Module 11; Lymphatic System Flashcards
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
(1) Maintenance of Fluid Balance
(2) Lipid Absorption
(3) Defense
How many liters of fluid pass to the blood capillaries to the interstitial spaces each day?
30L
How many liters of fluid pass to interstitial spaces back to the capillaries?
27L
How many liters of fluid are expected to enter in the lymphatic capillaries?
3L (More than 3 L that do not return to the 27L or the 3L will only remain into the interstitial fluid, causing edema that can lead to tissue damage or death)
Once it gets to the lymphatic, the fluid is now called?
Lymph
This is a lymphatic fluid composed of white blood cells WBCs, especially lymphocytes; travels through the lymphatic vessels and capillaries.
Lymph
What are the two important substances comprising the lymph?
(1) Substances in the Plasma
(2) Hormones and Enzymes
These are the materials constituting the lymph and are characterized as some ions, nutrients and gases and some proteins.
Substances in the Plasma
How does the lymphatic system participate in lipid absorption?
The lymphatic system absorbs lipid from the digestive tract to the lymphatic called lacteals.
These are lymphatic vessels located in the small intestine (lining), where lipid is absorbed from the digestive tract to the lymphatic.
Lacteals
If the lymphatic passes to the lymphatic vessels and it appears white it is called ___________.
Chyle
What causes infection in the GI level?
Too much antacid and protein pump inhibitor (anything that ends with dine) can cause infection in GI level due to the alterations in the production of the lymph from the lacteals.
How does the lymphatic system participate in defense?
Defense in a microorganism and foreign substance as it filters in the (1) lymph nodes from the blood into the (2) spleen (graveyard of the dead RBC).
This is where microorganisms, pathogens and foreign substances are filtered initially from the blood.
Lymph Nodes
This is known as the graveyard of the dead RBCs.
Spleen
How does the lymphatic system carry fluid?
It carries fluid in one direction (from tissues to the circulatory system). Fluid moves from blood capillaries to tissue spaces to become a lymph.
These are tiny, closed-ended vessels, consist of simple squamous epithelium. The overlapping squamous cells prevent backflow of fluid. It is present in most tissues of the body (except: central nervous system, bone marrow, tissues w/o blood vessels)
Lymphatic Capillaries
How are lymphatic capillaries more permeable to blood capillaries?
More permeable than the blood capillaries because they lack placement membrane and the fluid moves easily to them; the fluid moves easily to them; it is present across except in the CNS
Where are lymphatic capillaries not present in?
CNS, bone marrow and tissue lacks the blood vessel and other areas like cartilage and epidermis (absent in lymphatic system because it lacks blood vessels)
This is similar to the blood capillaries, which resemble small veins. It has beaded appearance because they have one-way valves (similar to the valve of the vein).
Lymphatic Vessels
What happens when the lymphatic vessels are compressed?
Compression of the lymphatic vessels causes lymph to move forward. And causes the valve to prevent backward movement of the lymph.
(When there is a constriction or impede, it causes accumulation, wherein the lymph nodes cannot pass through the one way path, therefore leading to occlusion or compression)
What are the factors that causes the compression of the lymphatic vessels?
(1) contraction of surrounding skeletal muscles during activity (muscles)
(2) periodic contraction of the smooth muscle in the lymphatic vessel wall (during activity)
(3) the pressure changes in the thorax during breathing, especially the thymus
These are small, rounded structures , varying from size of a small seed to that of a shelled almond. It filter the lymph, remove bacteria and other materials.
These are distributed along the various lymphatic vessels and may be classified as superficial or deep.
Lymph Nodes
These are the lymph nodes found in the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin.
Superficial Lymph Nodes
These are lymph nodes found everywhere else
Deep Lymph Nodes
What are the three (3) superficial aggregations or clusters of lymph nodes on each side of the body?
(1) Inguinal nodes in the groin
(2) Axillary nodes in the axilla (armpit)
(3) Cervical nodes in the neck (WE CHECK IN IF POSITIVE FOR PROBLEM IN RESPIRATORY)
What do lymph nodes in the neck indicate?
