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Anatomy (BIO 201) > Module 1 Exam > Flashcards

Module 1 Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Identity, and provide location and function of hyaline cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage

provide support, ends of long bones, respitory airways, Costal (ribs)

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2
Q

Identity, and provide location and function of Fibrous cartilage

A

Fibrous cartilage

absorb shock in joints, Intervetebral discs (IVD), meniscus

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3
Q

Identity, and provide location and function of Elastic cartilage?

A

Elastic cartilage

provide flexible elastic support, outside ears and epiglottis

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4
Q

Describe the extracellular composition/matrix of bone. Describe the organic and inorganic components and their general function.

A

Organic component- Collagen, gives tensile strength and flexibility

Inorganic component- Hydroxyapatite: gives bone hardness and resistance of compression

1/3 collagen 2/3 hydroxyapatite crystals

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5
Q

Define osteogenic/osteoprogenitor.

A

Osteoprogenitor- stems cells of bones, turn into osteoblasts

Osteogenic- originating in bone

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6
Q

Define osteocyte.

A

Osteocyte- maintain matrix, trapped in lacunae in middle of bone

Osteocytes play a crucial role in bone remodeling.

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7
Q

Define osteoblast.

A

Osteoblast- bone building cells, store calcium in bones

Osteoblasts are essential for the formation of new bone tissue.

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8
Q

Define osteoclast.

A

Osteoclast- break down bone to maintain calcium and bone homeostasis

Osteoclasts are involved in the resorption of bone tissue.

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9
Q

Is bone innervated? Is it vascular? List and describe the functions of bone.

A

Innervated- yes, Vascular- yes,

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10
Q

Where do you find red and yellow marrow, and what are their functions?

A

Red marrow: hematopoetic, found in epiphyses of long bone and Dipole of flat bones

Yellow marrow: Fat storage (adipose tissue), found in medullary cavity of compact bone.

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11
Q

Define diploe.

A

Dipole: where spongey bone is found in flat bones

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12
Q

What is the function of bone

A

Function- Support, Protect, create blood, store fat, mineral storage, movement

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13
Q

Function, appearance Spongey bone

A

Creats RBC, trabecular in appearance, provides strength, lightweight

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14
Q

Define Canaliculi

A

Little canals go through layers of bone for waste/ nutrient exchange

Little canals go through layers of bone for waste/ nutrient exchange

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15
Q

Define Central Haversian canal

A

Tunnel through middle of Osteon that holds veins and nerve fibers.

Tunnel through middle of Osteon that holds veins and nerve fibers.

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16
Q

Define Perforating Volkmann’s canal

A

Connect haversian canals. contain blood vessels that provide the osteocytes with waste/nutrient exchange

Connect haversian canals. contain blood vessels that provide the osteocytes with waste/nutrient exchange

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17
Q

Define Osteon

A

Functional and structural unit of compact bone

Functional and structural unit of compact bone

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18
Q

Define Lamellae

A

Rings that surround the haversian canal

Rings that surround the haversian canal

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19
Q

Define Osteocytes in lacunae

A

Responsible for maintaining the matrix

Responsible for maintaining the matrix

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20
Q

Define Wolff’s Law

A

Bones grow and remodel in response to forced placed apon it. After injury, placing specific stress in specific places of the bone can help it remodel and become healthy again.

Bones grow and remodel in response to forced placed apon it. After injury, placing specific stress in specific places of the bone can help it remodel and become healthy again.

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21
Q

What are the two method of ossification?

A

IntraMembranous ossification
Endochondrial ossification

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22
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

Turning mesenchymal (stem cells) into osteoblasts to create bone. Only Clavicals and skull bones

Example sentence: Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts during intramembranous ossification.

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23
Q

What bones are produced by intramembranous ossification?

A

Only Clavicals and skull bones

No additional information.

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24
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

At 2 months starts turning Hylain cartilage into bone. Every bone below skull and not the clavicals.

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25
Q

Interstitial bone growth

A

Grows length of bone by epiphyseal plates

Example: Longitudinal bone growth occurs at the epiphyseal plates.

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26
Q

Appositional bone growth

A

Grows width of bone by osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Example: Osteoblasts lay down new bone tissue on the outer surface of the bone.

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27
Q

Name the 4 main classifications of bones according to their shape.

A

Long- femur
Short- carpul
Flat- sternum
Irregular- vertebre

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28
Q

Condyle

A

rounded articular projection

Example: The condyle of the mandible articulates with the temporal bone.

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29
Q

Fossa

A

shallow depression, often serves as articular surface

Example: The glenoid fossa of the scapula articulates with the head of the humerus.

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30
Q

Foramen

A

Hole through bone to allow vessels and nerves

Example: The foramen magnum allows the spinal cord to pass through the skull.

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31
Q

Fissure

A

narrow slitlike opening

Example: The superior orbital fissure allows the passage of nerves and blood vessels to the eye.

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32
Q

Meatus

A

Canal-like passageway

Example: The external acoustic meatus leads from the external ear to the eardrum.

