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CAA Module 11 > Module 11.13 Landing gear > Flashcards

Module 11.13 Landing gear Flashcards

1
Q

How is the main landing gear installed in a tail wheel configuration?

A

In front of the CoG

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2
Q

Where are the main landing gear in reference to the CoG in a tricycle configuration?

A

Behind the CoG, this prevents ground looping

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3
Q

What is a tandem gear configuration? How is it supported laterally?

A

Two gear aligned longitudinally

Outrigger gear give support

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4
Q

What do fixed gear increase?

A

In-flight drag

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5
Q

What gear would have a drag strut?

A

Gear that retract in the fore and aft direction i.e. Nose Landing Gear NLG

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6
Q

What is the side and drag strut in gear connected to?

A

The outer structure of the cylinder and the structure of the aircraft

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7
Q

How is the side/drag strut held in place?

A

By a downlock mechanism/lock stay

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8
Q

How is the side strut locked?

A

Downlock pulled into over centre position this is then held by two strong downlock springs

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the shortening link?

A

To shorten gear during retraction so it can fit in the wheel well

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10
Q

What does the gear pivot about?

A

Trunnion

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11
Q

What stops the gear spinning and falling out of the outer cylinder?

A

Torsion link

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12
Q

What is the purpose of cams in the NLG?

A

Upper and lower locating cam come together to centre the gear when there is no weight on the wheels

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13
Q

Some NLG have a torque link damper, what is the purpose of this? Cause?

A

Shimmy damper, stops shimmy of the axle cause by uneven, pressure, wear or runway surface

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14
Q

What are the two classes of shock absorbers?

A
  • Solid
  • Oleo-pneumatic
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15
Q

What is the strut partially filled with?

A

Oil and nitrogen gas

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16
Q

What do some oleo-pneumatic shock absorbers have?

A

Separator between oil and gas

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17
Q

The cylinders are free to extend within the range of what?

A

The torsion link

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18
Q

When weight is applied to the wheels, what reduces the movement of fluid between the upper and lower oil chambers?

A

Flutter plate with restrictor valves

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19
Q

What occurs to the shock absorbers when a force is applied? i.e. landing

A

Weight applied to wheels which compresses the gas this then forces the piston up. This moves the inner cylinder up and fluid to transfer from upper to lower chamber through the flutter plate

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20
Q

What occurs after the initial compression of cylinders?

A

Recoils back to an extended position

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21
Q

What is the shock strut dimension ‘X’ or ‘H’?

A

Extension of inner cylinder with weight on wheels

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22
Q

Where may the correct dimensions ‘X’ be found?

A

In graph with measured gas pressure and actual shock strut temperature

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23
Q

In normal extension/retraction how should the gear be moved?

A

Movement should be powered

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24
Q

What is the only movement with a backup/emergency?

A

Extension

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25
Q

How are the different extension/retraction conditions commanded?

A

Normal - lever
Emergency - Separate lever/handle

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26
Q

How is the lever protected from moving under vibration or accidental movement?

A

Detents

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27
Q

When the aircraft is on the ground, what stops the gear lever being moved?

A

Solenoid operated latch to stop movement. This is in the closed position when the power is off

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28
Q

Why is sequencing needed in gear movement?

A

To allow the doors to open prior to gear movement

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29
Q

What is the process of gear extension?

A
  1. Door uplock released
  2. Door opened
  3. Gear uplock released
  4. Gear down
  5. Door close
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30
Q

What should be installed to lockstay during towing?

A

Locking pins

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31
Q

Emergency extension handles are connected to what via a mechanical linkage?

A

Gear uplock

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32
Q

How is the gear held in place in the wheel well when the gear is retracted?

A

Up-lock hooks

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33
Q

Before operation of the emergency extension handle, why must the landing gear selector be placed in the off position?

A

Shut off system pressure and connect actuator chambers, ‘ damping mode’. Prevent hydraulic lock

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34
Q

Visual indication of what is given during extension and retraction?

A

Position of gear and doors

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35
Q

Where are position sensors located in gear systems?

A
  • Gear up-lock
  • Gear down-lock
  • Door Up-lock
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36
Q

What are microswitches used to monitor?

A

Position of:
- Valves
- Gears
- Doors

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37
Q

When would a proximity switch be used instead of normal microswitch?

A

In areas of corrosion and contamination

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38
Q

What are the two different types of proximity switch?

A
  • Reed switch
  • Electronic switch
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39
Q

When would a microswitch be used?

A

Where physical contact is permissible

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40
Q

What does the sensor consist of in a reed switch?

A

Two spring loaded contacts, that are normally open, in a glass tube filled with gas to stop corrosion

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41
Q

How are the contacts closed so that the circuit operates the indicator?

A

Target is moved close to the sensor. The target has a magnetic field. No contact is needed

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42
Q

In the electronic proximity switch, what is the target and sensor?

A

Target - non mag ferrous material
Sensor - Sensing coil

43
Q

What occurs to the coil when the target is nearby?

A

Varied impedance, triggers switching function

44
Q

How is the wheel supported on the axle?

A

Tapered roller bearing

45
Q

Aircraft wheels are made from what?

A

Forged or cast, aluminium alloy some are made from magnesium alloy

46
Q

How are modern aircraft wheels constructed?

A

Two half hubs, inboard and outboard, that carry a tubeless tyre

47
Q

What half of the wheel are the brake units attached to?

A

Inboard

48
Q

How are the brake discs and wheels mated?