Problem in pulmonary region (patients with tuberculosis have enlarged lymph nodes)
This is the dense connective tissue capsule surrounds each lymph node (green color)
Capsule
These are the extensions of the capsule; subdivides lymph node into compartments containing lymphatic tissue and lymphatic sinuses
Trabeculae
This is compact, spherical, dense clusters of lymphatic tissue; areas of tissue within lymph nodes and other organs (where the dense aggregation of the lymphocytes and other organs are situated in.)
Lymphatic Nodules
These are spaces between the lymphatic tissue that contain macrophages on a network of fibers
Lymphatic Sinuses
This produces high affinity antibody secreting plasma cell and memory B cell in order to create defense against the pathogens. These are lymphatic nodules containing the rapidly dividing lymphocytes.
Germinal Cells
This consist of subscapular sinus beneath the capsule and cortical sinuses (lymph nodes, sinuses, and germinal center)
Cortex
What are the three (3) groups of the tonsils?
(1) The paired palatine tonsils
(2) The pharyngeal tonsils
(3) The lingual tonsils
These are large oval lymphatic masses located in the posterior opening of the oral cavity (each side of the junction between the oral cavity and the pharynx).
Palatine tonsils
These are referred to as the collection of aggregated lymphatic nodules located in the internal opening of the nasal cavity.
Pharyngeal tonsils
This is the condition where your pharyngeal tonsils are enlarged.
Adenoid
These are referred to the loose collection of lymphatic nodules located on the posterior surface of the tongue
Lingual Tonsils
These are rounded structure, varying from size. These are large groups of lymphatic nodules, which protects against bacteria and other potentially harmful material entering the pharynx from the nasal or oral cavity
Tonsils
This pertains to the removal of palatine tonsils
Tonsillectomy
This pertains to the removal of pharyngeal tonsils
Adenoidectomy
This is roughly the size of a clenched fist and is located in the left, superior corner of the abdominal cavity. This has an outer capsule of dense connective tissue and a small amount of smooth muscle.
Spleen
Where is the spleen located?
LEFT QUADRANT PORTION, 3RD QUADRANT
This filters blood instead of lymph (graveyard of the blood), destroys defective/old RBCs, detect and respond to foreign substances in the blood, and blood reservoir (holding small amount of blood) (risk for bleeding) (it can causes anemia)
Spleen
What are the two specialized types of lymphatic tissue?
(1) white pulp
(2) red pulp
This is the lymphatic tissue surrounding the arteries within the spleen
white pulp
This divides divide the spleen into small, interconnected compartments
Trabeculae
This is the lymphatic tissue associated with the veins within the spleen. The macrophages of this also removes foreign substances and worn-out red blood cells through phagocytosis.
red pulp
What happens when there is a problem with the spleen?
It causes possible severe bleeding or anemia due to its vascularity. In emergency situations like hemorrhage, smooth muscle in the splenic blood vessels and in the splenic capsule can contract, allowing small amount of blood to move out for circulation.
This pertains to the removal of the spleen.
Splenectomy
This is a bilobed gland, triangular in shape located in the superior mediastinum, partition dividing the thoracic cavity (lung area) into left and right parts.
Thymus
This functions as a site for the maturation of lymphocytes and T cells, important for early life.
Thymus
What do mature T cells do?
Mature T cells is capable in reacting pathogen. (they migrate to the medulla, enter the blood, and travel to other lymphatic tissues). However. T cells decline later in life due to decreased production of the thymus.
What are the two (2) functions of the thymus?
(1) Endocrine- losing thymosin in order to convert it to T-cells
(2) Lymphatic- talks about thymus and its production of T -cells
This from the capsule divide each lobe into lobules.
Trabeculae
These are numerous and form dark-staining areas
Cortex
This has fewer lymphocytes, lighter-staining, central portion of the lobules
Medulla
These suppress the body’s immune system response and protect against autoimmune diseases
Regulatory T cells
This hormone secreted by the thymus, important in T-cell maturation
Thymosin
explain lymphatic circulation.
