Module 1 Exam Flashcards
Identity, and provide location and function of hyaline cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
provide support, ends of long bones, respitory airways, Costal (ribs)
Identity, and provide location and function of Fibrous cartilage
Fibrous cartilage
absorb shock in joints, Intervetebral discs (IVD), meniscus
Identity, and provide location and function of Elastic cartilage?
Elastic cartilage
provide flexible elastic support, outside ears and epiglottis
Describe the extracellular composition/matrix of bone. Describe the organic and inorganic components and their general function.
Organic component- Collagen, gives tensile strength and flexibility
Inorganic component- Hydroxyapatite: gives bone hardness and resistance of compression
1/3 collagen 2/3 hydroxyapatite crystals
Define osteogenic/osteoprogenitor.
Osteoprogenitor- stems cells of bones, turn into osteoblasts
Osteogenic- originating in bone
Define osteocyte.
Osteocyte- maintain matrix, trapped in lacunae in middle of bone
Osteocytes play a crucial role in bone remodeling.
Define osteoblast.
Osteoblast- bone building cells, store calcium in bones
Osteoblasts are essential for the formation of new bone tissue.
Define osteoclast.
Osteoclast- break down bone to maintain calcium and bone homeostasis
Osteoclasts are involved in the resorption of bone tissue.
Is bone innervated? Is it vascular? List and describe the functions of bone.
Innervated- yes, Vascular- yes,
Where do you find red and yellow marrow, and what are their functions?
Red marrow: hematopoetic, found in epiphyses of long bone and Dipole of flat bones
Yellow marrow: Fat storage (adipose tissue), found in medullary cavity of compact bone.
Define diploe.
Dipole: where spongey bone is found in flat bones
What is the function of bone
Function- Support, Protect, create blood, store fat, mineral storage, movement
Function, appearance Spongey bone
Creats RBC, trabecular in appearance, provides strength, lightweight
Define Canaliculi
Little canals go through layers of bone for waste/ nutrient exchange
Little canals go through layers of bone for waste/ nutrient exchange
Define Central Haversian canal
Tunnel through middle of Osteon that holds veins and nerve fibers.
Tunnel through middle of Osteon that holds veins and nerve fibers.
Define Perforating Volkmann’s canal
Connect haversian canals. contain blood vessels that provide the osteocytes with waste/nutrient exchange
Connect haversian canals. contain blood vessels that provide the osteocytes with waste/nutrient exchange
Define Osteon
Functional and structural unit of compact bone
Functional and structural unit of compact bone
Define Lamellae
Rings that surround the haversian canal
Rings that surround the haversian canal
Define Osteocytes in lacunae
Responsible for maintaining the matrix
Responsible for maintaining the matrix
Define Wolff’s Law
Bones grow and remodel in response to forced placed apon it. After injury, placing specific stress in specific places of the bone can help it remodel and become healthy again.
Bones grow and remodel in response to forced placed apon it. After injury, placing specific stress in specific places of the bone can help it remodel and become healthy again.
What are the two method of ossification?
IntraMembranous ossification
Endochondrial ossification
What is intramembranous ossification?
Turning mesenchymal (stem cells) into osteoblasts to create bone. Only Clavicals and skull bones
Example sentence: Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts during intramembranous ossification.
What bones are produced by intramembranous ossification?
Only Clavicals and skull bones
No additional information.
What is endochondral ossification?
At 2 months starts turning Hylain cartilage into bone. Every bone below skull and not the clavicals.
Interstitial bone growth
Grows length of bone by epiphyseal plates
Example: Longitudinal bone growth occurs at the epiphyseal plates.
Appositional bone growth
Grows width of bone by osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Example: Osteoblasts lay down new bone tissue on the outer surface of the bone.
Name the 4 main classifications of bones according to their shape.
Long- femur
Short- carpul
Flat- sternum
Irregular- vertebre
Condyle
rounded articular projection
Example: The condyle of the mandible articulates with the temporal bone.
Fossa
shallow depression, often serves as articular surface
Example: The glenoid fossa of the scapula articulates with the head of the humerus.
Foramen
Hole through bone to allow vessels and nerves
Example: The foramen magnum allows the spinal cord to pass through the skull.
Fissure
narrow slitlike opening
Example: The superior orbital fissure allows the passage of nerves and blood vessels to the eye.
Meatus
Canal-like passageway
Example: The external acoustic meatus leads from the external ear to the eardrum.
