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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Module 04: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Module 04: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the skeletal system?

A

(1) Bones
(2) Cartilages
(3) Tendons
(4) Ligaments

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2
Q

This components gives the body the structure.

A

Bones

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3
Q

This component is made up of a strong flexible connective tissue that protects the joints and the bones.

A

Cartilages

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4
Q

This component connects the muscle to the bone.

A

Tendons

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5
Q

This component connects the bone to another bone.

A

Ligament

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6
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. Support: Provides structure and cradles the internal organs
  2. Protection
  3. Movement: Bones by its attachments to the tendons are used as levers
  4. Storage: The bones are reservoirs of minerals, specifically calcium and phosphate, which are distributed in their ionic form.
  5. Blood cell production: Hematopoiesis occur in the red marrow of certain bones
  6. Fat Storage: The fats are stored in the yellow marrow.
  7. Hormone Production: They produce osteocalcin
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7
Q

This is a hormone that helps regulate insulin secretion, glucose hemostasis and energy expenditure.

A

osteocalcin

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8
Q

These comprise the bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments of the skeletal system.

A

Connective Tissues

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9
Q

These are found in the extracellular matrix of tendons and ligament, which makes these structures very tough, like
ropes or cables.

A

Collagen Fibers

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10
Q

What comprises the extracellular matrix?

A

collagen, ground substance, and other organic molecules, as well as water and minerals, which are all dependent on the characteristic of the extracellular matrix

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11
Q

This is a tough, ropelike protein that helps in the bone’s structure.

A

Collagen

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12
Q

These are large molecules consisting of many polysaccharides
attaching to and encircling core proteins and form large aggregates and attract water

A

Proteoglycans

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13
Q

The extracellular matrix of the cartilage is composed of what?

A

(1)Collagen and Proteoglycans

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14
Q

This is relatively rigid, but it springs back to its original shape after being bent or slightly compressed à excellent shock absorber

A

Cartilage

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15
Q

The extracellular matrix of bone is composed of what?

A

(1) collagen and minerals, including calcium and phosphate.

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16
Q

How does the collagen and minerals help the extracellular matrix of the bone?

A

The ropelike collagen fibers lend flexible strength to the bone.
The mineral component gives bone compression (weight-bearing) strength.

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17
Q

These are minerals in the bone that is in the form of calcium phosphate crystals

A

hydroxyapatite

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18
Q

This classification of the bones are longer than they are wide;
examples are upper and lower limb bones.

A

Long bones

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19
Q

This classification of the bones are approximately as wide as
they are long; examples are the bones of the wrist and ankle.

A

Short Bones

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20
Q

This classification of bones have a relatively thin, flattened
shape; examples are bones of the skull and sternum.

A

Flat Bones

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21
Q

This classification of bones include the vertebrae and
facial bones, which have shapes that do not fit readily into the other three categories.

A

Irregular Bones

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22
Q

This long bone structure is also known as the shaft and is composed of compact bone tissues.

A

Diaphysis

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23
Q

This long bone structure is composed of ends spongy bone tissue. It is an articular cartilage that covers the epiphyses.

A

Epiphysis

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24
Q

What is the role of the epiphysis?

A

Reduce Friction

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25
Q

This long bone structure is the site of growth between diaphysis and epiphysis

A

Epiphyseal plate

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26
Q

This long bone structure is known as the center of
diaphysis red or yellow marrow.

A

Medullary Cavity

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27
Q

This long bone structure is the membrane around bone’s outer surface

A

Periosteum

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28
Q

This long bone structure is the membrane that lines medullary cavity

A

Endosteum

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29
Q

This bone contain cavities, such as the large medullary cavity in the diaphysis, as well as smaller cavities in the epiphyses of long bones and in the interior of other bones

A

Bone Marrow

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29
Q

The spaces of soft tissues in the bone marrow is _____________.

A

Marrow

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30
Q

This is the location of the hematopoiesis (red blood cell formation), which is prevalent in new born.

A

Red Marrow in the Diaphysis

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31
Q

In the latter, hematopoiesis decreases over time, which bones in the body can this be limitedly seen occurring?