(1) When the lymphatic capillary removes fluid in the tissue and the fluid becomes lymph; entry of 3 liters from the 3O liters
(2) When the lymph flow from the lymphatic vessels which have valves that may prevent backflow
(3) When the lymph nodes filter the lymph and the site of lymphocytes to attack or have the functionality to respond to the infection
(4) When the lymph enters to the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct
(5) Lymph goes into the blood, so the blood is going up (venous circulation going to the arterial circulation)
(6) When the lymph coming from the intestine; lacteal absorb the lipids, going to the thoracic duct
(7) Chyle which is a lymph containing lipids going back into the blood in venous circulation going to arterial circulation
(8) The spleen filters blood and is a site where lymphocytes respond to infection. From the arterial circulation going to the spleen where it filters the blood as it removes the old RBC and new RBC can only go to the venous circulation,
(9) The lymphocytes (pre B cell and pre T cells) originate from stem cells in the red bone marrow. The pre B cells become mature B cells in the red bone marrow and are released into the blood and migrate to the thymus
(10) The thymus is where pre T cells derived from red bone marrow increase in number and become mature T cells that are released into the blood or venous circulation.
(11) B cells and T cells from the blood enter and populate all lymphatic tissues. These lymphocytes can remain in tissues or pass through them and return to the blood. B cells and T cells can also respond to infections by dividing and increasing in number. Sone of the newly formed cells enter the blood and circulate to other tissues.
REMINDERS
(1) All the extra fluid will go to the lymphatic vessels going to the lymphoid organ which filters the lymph. It moves into the venous system going to the heart and to be circulated and pass to the arterial circulation
(2) Every mature, bone marrow storehouse of premature b-cells and thymus is the storehouse of premature t-cells. Only matured are passed into the venous circulation going to the heart to the arterial system
These cells responsible for immunity and response to infections originate and mature in the red bone marrow
B cells
These cells responsible for immunity and response to infections are produced in the red bone marrow and migrate to the thymus to become mature.
T cells
These are molecules responsible for many aspects of innate immunity. These kills microbes and prevents entry of the cell. They have the capacity to to resist damage from foreign substances
Chemical Mediators
These promote inflammation by causing vasodilation, increasing vascular permeability and stimulating phagocytosis.
Histamine, Prostaglandin, Leukotrienes
These protect cells against viral infections. These proteins that protect the viral infection by stimulating the surrounding cell by producing antiviral protein.
Interferons (viral infection)
These are found in tears and saliva- anything that is salty and kills certain bacteria.
Lysozyme (saliva and tears)
These prevents the entry of microbes found in nose and mouth- initially trapping of the body
Mucous Membrane (initially trapping body found in oral and nasal cavity)
This promotes inflammation causing vasodilation as it allows the flow to shift in the particular area to fight foreign substances- allergic reaction
Histamine (Allergic reaction)
These promote inflammation by causing vasodilation and increasing vascular permeability
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes
These are proteins or peptides secreted by cells that bind to receptors on cell surfaces, stimulating a response
Cytokines
This pertains to the ability to resist damage from pathogens such as microorganisms and harmful chemicals (toxins and internal threats like cancer cells).
Immunity
Two systems of immunity.
(1) Innate Immunity (non specific resistance)
(2) Adaptive Immunity (specific immunity)
This is the nonspecific immunity, where the body recognizes and destroys certain foreign substances but response is the same each time the body is exposed (memory). More about memory, it is already in the body. The next time you will introduce same infection, you will no longer be infected.
Innate immunity (chicken pox and measles)
This is the ability of adaptive immunity to recognize a particular substance which allows it to distinguish among various kinds of bacteria. This is the innate ability can attack the bacteria in general whereas in adaptive immunity distinguishes the various type of bacteria.
Specificity
This is the ability if adaptive immunity used to remember previous encounters with a particular substance. (response is stronger, faster, and long lasting defense mechanism; body is “trained” and “better equipped” to deal with the pathogen)
memory
This is the specific immunity where the body recognizes and destroys certain foreign substances but response is faster and stronger each time the body is exposed because the immune system exhibits memory for the exposure to the bacteria
Adaptive Immunity (Response is when the pathogen is each time encountered- the more it introduces in the body, the more the antibody levels up’s its immunity or its effect to that particular infection)
What are the substances involved in adaptive immunity?