A

Steel drive keys bolted to the inside of the wheel

49
Q

What prevents brake heat from damaging the wheels during normal braking?

A

Heat shield

50
Q

What is the purpose of fusible plugs?

A

They release tyre pressure when the temperature exceeds a certain level, this is because it is plugged with a low melting point alloy

51
Q

Where are fusible plugs not installed and why?

A

In the NLG as there are no brakes there

52
Q

What half of the wheel are the fusible plugs in?

A

Inboard half

53
Q

What half of the wheel is the inflating valve?

A

Outboard half

54
Q

What half of the wheel are the tapered roller bearings?

A

Both

55
Q

How are small light aircraft typically braked?

A

Using a single brake discs which is keyed or bolted to the wheel and turns with the wheel

56
Q

Where are the 6 brake lining/pucks located?

A

3 are attached to each piston and the other 3 are stationary on the other side of the disc

57
Q

When would dual discs brakes be used?

A

On aircraft that require more friction to slow them down i.e. heavier aircraft

58
Q

What is located between the two discs?

A

Friction lining

59
Q

What is the auto adjusting pin or wear indicating pin used for?

A

To indicate the wear of the friction lining

60
Q

Large aircraft require multiple disc brakes, what are the main components of these?

A
  • Torsion tube
  • Piston housing
  • Heat pack
61
Q

What has slots to engage with the drive keys on the inboard half of the wheels?

A

Rotors

62
Q

What is the wear indicating pin located on in a multi disk brake pack?

A

The stators

63
Q

When should the wear indicating pin be checked to see if there is sufficient material on the stator?

A

When the brakes are applied

64
Q

What is the benefit of carbon packs?

A
  • 40% lighter than steel packs
  • Can deal with 50% higher temperatures than steel
  • 20-50% longer life
65
Q

What is the advantage to segmented brakes?

A

Less bending due to heat

66
Q

If a pack has 14 pistons how many hydraulic systems supply these?

A

1 - Supplies 7 called the normal braking
1 - Supplies 7 called the alternate braking

67
Q

How is the switch between normal and alternate braking made and via what?

A

It is done automatically and via a shuttle valve

68
Q

What controls the hydraulic fluid to the brakes?

A

Brake control valve

69
Q

Where would the brake debooster be located?

A

Between the brake control valve and the user

70
Q

How is the parking brake pressure kept?

A

Via a shutoff valve

71
Q

How is permanent pressurisation of the parking brake maintained?

A

Brake accumulator

72
Q

What does the ant skid system do?

A

Senses skid by changed in difference between a/c speed and wheel speed. It will release the brakes for a brief period

73
Q

In an electronic system where would the anti skid valve be located?

A

After the brake control valve before debooster

74
Q

What is the wheel speed sensor called?

A

Tacometer

75
Q

How are tyres classified?

A
  • Width
  • Rim diameter
76
Q

How are tyres categorised?

A
  • Tubed
  • Tubless
77
Q

What is the fabric layer assembly in a tyre called?

A

Carcass

78
Q

What angle of plies in a bias?

A

30° and 60°

79
Q

What angle are radial plies laid?

A

90° to the direction of wheel spin

80
Q

What keeps the tyre on the wheel?

A

The bead

81
Q

What does the red dot signify on a tyre?

A

Lightest point of the tyre

82
Q

What do the green dots signify on a tyre?

A

Small holes to let out entrapped gases

83
Q

What carries the stator rotor assembly?

A

The torque tube

84
Q

In an emergency what provides brake pressure?

A

The brake accumulator

85
Q

When must brake not be applied?

A

At touchdown, as it can cause a blowout

86
Q

In touchdown protection, what valve is controlled?

A

The anti skid valve

87
Q

What is the purpose of auto brake?

A

To stop the aircraft at a certain deceleration rate without the pilots input

88
Q

When would each auto brake position be used?

A
  • Low and medium normal landing
  • Max on a rejected take off
89
Q

What is on ramp stage of landing roll?

A
  • Smooth build up of pressure to the desired deceleration rate
90
Q

What is on auto braking stage of landing roll?

A
  • Constant brake pressure level
91
Q

What is on off ramp stage of landing roll?

A
  • Smooth decrease in brake pressure, initiated when the speed brakes retract or pilot operates the brakes
92
Q

How can the aircraft be steered if the NLG steering is in operative?

A

Differential braking

93
Q

How is the NLG steered?

A

By moving the rotatable collar

94
Q

On the NLG what is the upper tension link attached to?

A

The rotating collar

95
Q

How may the rotatable collar be actuated?

A

Hydraulically or mechanically

96
Q

What gear would a shimmy damper be fitted to?

A

NLG

97
Q

Where would a shimmy damper be fitted?

A

On the torsion link or collar

98
Q

Why may the aircraft have main gear steering?

A

To reduce tire scrubbing

99
Q

Is the main gear steering angle more or less than the NLG?

A

Less
- 5° - 8°

100
Q

What must be done the NWS before towing?

A

Depressurised or isolated

101
Q

Air ground sensing uses what sensor?

A

Proximity sensor

102
Q

Where are the proximity sensors located?

A

Shock struts

103
Q

What is used also on 4-6 wheel MLG to help air ground sensing?

A

Bogie bar

104
Q

In modern aircraft (brand new) what may be used instead of proximity sensors?

A

Load sensors on landing gear beam

CAA Module 11 (22 decks)

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