Module 04: Skeletal System Flashcards
What are the components of the skeletal system?
(1) Bones
(2) Cartilages
(3) Tendons
(4) Ligaments
This components gives the body the structure.
Bones
This component is made up of a strong flexible connective tissue that protects the joints and the bones.
Cartilages
This component connects the muscle to the bone.
Tendons
This component connects the bone to another bone.
Ligament
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
- Support: Provides structure and cradles the internal organs
- Protection
- Movement: Bones by its attachments to the tendons are used as levers
- Storage: The bones are reservoirs of minerals, specifically calcium and phosphate, which are distributed in their ionic form.
- Blood cell production: Hematopoiesis occur in the red marrow of certain bones
- Fat Storage: The fats are stored in the yellow marrow.
- Hormone Production: They produce osteocalcin
This is a hormone that helps regulate insulin secretion, glucose hemostasis and energy expenditure.
osteocalcin
These comprise the bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments of the skeletal system.
Connective Tissues
These are found in the extracellular matrix of tendons and ligament, which makes these structures very tough, like
ropes or cables.
Collagen Fibers
What comprises the extracellular matrix?
collagen, ground substance, and other organic molecules, as well as water and minerals, which are all dependent on the characteristic of the extracellular matrix
This is a tough, ropelike protein that helps in the bone’s structure.
Collagen
These are large molecules consisting of many polysaccharides
attaching to and encircling core proteins and form large aggregates and attract water
Proteoglycans
The extracellular matrix of the cartilage is composed of what?
(1)Collagen and Proteoglycans
This is relatively rigid, but it springs back to its original shape after being bent or slightly compressed à excellent shock absorber
Cartilage
The extracellular matrix of bone is composed of what?
(1) collagen and minerals, including calcium and phosphate.
How does the collagen and minerals help the extracellular matrix of the bone?
The ropelike collagen fibers lend flexible strength to the bone.
The mineral component gives bone compression (weight-bearing) strength.
These are minerals in the bone that is in the form of calcium phosphate crystals
hydroxyapatite
This classification of the bones are longer than they are wide;
examples are upper and lower limb bones.
Long bones
This classification of the bones are approximately as wide as
they are long; examples are the bones of the wrist and ankle.
Short Bones
This classification of bones have a relatively thin, flattened
shape; examples are bones of the skull and sternum.
Flat Bones
This classification of bones include the vertebrae and
facial bones, which have shapes that do not fit readily into the other three categories.
Irregular Bones
This long bone structure is also known as the shaft and is composed of compact bone tissues.
Diaphysis
This long bone structure is composed of ends spongy bone tissue. It is an articular cartilage that covers the epiphyses.
Epiphysis
What is the role of the epiphysis?
Reduce Friction
This long bone structure is the site of growth between diaphysis and epiphysis
Epiphyseal plate
This long bone structure is known as the center of
diaphysis red or yellow marrow.
Medullary Cavity
This long bone structure is the membrane around bone’s outer surface
Periosteum
This long bone structure is the membrane that lines medullary cavity
Endosteum
This bone contain cavities, such as the large medullary cavity in the diaphysis, as well as smaller cavities in the epiphyses of long bones and in the interior of other bones
Bone Marrow
The spaces of soft tissues in the bone marrow is _____________.
Marrow
This is the location of the hematopoiesis (red blood cell formation), which is prevalent in new born.
Red Marrow in the Diaphysis
In the latter, hematopoiesis decreases over time, which bones in the body can this be limitedly seen occurring?
Flat Bones and Long Bones like the femur
This is found in the outer part of diaphysis (long bones) and thinner surfaces of other bones
Compact Bone Tissue
This is the structural unit of the bone.
Osteon
The osteon includes or is constituted of what?
(1) Lamella
(2) Lacunae
(3) Canaliculus
(4) Osteocytes
(5) Central Canal
This is known as the rings of bone matrix
Lamella
This is known as the spaces between lamella
Lacunae
These are tiny canals that transport nutrients and remove waste
Canaliculus
This is the center of osteon that contains blood vessels
Central Canal
This is located at the epiphyses of long bones and center of other bones. It has no osteons
Spongy (Cancellous) Bone Tissue
This is a composition in the spongy bone tissue, which are interconnecting rods, and spaces that contain marrow.
trabeculae
These bone cells are responsible for the formation of bone and the repair and remodeling of bone.
Osteoblasts
These bone cells are cells that maintain bone matrix and form from osteoblast after bone matrix has surrounded it.