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33
Q

What are the two main divisions of the human skeleton and what bones make them up

A

Axial skeleton- head, vetebral column, thoracic cage
Appendicular skeleton- arms and legs

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34
Q

Define mineralization

A

Process were calcium and other minerals get taken from the blood and deposited into bone

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35
Q

Define mineral resorption, and what cell type is responsible for it.

A

Process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into blood. Osteoclasts use hydrochloric acid to

Example sentence: Osteoclasts are responsible for breaking down bone during mineral resorption.

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36
Q

Describe the importance of Calcium.

A

Small changes in homeostasis= changes in cellular function
Large changes in homeostasis= convulsions and death

Additional information: Calcium plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including muscle contraction and nerve function.

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37
Q

Describe the location of the thyroid gland.

A

Thyroid gland located below adams apple (Larynx).

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38
Q

Describe the location of the parathyroid glands.

A

4 Parathyroids, 2 on each side of posterior thyroid

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39
Q

What is calcitriol? Where do you get it from? What is its effect on blood calcium levels?

A

Vitamin D, produced by epidermal cells when exposed to sun, Raises blood calcium levels

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40
Q

Define hypocalcemia.

A

Hypocalcemia= Low blood calcium; overly excited nervous system leads to muscle spasms

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41
Q

Define hypercalcemia.

A

Hypercalcemia= Excessive blood calcium; high calcium in blood leads to less responsive ion channels causing muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes, cardiac arrest

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42
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia? What are the causes of hypercalcemia?

A

less responsive ion channels causing muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes, cardiac arrest

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43
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia? What are the causes of hypocalcemia?

A

overly excited nervous system leads to muscle spasms. Convulsions, arrhythmias, tetany, spasms

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44
Q

Listen, describe the characteristics of the necessary life functions and survival needs

A

Maintain boundaries- separation between inside and outside down to the cellular level
Movement -even cells need to keep moving
Responsiveness -bodies ability to respond to stimulus
Digestion -digest food for nutrients
Metabolism -catabolism and anabolism
Disposal of waste - pee
Reproduction - carry on life
Growth- single cell to human

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45
Q

What is Anatomy?

A

Anatomy is the study of structure

Example sentence: The anatomy of the human heart is complex.

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46
Q

What is Gross anatomy?

A

Gross anatomy is macroscopic (stuff you can see)

Example sentence: In gross anatomy class, students dissected a cadaver.

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47
Q

What is Physiology?

A

Physiology is the study of function of the body

Example sentence: Understanding the physiology of muscles helps in designing effective workouts.

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48
Q

What is Anatomy?

A

Anatomy is the study of structure

Example sentence: The anatomy of the human heart is complex.

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49
Q

What is Gross anatomy?

A

Gross anatomy is macroscopic (stuff you can see)

Example sentence: In gross anatomy class, students dissected a cadaver.

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50
Q

What is Physiology?

A

Physiology is the study of function of the body

Example sentence: Understanding the physiology of muscles helps in designing effective workouts.

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51
Q

List of six levels of structural organization of the human body and give an example of each

A

Chemical/molecular- water
Cellular - muscle cells
Tissue -muscle tissue
Organs - heart
System - cardiovascular system
Organism - human

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52
Q

Describe anatomical position

A

Standing straight, facing forward, arms side with palms facing forward, dumbs away from body

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53
Q

Name the major body cavities and give an example

A

Cranial cavity- brain
Spinal cavity - spine
Thoracic cavity - heart
Abdominal cavity - stomach, spleen
Pelvic cavity - urinary/ reproductive organs

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54
Q

Plasma membrane

A

polar hydrophilic head, nonpolar hydrophobic tail

Example sentence: The plasma membrane surrounds the cell and controls what enters and exits.

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55
Q

Fluid mosaic

A

membrane that has proteins and is soft and pliable, not just lipid bilayer

Example sentence: The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the cell membrane.

56
Q

Protein island

A

transport proteins

Example sentence: Protein islands help molecules move across the membrane.

57
Q

Cholesterol

A

increases membrane stability and flexibility

Example sentence: Cholesterol helps maintain the integrity of the cell membrane.

58
Q

Tight junction

A

joins tissue types together, prevent fluid movement between cells, epithelial cells

Example sentence: Tight junctions play a crucial role in maintaining the barrier function of epithelial tissues.

59
Q

Desmosomes

A

holds cells tight together, found in cardiac tissue and epithelia, provide flexibility between cell

Example sentence: Desmosomes are important for the structural integrity of tissues like the heart.

60
Q

Gap junctions

A

tunnels for small molecules to pass, electrical signals, cardiac and smooth muscle

Example sentence: Gap junctions allow for rapid communication between cells in tissues like the heart.