(1) B cells
(2) T cells
These cells are the antibody mediated immunity
B cells
These are cell mediated immunity.
T cells
These substances that stimulate adaptive immune responses
Antigens
These are responsible for the production of matured blood cell in the bone marrow and develop into two types of blood cells including the myeloid and lymphoid progenitor. These are multipotent permitive cells that develop into different types of blood cells.
Hematopoietic stem cells
These are responsible for producing three important blood components: thrombocytes or platelets, erythrocytes or RBC and leukocytes or WBCS.
Myeloid
These are known as your platelets.
THROMBOCYTES/PLATELETS- 150-450 thousand
These are known as your RBCs.
ERYTHROCYTES/RBC- 5-6.1 MILLION
These are known as your WBCs
LEUKOCYTES/ WBC- 5-11 THOUSANDS
What happens when the patient has a problem in the myeloid.
If have problem in myeloid, think 3 dimension ( thrombocytes or platelets, erythrocytes or RBC and leukocytes or WBCS). It is at risk of infection (WBC). It is at risk of anemia (RBC), it is at risk of bleeding (PLATELETS).
These are monocytes that leave the blood, enter the tissues and enlarge about fivefold. it also matures into macrophages (by enlarging and increasing their number of lysosomes and mitochondria). They can ingest more and larger phagocytic particles than neutrophils.
Macrophages (responsible for most of the phagocytic activity in the late stages of infection or prior to infection - BIGGEST ANTIBODY)
What do macrophages and monocytes form?
mononuclear phagocytic system
How are macrophages perceived in the lungs?
Dust cells
How are macrophages perceived in the liver?
Kupffer cells
How are macrophages perceived in the CNS?
Microglia
These are in charge in inducing inflammatory cascade, produces leukotrienes that is sensitive for inflammation; inflammatory receptors. Precursor of inflammation
Mast Cells
These are monocytes derived from the red bone marrow, which are nonmotile cells in connective tissue especially near the capillaries. They are also located at points where pathogens may enter the body
Mast Cells
What do the mast cells produce when activated?
(1) Histamine
(2) Leukotrienes
They play an integral role in inflammatory response (precursors for inflammation)
These participate in inflammation associated with allergies and asthma
Eosinophils
These are small phagocytic white blood cells that are usually the first white blood cells to enter infected tissues from the blood. They release chemical signals that increase the inflammatory response by recruiting and analyzing other immune cells.
Neutrophils
This pertains to the accumulation of fluid, dead neutrophils, and other cells at a site of infection.
Pus
These are derived from red bone marrow cells which are motile white blood cells that leave the blood and enter infected tissues.
basophils
These cells are triggered during asthma and allergy severe
basophils (biomarker for severe allergies unlike eosinophils that work on mild cases - parasitic infection )
These are type of lymphocytes produced in the red bone marrow which recognize classes of cells such as tumor cells and virus infected cells rather than specific tumor cells or cells infected by a specific virus. They are Important component in responding viral infection.
Natural Killers(NK) cells
Why do natural killer (NK) cells fall under innate immunity?
NK cells do not exhibit memory response. They utilize variety of methods including releasing chemicals that damage cell membranes and causes cell to lyse
These cells attacks invaders outside the cell. It produces antibody to fight infection and it involves antibody -mediated immunity. It matured in the bone marrow.
B cells (More about antibodies. bacteria)
This process pertains to the ingestion and destruction of particles by cells called phagocytes.
Phagocytosis (neutrophils and the macrophages - most important phagocytes)
These cells attacks the infected cells and it protects people from getting infected by destroying the cancerous cells.
T cells (Responsible for cancer cells)
Lymphoid related cancer. Both the myeloid and the lymphoid are responsible for super infection and multi-drug resistant infection)
This pertains to the medical level where no antibiotic can kill the pathogens.
super infection and multi-drug resistant infection (problems in the lymphoid)
This causes redness in urine, tears.