A

Flat Bones and Long Bones like the femur

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32
Q

This is found in the outer part of diaphysis (long bones) and thinner surfaces of other bones

A

Compact Bone Tissue

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33
Q

This is the structural unit of the bone.

A

Osteon

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34
Q

The osteon includes or is constituted of what?

A

(1) Lamella
(2) Lacunae
(3) Canaliculus
(4) Osteocytes
(5) Central Canal

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35
Q

This is known as the rings of bone matrix

A

Lamella

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36
Q

This is known as the spaces between lamella

A

Lacunae

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37
Q

These are tiny canals that transport nutrients and remove waste

A

Canaliculus

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38
Q

This is the center of osteon that contains blood vessels

A

Central Canal

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39
Q

This is located at the epiphyses of long bones and center of other bones. It has no osteons

A

Spongy (Cancellous) Bone Tissue

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40
Q

This is a composition in the spongy bone tissue, which are interconnecting rods, and spaces that contain marrow.

A

trabeculae

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41
Q

These bone cells are responsible for the formation of bone and the repair and remodeling of bone.

A

Osteoblasts

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42
Q

These bone cells are cells that maintain bone matrix and form from osteoblast after bone matrix has surrounded it.

A

Osteocytes

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43
Q

These bone cells contribute to bone repair and remodeling by removing existing bone

A

Osteoclasts

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44
Q

This is the precedent cell (stem cells) that start bone cell formation/

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

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45
Q

How do osteoclasts remove the existing bone?

A

Bone Reabsorption

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46
Q

This is known as the formation of bone by osteoblasts

A

Ossification

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47
Q

Bone formation that occurs within connective tissue membranes is called _________________.

A

intramembranous ossification

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48
Q

Bone formation that occurs inside hyaline cartilage is called
______________________.

A

endochondral ossification

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49
Q

How does intramembranous ossification occur?

A

Intramembranous ossification occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone within connective tissue. Osteoblasts line up on the surface of connective tissue fibers and begin depositing bone matrix to form trabeculae.

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50
Q

Where the the intramembranous ossification happen?

A

Ossification centers

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51
Q

In this, the bone formation transpires within a cartilage model. The cartilage model is replaced by bone

A

endochondral ossification

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52
Q

This pertains to bone formation in the diaphysis of a long bone.

A

Primary ossification center

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53
Q

This pertains to the bone formation in the epiphysis

A

Secondary ossification center

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54
Q

What is the steps in endochrondral ossification

A
  1. Chondroblasts build a cartilage model, the chondroblasts become chondrocytes.
  2. Cartilage model calcifies (hardens).
  3. Osteoblasts invade calcified cartilage and a primary ossification center forms diaphysis.
  4. Secondary ossification centers form epiphysis.
  5. Original cartilage model is almost completely ossified and remaining cartilage is articular
    cartilage.
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55
Q

This is the process by which osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the surface of bones between the periosteum and the existing bone matrix, the bone increases in
width, or diameter.

A

Appositional Growth

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56
Q

How does bone growth occur?

A

Bone growth occurs by the deposition of new bone lamellae onto existing bone or other connective tissue.

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57
Q

This is where growth occurs.

A

epiphyseal plate.

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58
Q

How does the bone grow in length?

A

Chondrocytes increase in number on the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate. Then the chondrocytes enlarge and die à The cartilage matrix becomes calcified. The dying chondrocytes are replaced by osteoblasts. The osteoblasts start forming bone by depositing bone lamellae on the surface of the calcified cartilage.

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59
Q

This process pertains to the removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and deposition of new bone by osteoblasts. This occurs in all bones

A

Bone remodeling

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60
Q

How important is bone remodeling?

A

responsible for changes in bone shape,
bone repair, adjustment of bone to stress,
and calcium ion regulation

61
Q

How does the bone repair happen?

A
  1. Broken bone causes bleeding and a blood clot forms.
  2. Callus forms which is a fibrous network between 2 fragments.
  3. Cartilage model forms first then, osteoblasts enter the callus and form cancellous bone this continues for 4-6 weeks after injury.
  4. Cancellous bone is slowly remodeled to form compact and cancellous bone.
62
Q

This bone fracture pertains to bone fragments into three or more pieces, these are particularly for bones are more brittle.