61
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of solute from high concentration to low concentration

No additional information

62
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water from high concentration to low concentration

No additional information

63
Q

Solute

A

Thing getting dissolved (proteins, ions)

No additional information

64
Q

Solvent

A

Thing doing dissolving (water)

No additional information

65
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

Pressure from solute to suck water to other side

No additional information

66
Q

Osmolarity

A

How much solute in water

No additional information

67
Q

Tonicity

A

Ability of solution to alter cell’s water volume

No additional information

68
Q

Active transport

A

Uses energy

No additional information

69
Q

Passive transport

A

Uses concentration gradient to move from high concentration to low concentration

No additional information

70
Q

Cotransporter

A

Transport more than 1 substance at a time

No additional information

71
Q

Antiporter

A

Transport 2 substances in opposite directions

No additional information

72
Q

Symporter

A

Transport 2 substances in the same direction

No additional information

73
Q

Exocytosis

A

Transport out of cell. Hormone secretion, NT release, mucus secretion

*Example: Vesicles releasing neurotransmitters at synapse

74
Q

Endocytosis

A

Transport into cell

*Example: Uptake of nutrients by cells

75
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Engulfs solids and brings into cell

*Example: White blood cells engulfing bacteria

76
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Drinking EC fluid to dissolve fluids in cell

*Example: Absorption of nutrients by intestinal cells

77
Q

Na/K pump

A

3Na out for 2K in

*Example: Maintaining resting membrane potential in neurons

78
Q

Describe what would happen to a red blood cell if placed in a hypotonic solution

A

Water rushes in, solute rushes out, and the cell will burst

79
Q

Describe what would happen to a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution

A

Water will rush out, solute will rush in, and the cell was shrivel (crenation)

80
Q

Define homeostasis and give an example

A

Maintaining stable, internal and external conditions, despite changes in the environment

81
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A

Form boundaries and cover things, Protection, sensory reception, Diffusion, lining internal and external surfaces and in glands

Example: Skin forms a protective barrier.

82
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

Binding & support, Protect, Insulate, fuel reserve, transport blood. Mesenchyme, vascular and ECM.

Example: Blood provides transport for nutrients.

83
Q

What are the types of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper, Cartilage, Bone, Blood

Example: Cartilage provides cushioning in joints.

84
Q

What is the function of muscular tissue?

A

Contractions for movement. Heart, skeletal bones, blood vessels

Example: Skeletal muscles allow for voluntary movements.

85
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A

Striated, multinucleated

Example: Skeletal muscle is attached to bones for movement.

86
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A

1 nucleus, intercalated discs, striated

Example: Cardiac muscle forms the walls of the heart.

87
Q

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

A

Nonstriated, 1 nucleus

Example: Smooth muscle lines the walls of blood vessels.

88
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

Communication. Brain, spinal cord. Nerve cells

Example: Nerve cells transmit electrical signals.

89
Q

What is the function of Mucous Membrane?

A

Produce mucous and reduce friction.

Found in Repitory and digestive system. Uses cilia to move mucous.

90
Q

Where is the Serous membrane found?

A

Around organs.

Function to protect and hold in place. Parietal layer= lines cavity space outer layer. Visceral layer= covers internal organs. Serous fluid= reduce friction and found between parietal and visceral layers.

91
Q

What is the Cutaneous Membrane?

A

Skin. Protection. Areolar. Dermis of skin

92
Q

What is the function of Synovial membrane?

A

Shock absorption

93
Q

Carpal

A

Wrist

94
Q

Palmer

A

Palm

95
Q

Pollex

A

Thumb

96
Q

Patellar

A

Knee cap

97
Q

Crural

A

Shin

98
Q

pedal

A

Foot

99
Q

Tarsal

A

Ankle

100
Q

Digits

A

Toes

101
Q

Femoral

A

Femur/ thigh

102
Q

Inguinal

A

Groin

103
Q

Pelvic

A

Pelvis

104
Q

Pubic

A

Pubis

105
Q

Cephalic

A

Head

106
Q

Cervical

A

Neck

107
Q

Plantar

A

Sole of foot

108
Q

Calcaneal

A

Heel

109
Q

Sural

A

Calf

110
Q

Popliteal

A

Back of knee

111
Q

Gluteal

A

Buttock

112
Q

Lumbar

A

Lower back (loin)

113
Q

Olecranal

A

Back of elbow

114
Q

Dorsal

A

Back

115
Q

Acromial

A

Shoulder

116
Q

Cranial

A

Skull

117
Q

Facial

A

Face

118
Q

Oral

A

Mouth

119
Q

Mental

A

Chin

120
Q

Axillary

A

Arm pit

121
Q

Brachial

A

Arm

122
Q

Antecubital

A

Front of elbow

123
Q

Umbilical

A

Naval (belly button)

124
Q

Abdominal

A

Abdomen

125
Q

Mammary

A

Breast

126
Q

Thoracic

A

Thorax / chest

127
Q

Buccal

A

Cheek

128
Q

Optic

A

Ear

129
Q

Ocular/ orbital

A

Eye

130
Q

Nasal

A

Nose

131
Q

Frontal

A

Forehead

132
Q

Where is calcitonin produced?

A

C cells of thyroid

133
Q

What does the parathyroid glands produce?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

134
Q

If blood calcium levels are too high how does the body react?

A

Thyroid produces calcitonin to decrease blood calcium levels

135
Q

If blood calcium levels are too low how does the body react?

A

Parathyroid glands produce parathyroid, hormone and calcitriol from the skin work to increase blood calcium levels

Anatomy (BIO 201) (11 decks)

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