do you call the fluid that passes through the proximal tubule?

Filtrate Fluid

During filtration, the fluid passes across the filtration membrane because of what __________.

Osmosis

This is in charge of the absorption of ions.

Loop of Henle

This is permeable to solutes (ions) like potassium and sodium.

Ascending Limb (Upward Tube)

This is permeable to water. It removes water (20%) that were not yet excreted by the proximal tubules.

Descending Limb (Downward Tube)

These ions are entailed for the optimal functioning of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Potassium and Sodium

This is found in the juxtaglomerular Apparatus, and is in charge of the secretion of renin and the reabsorption of water (20%-25%).

Distal Convoluted Tubules

This consist of cells from the wall of the afferent arteriole and the distal tubule. This is directly stimulated when the body experiences low blood pressure.

juxtaglomerular Apparatus

How does the renin-angiotensin system work?

(1) The renin released from the kidney and the angiotensinogen released from the liver interacts to form angiotensin 1. (2) The angiotensin-converting enzyme from the lungs then acts on the angiotensin 1 to form angiotensin 2. (3) The angiotensin 2 is responsible for stimulating vasoconstriction in the blood vessels. (3) The angiotensin 2 then acts on the adrenal gland to stimulate the release of aldosterone which is then responsible for stimulating the reabsorption of salt and water

This hormone is triggered by the angiotensin. This prevents urine.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin

These are examples of natriuretic hormones.

(1) Atrial Natriuretic Hormone - decreases your urine output and increases your heart rate (2) Brain Natriuretic Hormone

This carries fluid from the context through the medulla and is responsible for the regulation and concentration of urine through the action of the ADH or vasopressin.

Collecting Ducts

When the filtrate is already in the collecting ducts, it is now called __________.

Urine

What are the roles of the collecting ducts?

(1) Reabsorption (5% to 10% of water goes back to circulation (2) Secretion of ADH which regulates water excretion (3) Secretion of Ions which regulates urine and blood osmolality and pH

What makes up urine?

Urea, Uric Acid, Creatinine, Sodium, Potassium, Chlorine, Bicarbonate, Hydrogen

This is the movement of substance across the filtration membrane into the bowman’s capsule to form filtrate

Filtration

This is the blood pressure within the glomerulus

glomerular capillary pressure

This is the pressure inside the bowman’s capsule

capsular pressure

This is produced by the blood protein within the blood flow

colloidaloncotic pressure

This is when solutes are reabsorbed across the wall of the nephron into interstitial fluid by transport process

Reabsorption

This is the transport between sodium and hydrogen

active transport

This is the transport between potassium and chloride

Contransport

This is where water and solutes pass from interstitial fluid into the peritubular capillaries

Osmosis

How many filtrate is reabsorb?

99%

How many filtrate is reabsorb by the proximal tubules?

65 - 70%

This further concentrates the filtrate (15% of filtrate reabsorbed)

Descending Limb

This dilutes the filtrate by removing solutes

Ascending Limb

They remove more water and solutes (19% reabsorbed)

Distal Tubules and Collecting Ducts

Water moves out of nephron by _____________.

Osmosis

Solutes move into nephron by _________.

Diffusion

This happens when solutes are secreted across the capillary wall of the nephron into the filtrate to form urine

Secretion

What is secreted in active transport?

Hydrogen, creatinine, histamine, and potassium

what is secreted in passive transport?

ammonia

These are small tubes that carry urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder. This connects the kidneys to the bladder.

ureters

This is a hollow muscular container that stores urine and can hold max of 1l urine

Urinary Bladder

This is a tube that exits the bladder carries urine from bladder to outside

Urethra

This happens when the sphincter is affected

Incontinence

This is not well defined in women. It is under involuntary control in men and contracts during ejaculation to prevent urine flow

Internal Sphincter

This is under voluntary control, which controls flow of urine through urethra

External Sphincter

This is a triangle shaped muscle located between the opening of the ureters and the urethra

Trigon

What are the layers of the urinary bladder wall?

(1) Connective Tissue (2) Detrusor (smooth muscle layer connective tissue) (3) Transitional Epithelium (inner layer in contact with urine)

What is the mechanism of the micturition reflex (involuntary reflex)?

1. urine stretch the bladder wall 300-500 ml 2. “action potentials” produced by the stretch receptors are carried along the sacral region of the spinal cord 3. action potentials are carried by parasympathetic nerves and stimulates muscle contraction of the bladder and relaxation of urethral sphincter

What is the mechanism of the voluntary reflex?

(1) Action Potentials sends sensory impulse to the Pons and communicates to the Cortex ; (2) Inhibitory signals keep the sphincters closed to delay voiding. (3) Decreased action potentials carried by somatic motor nerves cause the external urinary sphincter to relax and allow urination

This is a pigment metabolite coming from destroyed hemoglobin (via bilirubin or bile pigments) color variation depends on concentration of solutes

Urochrome

What is the normal urine odor?

Slightly aromatic

What is the normal urine ph?

range between 4.5 to 8 average is 6(acidic)

This is caused by high protein foods such as meat, eggs, cheese and whole wheat

Acid Ash

This is caused by vegetarian diet

Alkaline Ash

This is relative weight of a specific volume of liquid compared with distilled water which is 1.000 measures the solutes in the urine.

Urine Specific Gravity

What is the normal range of urine specific gravity?

1.001 to 1.03

An increase in urine specific gravity indicates what?

Dehydration

What are the abnormal constituents?

GLUCOSE, ALBUMIN, KETONE BODIES, RBC, HB, NITRITES, BILE PIGMENTS, WBC, CASTS

What are the normal constituents of urine?

WATER UREA IONS (NA, K, PO4 AND SO4) CREATININE AND URIC ACID SMALL AMOUNTS OF CA, MG AND HCO3

What secretes the Angiotensin-converting enzyme

lungs