What are the two main divisions of the human skeleton and what bones make them up
Axial skeleton- head, vetebral column, thoracic cage
Appendicular skeleton- arms and legs
Define mineralization
Process were calcium and other minerals get taken from the blood and deposited into bone
Define mineral resorption, and what cell type is responsible for it.
Process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into blood. Osteoclasts use hydrochloric acid to
Example sentence: Osteoclasts are responsible for breaking down bone during mineral resorption.
Describe the importance of Calcium.
Small changes in homeostasis= changes in cellular function
Large changes in homeostasis= convulsions and death
Additional information: Calcium plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including muscle contraction and nerve function.
Describe the location of the thyroid gland.
Thyroid gland located below adams apple (Larynx).
Describe the location of the parathyroid glands.
4 Parathyroids, 2 on each side of posterior thyroid
What is calcitriol? Where do you get it from? What is its effect on blood calcium levels?
Vitamin D, produced by epidermal cells when exposed to sun, Raises blood calcium levels
Define hypocalcemia.
Hypocalcemia= Low blood calcium; overly excited nervous system leads to muscle spasms
Define hypercalcemia.
Hypercalcemia= Excessive blood calcium; high calcium in blood leads to less responsive ion channels causing muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes, cardiac arrest
What are the signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia? What are the causes of hypercalcemia?
less responsive ion channels causing muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes, cardiac arrest
What are the signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia? What are the causes of hypocalcemia?
overly excited nervous system leads to muscle spasms. Convulsions, arrhythmias, tetany, spasms
Listen, describe the characteristics of the necessary life functions and survival needs
Maintain boundaries- separation between inside and outside down to the cellular level
Movement -even cells need to keep moving
Responsiveness -bodies ability to respond to stimulus
Digestion -digest food for nutrients
Metabolism -catabolism and anabolism
Disposal of waste - pee
Reproduction - carry on life
Growth- single cell to human
What is Anatomy?
Anatomy is the study of structure
Example sentence: The anatomy of the human heart is complex.
What is Gross anatomy?
Gross anatomy is macroscopic (stuff you can see)
Example sentence: In gross anatomy class, students dissected a cadaver.
What is Physiology?
Physiology is the study of function of the body
Example sentence: Understanding the physiology of muscles helps in designing effective workouts.
What is Anatomy?
Anatomy is the study of structure
Example sentence: The anatomy of the human heart is complex.
What is Gross anatomy?
Gross anatomy is macroscopic (stuff you can see)
Example sentence: In gross anatomy class, students dissected a cadaver.
What is Physiology?
Physiology is the study of function of the body
Example sentence: Understanding the physiology of muscles helps in designing effective workouts.
List of six levels of structural organization of the human body and give an example of each
Chemical/molecular- water
Cellular - muscle cells
Tissue -muscle tissue
Organs - heart
System - cardiovascular system
Organism - human
Describe anatomical position
Standing straight, facing forward, arms side with palms facing forward, dumbs away from body
Name the major body cavities and give an example
Cranial cavity- brain
Spinal cavity - spine
Thoracic cavity - heart
Abdominal cavity - stomach, spleen
Pelvic cavity - urinary/ reproductive organs
Plasma membrane
polar hydrophilic head, nonpolar hydrophobic tail
Example sentence: The plasma membrane surrounds the cell and controls what enters and exits.
Fluid mosaic
membrane that has proteins and is soft and pliable, not just lipid bilayer
Example sentence: The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the cell membrane.
Protein island
transport proteins
Example sentence: Protein islands help molecules move across the membrane.
Cholesterol
increases membrane stability and flexibility
Example sentence: Cholesterol helps maintain the integrity of the cell membrane.
Tight junction
joins tissue types together, prevent fluid movement between cells, epithelial cells
Example sentence: Tight junctions play a crucial role in maintaining the barrier function of epithelial tissues.
Desmosomes
holds cells tight together, found in cardiac tissue and epithelia, provide flexibility between cell
Example sentence: Desmosomes are important for the structural integrity of tissues like the heart.
Gap junctions
tunnels for small molecules to pass, electrical signals, cardiac and smooth muscle
Example sentence: Gap junctions allow for rapid communication between cells in tissues like the heart.