Osteocytes
These bone cells contribute to bone repair and remodeling by removing existing bone
Osteoclasts
This is the precedent cell (stem cells) that start bone cell formation/
Osteoprogenitor cells
How do osteoclasts remove the existing bone?
Bone Reabsorption
This is known as the formation of bone by osteoblasts
Ossification
Bone formation that occurs within connective tissue membranes is called _________________.
intramembranous ossification
Bone formation that occurs inside hyaline cartilage is called
______________________.
endochondral ossification
How does intramembranous ossification occur?
Intramembranous ossification occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone within connective tissue. Osteoblasts line up on the surface of connective tissue fibers and begin depositing bone matrix to form trabeculae.
Where the the intramembranous ossification happen?
Ossification centers
In this, the bone formation transpires within a cartilage model. The cartilage model is replaced by bone
endochondral ossification
This pertains to bone formation in the diaphysis of a long bone.
Primary ossification center
This pertains to the bone formation in the epiphysis
Secondary ossification center
What is the steps in endochrondral ossification
- Chondroblasts build a cartilage model, the chondroblasts become chondrocytes.
- Cartilage model calcifies (hardens).
- Osteoblasts invade calcified cartilage and a primary ossification center forms diaphysis.
- Secondary ossification centers form epiphysis.
- Original cartilage model is almost completely ossified and remaining cartilage is articular
cartilage.
This is the process by which osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the surface of bones between the periosteum and the existing bone matrix, the bone increases in
width, or diameter.
Appositional Growth
How does bone growth occur?
Bone growth occurs by the deposition of new bone lamellae onto existing bone or other connective tissue.
This is where growth occurs.
epiphyseal plate.
How does the bone grow in length?
Chondrocytes increase in number on the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate. Then the chondrocytes enlarge and die à The cartilage matrix becomes calcified. The dying chondrocytes are replaced by osteoblasts. The osteoblasts start forming bone by depositing bone lamellae on the surface of the calcified cartilage.
This process pertains to the removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and deposition of new bone by osteoblasts. This occurs in all bones
Bone remodeling
How important is bone remodeling?
responsible for changes in bone shape,
bone repair, adjustment of bone to stress,
and calcium ion regulation
How does the bone repair happen?
- Broken bone causes bleeding and a blood clot forms.
- Callus forms which is a fibrous network between 2 fragments.
- Cartilage model forms first then, osteoblasts enter the callus and form cancellous bone this continues for 4-6 weeks after injury.
- Cancellous bone is slowly remodeled to form compact and cancellous bone.
This bone fracture pertains to bone fragments into three or more pieces, these are particularly for bones are more brittle.
Comminuted Fracture
This is the ragged break that occurs when there is an excessive twisting force applied to the bone. This is the common sports fracture.
Spiral Fracture
This bone fracture refers to the broken bone portion being pressed inwards. This is the typical skull fracture
Depression
This fracture pertains to the bone being crushed and is common for porous bones (osteoporotic bones) subjected to extreme trauma
Compression Fracture
This fracture refers to when the epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis along the epiphysial plate which tends to occur where the cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the matrix is occurring
Epiphyseal Fracture
This fracture pertains when the bone breaks completely, where only one of the shaft breaks and the other side bends. This is most common in children.
Greenstick Fracture
How does bone homeostasis occur?
Bone is a major storage site for calcium
Movement of calcium in and out of bone helps determine blood levels of calcium
Calcium moves into bone as osteoblasts build new bone
Calcium move out of bone as osteoclasts break down bone
Calcium homeostasis is maintained by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin
This bone anatomical term that pertains to hole.
Foramen
This bone anatomical term that pertains to depression.
Fossa
This bone anatomical term that pertains to projection.
Process
This bone anatomical term that pertains to smooth rounded end.
Condyle
This bone anatomical term that pertains to canal-like passageway.
Meatus
This bone anatomical term that pertains to lump of bone
Tubercle
The axial skeleton is composed of what?
(1) Skull
(2) Vertebral Column
(3) Thoracic Cage
This is the bone that encloses the cranial cavity.
Braincase (8 bones)
The facial has how many bones?
14 (13 bones are connected to form the bottom of the face while the mandible forms a freely removable joint at the base of the skull)
This is the anterior part of cranium
Frontal Bone
These are the sides and roof of cranium
Parietal Bone (2)
This is the posterior portion and floor of cranium
Occipital bones
These bones are Inferior to parietal bones on each side of the cranium
Temporal Bones
What is attached to the temporal lobe?
Temporomandibular joint
This bone forms part of cranium floor, lateral posterior portions of eye orbits, lateral portions of cranium anterior to temporal bones
Sphenoid bone
What is found in the sphenoid bone?