Rifampicin
In this the patient is susceptible for infection, neuritis (vitamin b complex), it is hepatoxic.
Isoniazid
This medication causes a burning sensation in the joints or the gout
Pyrazinamide (pyro)
This medication for tuberculosis causes eye problems (colorblindness - cannot identify red and orange)
Ethambutol
These medications can lead to kidney problems (nephrotoxic).The preceding or initial symptoms would be tinnitus or ringing of the ears.
Streptomycin
These cells produces antibodies and is effected to 3 to 4 days. The person develops disease symptoms after 3-4 days.
Plasma Cells
This can be generated from t cell and b cell. It occurs in immune system it is exposed into antigen perceived before (Recalling or remembering the type of antibodies). These also provide secondary response and long lasting immunity
Memory Cells
These cells destroys antigen in contact.
Cytotoxic lymphocytes
This is the precursor to release cytotoxic t-cell lymphocytes. This is also responsible for the immediate cell-mediated immune response
Cytotoxic t-cell
These cells activates macrophages that helps in production b cells. They promote or inhibit the activities of both antibody-mediated immunity and cell mediated immunity
Helper T cells
These cells are responsible for turning off the immune system if the antigen is gone
Regulatory T cell
This is secreted into mucuos, saliva, tears, and colostrum. These tags pathogens for destruction. This is 15 percent in serum and protects the body surface. This is found in colostrum in milk to provide protection to the newborn
lgA
This immunoglobulin is a B-cell receptor. It stimulates the release of lgM. This is the 0.2 percent. This is an antigen bonding receptor in b cells (Same IgM, need each other to function properly).
IgD
This binds to mast cells and basophils along with eosinophils for allergy and antiparasitic activity. This is 0.002 percent in serum
lgE
These immunoglobulin binds to phagocytes. This is the main blood antibody for secondary responses. It crosses placenta. This activates as the complement of increase phagocytosis that cross placenta provide protection to the fetus. This is responsible for the the reaction or ABO problem
IgG
This immunoglobulin fixes complement. This is the main antibody of primary responses. This are B-cell receptors for immune system memory. This is 5-10 in serum. This is responsible for blood transfusion reaction and the reaction of ABO- RH problem. This is the first antibody produce in terms of antigen
IgM
This pertains to the four (4) ways to acquire adaptive immunity: (1) active natural, (2) active artificial, (3) passive natural, (4) passive artificial
Acquired Adaptive Immunity
This is a result when an individual is exposed to an antigen and the response is the individual’s own immune system is the cause of the immunity (immunity is provided by the individual’s own immune system).
Active Immunity
This implies that contact with the antigen r transfer of antibodies occur as a part of everyday living and is not deliberate.
Natural
This pertains to the deliberate introduction of an antigen or antibody into the body has occurred
Artificial
This results from natural exposure to an antigen. This stimulates the immune system to respond against the antigen. An individual is not immune during the first exposure and usually develops the symptoms of the disease
Active Natural Immunity
This is when the antigen (vaccine) is deliberately introduced to an individual to stimulate the immune system – vaccination. The antigen is changed in order to stimulate an immune response but will not cause the disease symptoms. It produces long-lasting immunity w/o disease symptoms
Active Artificial Immunity
This is when a person develops immunity and immunity is transferred to a nonimmune individual (transferred from another person or an animal)
Passive immunity
These are antibodies that are transferred from a mother to her child across the placenta. These antibodies can cross the placenta and enter the fetal blood. Eventually, antibodies break down and the baby must rely on its own immune system
Mother’s breastmilk can also provide protection for the baby.
Passive Natural Immunity
This involves collecting of antibodies from one source and introducing them to an infected individual. A human who as developed immunity through natural exposure or vaccination can serve as a source of antibodies. This provides immediate protection because antibodies either directly or indirectly destroy the antigen. This is referred treatment when there is not enough time for an individual to develop their own active immunity. It also provides only temporary immunity because antibodies are used/eliminated by the recipient
Passive Artificial Immunity