A

Comminuted Fracture

63
Q

This is the ragged break that occurs when there is an excessive twisting force applied to the bone. This is the common sports fracture.

A

Spiral Fracture

64
Q

This bone fracture refers to the broken bone portion being pressed inwards. This is the typical skull fracture

A

Depression

65
Q

This fracture pertains to the bone being crushed and is common for porous bones (osteoporotic bones) subjected to extreme trauma

A

Compression Fracture

66
Q

This fracture refers to when the epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis along the epiphysial plate which tends to occur where the cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the matrix is occurring

A

Epiphyseal Fracture

67
Q

This fracture pertains when the bone breaks completely, where only one of the shaft breaks and the other side bends. This is most common in children.

A

Greenstick Fracture

68
Q

How does bone homeostasis occur?

A

š Bone is a major storage site for calcium
š Movement of calcium in and out of bone helps determine blood levels of calcium
š Calcium moves into bone as osteoblasts build new bone
š Calcium move out of bone as osteoclasts break down bone
š Calcium homeostasis is maintained by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin

69
Q

This bone anatomical term that pertains to hole.

A

Foramen

70
Q

This bone anatomical term that pertains to depression.

A

Fossa

71
Q

This bone anatomical term that pertains to projection.

A

Process

72
Q

This bone anatomical term that pertains to smooth rounded end.

A

Condyle

73
Q

This bone anatomical term that pertains to canal-like passageway.

A

Meatus

74
Q

This bone anatomical term that pertains to lump of bone

A

Tubercle

75
Q

The axial skeleton is composed of what?

A

(1) Skull
(2) Vertebral Column
(3) Thoracic Cage

76
Q

This is the bone that encloses the cranial cavity.

A

Braincase (8 bones)

77
Q

The facial has how many bones?

A

14 (13 bones are connected to form the bottom of the face while the mandible forms a freely removable joint at the base of the skull)

78
Q

This is the anterior part of cranium

A

Frontal Bone

79
Q

These are the sides and roof of cranium

A

Parietal Bone (2)

80
Q

This is the posterior portion and floor of cranium

A

Occipital bones

81
Q

These bones are Inferior to parietal bones on each side of the cranium

A

Temporal Bones

82
Q

What is attached to the temporal lobe?

A

Temporomandibular joint

83
Q

This bone forms part of cranium floor, lateral posterior portions of eye orbits, lateral portions of cranium anterior to temporal bones

A

Sphenoid bone

84
Q

What is found in the sphenoid bone?

A

Sella turcica

85
Q

This is the anterior portion of cranium, including medial surface of eye orbit and roof of nasal cavity. This is also where the nasal conchae is

A

Ethmoid bone

86
Q

This bone forms upper jaw, anterior portion of hard palate, part of lateral walls of nasal cavity, floors of eye orbits. This is where the maxillary sinus is located.

A

Maxillae bone

87
Q

This bone forms the posterior portion of hard palate, lateral wall of nasal cavity

A

Palatine bone

88
Q

These are known as cheek bones and they also form floor and lateral wall of each eye orbit

A

Zygomatic bones

89
Q

These are medial surfaces of eye orbits

A

Lacrimal bones

90
Q

This form bridge of nose

A

Nasal Bone

91
Q

This is found in the midline of nasal cavity. This forms nasal septum with the ethmoid bone

A

Vomer

92
Q

This is attached to the lateral walls of nasal cavity

A

Inferior nasal conchae

93
Q

This is the lower jawbone and the only movable skull bone

A

Mandible

94
Q

What is the 4 paranasal sinuses?

A

šFrontal
šEthmoid
šSphenoid
šMaxillary

95
Q

This is an unpaired, U-shaped bone that is not
part of the skull and has no direct bony attachment to the
skull or any other bones.

A

Hyoid Bone

96
Q

This is the central axis of the skeleton, extending from the base of the skull to slightly past the end of the pelvis.

A

vertebral column, or spine

97
Q

šIn adults, it usually consists of ______________________, grouped into five regions.