Sella turcica
This is the anterior portion of cranium, including medial surface of eye orbit and roof of nasal cavity. This is also where the nasal conchae is
Ethmoid bone
This bone forms upper jaw, anterior portion of hard palate, part of lateral walls of nasal cavity, floors of eye orbits. This is where the maxillary sinus is located.
Maxillae bone
This bone forms the posterior portion of hard palate, lateral wall of nasal cavity
Palatine bone
These are known as cheek bones and they also form floor and lateral wall of each eye orbit
Zygomatic bones
These are medial surfaces of eye orbits
Lacrimal bones
This form bridge of nose
Nasal Bone
This is found in the midline of nasal cavity. This forms nasal septum with the ethmoid bone
Vomer
This is attached to the lateral walls of nasal cavity
Inferior nasal conchae
This is the lower jawbone and the only movable skull bone
Mandible
What is the 4 paranasal sinuses?
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary
This is an unpaired, U-shaped bone that is not
part of the skull and has no direct bony attachment to the
skull or any other bones.
Hyoid Bone
This is the central axis of the skeleton, extending from the base of the skull to slightly past the end of the pelvis.
vertebral column, or spine
In adults, it usually consists of ______________________, grouped into five regions.
26 individual bones
This is the process wherein adipocytes or fats are released which initially part of a clot.
Pulmonary Embolism
The adult vertebral column has four major curvatures:
cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacrococcygeal
These vertebral bones curves posteriorly
thoracic and sacrococcygeal
These vertebral bones curves anteriorly
cervical and lumbar
How many cervical vertebrae is there?
7
How many thoracic vertebrae is there?
12
How many lumbar vertebrae is there?
5
This is the 1st vertebrae, which holds the head.
Atlas
This is the 2nd vertebrae, which rotates the head.
Axis
What are the functions of the vertebral column?
Supports body weight
Protects the spinal cord
Allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord
Provides a site for muscle attachment
Provides movement of the head and trunk
This is known as the breastbone
Sternum
These ribs attach directly to sternum by cartilage
True Ribs (1-7)
These ribs attach indirectly to sternum by cartilage
False Ribs (8-12)
These ribs are not attached to sternum
Floating Ribs (11-12)
This is known as the shoulder blade
Scapula
What constitutes the pelvic girdle?
Scapula and clavicle
This is known as the collar bone.
Clavicle
This is known as the upper limb.
Humerus
This is known as the forearm.
Ulna and Radius
This is known as the wrist
Carpal
This is known as the hand
Metacarpals
What are the different carpal bones?
(1) Scaphoid
(2) Lunate
(3) Triquetrum
(4) Pisiform
(5) Trapezoid
(6) Capitate
(7) Trapezium
(8) Hamate
This is where the lower limbs attach to the body
Pelvic Girdle
This includes pelvic girdle and coccyx
Pelvis
This is the inferior and posterior region
Ischium:
This is the most superior region
Ilium
This is the hip socket (joint)
Acetabulum
This occurs by the deposition of new bone lamellae onto existing bone or other connective tissue.
Bone Growth
This pertains to the thigh.
Femur
This pertains to the knee cap.
Patella
This pertains to the large lower leg.
Tibia
This pertains to the small lower leg.
Fibula
This pertains to the ankle.
Tarsals
This pertains to the foot.
Metatarsals
This pertains to the toes and fingers.
Phalanges.
This is where two bones come together.
Articulations or joins
These are united by fibrous connective tissue.
Fibrous Joints
What are the subclasses of fibrous joints?
sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphoses
These are united by means of cartilage.
Cartilaginous Joint
What are the subclasses of Cartilaginous Joint?
synchondroses and symphysis
These are joined by a fluid cavity. Classifications of these are most joints of the appendicular skeleton
Synovial
This is the non-movable joint (Example – skull bone articulations)
Synarthrosis:
This is the slightly movable joint (Example - between vertebrae)
Amphiarthrosis:
This is the freely movable joint (Example - knee, elbow, and wrist articulations)
Diarthrosis:
This movement pertains to the bending
Flexion
This movement pertains to the straightening
Extension
This is the movement away from midline
Abduction
This is the movement toward the midline
Adduction:
This pertains to the rotation of the forearm with palms down
Pronation:
This pertains to the rotation of the forearm with palms up
Supination:
This is the movement of a structure about the long axis
Rotation:
What are the effects of Aging on the Skeletal System and
Joints?
1.Decreased Collagen Production
2.Loss of Bone Density
3.Degenerative Changes