Diffusion
Movement of solute from high concentration to low concentration
No additional information
Osmosis
Movement of water from high concentration to low concentration
No additional information
Solute
Thing getting dissolved (proteins, ions)
No additional information
Solvent
Thing doing dissolving (water)
No additional information
Osmotic Pressure
Pressure from solute to suck water to other side
No additional information
Osmolarity
How much solute in water
No additional information
Tonicity
Ability of solution to alter cell’s water volume
No additional information
Active transport
Uses energy
No additional information
Passive transport
Uses concentration gradient to move from high concentration to low concentration
No additional information
Cotransporter
Transport more than 1 substance at a time
No additional information
Antiporter
Transport 2 substances in opposite directions
No additional information
Symporter
Transport 2 substances in the same direction
No additional information
Exocytosis
Transport out of cell. Hormone secretion, NT release, mucus secretion
*Example: Vesicles releasing neurotransmitters at synapse
Endocytosis
Transport into cell
*Example: Uptake of nutrients by cells
Phagocytosis
Engulfs solids and brings into cell
*Example: White blood cells engulfing bacteria
Pinocytosis
Drinking EC fluid to dissolve fluids in cell
*Example: Absorption of nutrients by intestinal cells
Na/K pump
3Na out for 2K in
*Example: Maintaining resting membrane potential in neurons
Describe what would happen to a red blood cell if placed in a hypotonic solution
Water rushes in, solute rushes out, and the cell will burst
Describe what would happen to a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution
Water will rush out, solute will rush in, and the cell was shrivel (crenation)
Define homeostasis and give an example
Maintaining stable, internal and external conditions, despite changes in the environment
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
Form boundaries and cover things, Protection, sensory reception, Diffusion, lining internal and external surfaces and in glands
Example: Skin forms a protective barrier.
What are the functions of connective tissue?
Binding & support, Protect, Insulate, fuel reserve, transport blood. Mesenchyme, vascular and ECM.
Example: Blood provides transport for nutrients.
What are the types of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper, Cartilage, Bone, Blood
Example: Cartilage provides cushioning in joints.
What is the function of muscular tissue?
Contractions for movement. Heart, skeletal bones, blood vessels
Example: Skeletal muscles allow for voluntary movements.
What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?
Striated, multinucleated
Example: Skeletal muscle is attached to bones for movement.
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?
1 nucleus, intercalated discs, striated
Example: Cardiac muscle forms the walls of the heart.
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?
Nonstriated, 1 nucleus
Example: Smooth muscle lines the walls of blood vessels.
What is the function of nervous tissue?
Communication. Brain, spinal cord. Nerve cells
Example: Nerve cells transmit electrical signals.
What is the function of Mucous Membrane?
Produce mucous and reduce friction.
Found in Repitory and digestive system. Uses cilia to move mucous.
Where is the Serous membrane found?
Around organs.
Function to protect and hold in place. Parietal layer= lines cavity space outer layer. Visceral layer= covers internal organs. Serous fluid= reduce friction and found between parietal and visceral layers.
What is the Cutaneous Membrane?
Skin. Protection. Areolar. Dermis of skin
What is the function of Synovial membrane?
Shock absorption
Carpal
Wrist
Palmer
Palm
Pollex
Thumb
Patellar
Knee cap
Crural
Shin
pedal
Foot
Tarsal
Ankle
Digits
Toes
Femoral
Femur/ thigh
Inguinal
Groin
Pelvic
Pelvis
Pubic
Pubis
Cephalic
Head
Cervical
Neck
Plantar
Sole of foot
Calcaneal
Heel
Sural
Calf
Popliteal
Back of knee
Gluteal
Buttock
Lumbar
Lower back (loin)
Olecranal
Back of elbow
Dorsal
Back
Acromial
Shoulder
Cranial
Skull
Facial
Face
Oral
Mouth
Mental
Chin
Axillary
Arm pit
Brachial
Arm
Antecubital
Front of elbow
Umbilical
Naval (belly button)
Abdominal
Abdomen
Mammary
Breast
Thoracic
Thorax / chest
Buccal
Cheek
Optic
Ear
Ocular/ orbital
Eye
Nasal
Nose
Frontal
Forehead
Where is calcitonin produced?
C cells of thyroid
What does the parathyroid glands produce?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
If blood calcium levels are too high how does the body react?
Thyroid produces calcitonin to decrease blood calcium levels
If blood calcium levels are too low how does the body react?
Parathyroid glands produce parathyroid, hormone and calcitriol from the skin work to increase blood calcium levels