A

26 individual bones

98
Q

This is the process wherein adipocytes or fats are released which initially part of a clot.

A

Pulmonary Embolism

99
Q

The adult vertebral column has four major curvatures:

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacrococcygeal

100
Q

These vertebral bones curves posteriorly

A

thoracic and sacrococcygeal

101
Q

These vertebral bones curves anteriorly

A

cervical and lumbar

102
Q

How many cervical vertebrae is there?

A

7

103
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae is there?

A

12

104
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae is there?

A

5

105
Q

This is the 1st vertebrae, which holds the head.

A

Atlas

106
Q

This is the 2nd vertebrae, which rotates the head.

A

Axis

107
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

A

šSupports body weight
šProtects the spinal cord
šAllows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord
šProvides a site for muscle attachment
šProvides movement of the head and trunk

107
Q

This is known as the breastbone

A

Sternum

108
Q

These ribs attach directly to sternum by cartilage

A

True Ribs (1-7)

109
Q

These ribs attach indirectly to sternum by cartilage

A

False Ribs (8-12)

110
Q

These ribs are not attached to sternum

A

Floating Ribs (11-12)

111
Q

This is known as the shoulder blade

A

Scapula

112
Q

What constitutes the pelvic girdle?

A

Scapula and clavicle

113
Q

This is known as the collar bone.

A

Clavicle

114
Q

This is known as the upper limb.

A

Humerus

114
Q

This is known as the forearm.

A

Ulna and Radius

115
Q

This is known as the wrist

A

Carpal

116
Q

This is known as the hand

A

Metacarpals

117
Q

What are the different carpal bones?

A

(1) Scaphoid
(2) Lunate
(3) Triquetrum
(4) Pisiform
(5) Trapezoid
(6) Capitate
(7) Trapezium
(8) Hamate

118
Q

This is where the lower limbs attach to the body

A

Pelvic Girdle

119
Q

This includes pelvic girdle and coccyx

A

Pelvis

120
Q

This is the inferior and posterior region

A

Ischium:

121
Q

This is the most superior region

A

Ilium

122
Q

This is the hip socket (joint)

A

Acetabulum

123
Q

This occurs by the deposition of new bone lamellae onto existing bone or other connective tissue.

A

Bone Growth

124
Q

This pertains to the thigh.

A

Femur

125
Q

This pertains to the knee cap.

A

Patella

126
Q

This pertains to the large lower leg.

A

Tibia

127
Q

This pertains to the small lower leg.

A

Fibula

128
Q

This pertains to the ankle.

A

Tarsals

128
Q

This pertains to the foot.

A

Metatarsals

129
Q

This pertains to the toes and fingers.

A

Phalanges.

130
Q

This is where two bones come together.

A

Articulations or joins

131
Q

These are united by fibrous connective tissue.

A

Fibrous Joints

132
Q

What are the subclasses of fibrous joints?

A

sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphoses

133
Q

These are united by means of cartilage.

A

Cartilaginous Joint

134
Q

What are the subclasses of Cartilaginous Joint?

A

synchondroses and symphysis

135
Q

These are joined by a fluid cavity. Classifications of these are most joints of the appendicular skeleton

A

Synovial

136
Q

This is the non-movable joint (Example – skull bone articulations)

A

Synarthrosis:

137
Q

This is the slightly movable joint (Example - between vertebrae)

A

Amphiarthrosis:

138
Q

This is the freely movable joint (Example - knee, elbow, and wrist articulations)

A

Diarthrosis:

139
Q

This movement pertains to the bending

A

Flexion

140
Q

This movement pertains to the straightening

A

Extension

141
Q

This is the movement away from midline

A

Abduction

142
Q

This is the movement toward the midline

A

Adduction:

143
Q

This pertains to the rotation of the forearm with palms down

A

Pronation:

144
Q

This pertains to the rotation of the forearm with palms up

A

Supination:

145
Q

This is the movement of a structure about the long axis

A

Rotation:

146
Q

What are the effects of Aging on the Skeletal System and
Joints?

A

1.Decreased Collagen Production
2.Loss of Bone Density
3.Degenerative Changes

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (18 decks)

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