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Anatomy (BIO 201) > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

ANS, Sensory Physiology, Vision, Hearing

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1
Q

Difference between Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and Somatic Nervous System

A

ANS- Involuntary control
Somatic Nervous System- Voluntary control

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2
Q

What are general properties of the ANS

A

Visceral Motor division
Control glands, cardiac and smooth muscles
Regulates unconscious processes to maintain homeostasis

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3
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the ANS

A

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic

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4
Q

Difference between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

A

Sympathetic- Fight or flight response; increase HR, BP, airflow, blood glucose…
Parasympathetic- Rest and digest; calming, digestion and waste elimination, body maintenance

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5
Q

what is Autonomic tone

A

normal rate of activity for both sympathetic and parasympathetic to maintain homeostasis

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6
Q

Explain what happens during a Visceral Reflex

A

Receptor detect stimulus, Afferent neuron sends signal to CNS, Efferent neuron sends signal back to effectors in PNS (glands/muscles), ANS MODIFIES effector activity (increase/decrease) in response

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7
Q

What is the White Rami Communcanta

A

Myelinated communication structure in PREganglionic neurons

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8
Q

what is Gray Rami Communicans

A

Unmyelinated communication structure in Postganglionic neurons

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9
Q

Preganglionic neuron vs postganglionic neuron

A

Pre- from CNS out to ganglia, White myelinated rami
Post- from synapse neuron to target organ, Gray unmyelinated rami

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10
Q

What division of the CNS does Sympathetic response

A

ThoracoLumbar division (T1-L2)

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11
Q

What division of the CNS does Parasympathetic response

A

CranioSacral Division

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12
Q

What is the sympathetic trunk/ Sympathetic chain ganglia

A

Place where pre and post ganglionic neurons synapse in ANS

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13
Q

What are the properties of Pre and post ganglionic neurons in Sympathetic division

A

Pre- short, and run from CNS to ganglion trunk
Post- long, run from ganglion to effector organ

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14
Q

where does synapse between pre and post ganglionic nerves occur in sympathetics

A

sympathetic trunk

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15
Q

for parasympathetics distinguish characteristics between Pre and Post ganglionic nerves

A

Pre- long, run from CNS to ganglionic trunk
Post- short, run from ganglionic trunk to effector organs

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16
Q

Why is pre ganglionic neurons short in Sympathetics and long in parasympathetics

A

Because the Parasympathetics division is the CranioSacral area of the CNS so it has a longer way to travel to reach sympathetic trunk (on both sides of the vertebra) then the Sympathetics do being in the Thoraco Lumbar division of the CNS

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17
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

Fight/ flight response, expend energy
Preganglionic neuron= short
Thoracolumbar region
Synapse at sympathetic trunk
4 pathways of preganglionic fibers

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18
Q

What is the route UP TO the white rami communicans for sympathetics

A

Lateral horn of gray matter-> Ventral Horn-> Ventral Root-> Mixed spinal nerve -> ventral Ramus-> White Rami Communicans

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19
Q

What are the pathways of neurons in the sympathetic pathways after synapsing at the sympathetic trunk

A
  1. Preganglionic neuron will enter the sympathetic trunk, synapse at same spot and leave as post ganglionic neuron. (enter at T3 leave at T3)
  2. Enter sympathetic trunk and move 1-2 ganglia higher/lower, synapse and leave at new position. (enter T3 leave T1)
  3. Doesn’t synapse at sympathetic trunk, continues to Abdominal aorta, synapse with collateral/ prevertebral ganglia. Exits as postganglionic nerve to innervate digestive, urinary and reproductive organs.
  4. Preganglionic neuron travels through sympathetic trunk and through abdominal aorta to Adrenal Medulla in Adrenal gland and synapses to release Epinephrine and norepinephrine
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20
Q

What is a Splanchnic nerve

A

Preganglionic neuron that has traveled through the sympathetic trunk and synapses with a collateral/ pre vertebral ganglia

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21
Q

What are the 3 Collateral Ganglia/ Prevertebral ganglia and where are they found

A

All found in abdominal aorta
Celliac ganglion
Superior Mesenteric ganglion
Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion

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22
Q

What neurotransmitters are released in Sympathetic nervous system

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

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23
Q

What Neurotransmitter is released in Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Acetylcholine

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24
Q

What Neurotransmitter is released in Somatic Nervous System

A

Acetylcholine

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25
Q

Define Cholinergic fibers and in which division of the ANS is it used

A

Release Acetylcholine (ACH)
ach released for both PREganglionic neurons in parasympathetic and Sympathetic; AND at the POSTganglionic neuron for only Parasympathetics

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26
Q

Define Adrenergic

A

releases Epinephrine (EPI) and Norepinephrine (NE)

EPI, and NE only released at POSTganglionic synapse in Sympathetic nervous system

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27
Q

Characteristics of Parasympathetics

A

Rest and Relax
Conserve energy
Cranial nerves (III,VII,IX,X)
DOES NOT INNERVATE SKIN OR BLOOD VESSELS
S2-S4 via pelvic splanchnic nerves
CranioSacral division
Postganglionic fibers=short

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28
Q

What is Cranial Nerve III (3) do

A

responsible for pupil and pupil diameter

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29
Q

What do cranial nerves VII, IX do

A

Involved in glands-> dry mouth salivate

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30
Q

What does cranial nerve X do

A

Vagus nerve
Innervate everything below neck. Heart, lungs, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestines…

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31
Q

Nicotinic receptors

A

Parasympathetic receptor for Acetylcholine
Somatic (voluntary skeletal).
Excitatory for skeletal muscles (contract)

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31
Q

what is the significance of the adrenal medulla

A

Located within adrenal gland.
Secrests Norepinephrine and Epinephrine
Enhance fight/flight response

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32
Q

Muscarinic receptors

A

found in heart
Parasympathetic receptor for ACH
Relaxes heart rate, slow down BP
HR and BP

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33
Q

What is Alpha 1 receptor

A

Blood vessels in skin and digestive organs
Sympathetic receptors stimulated by NE and Epi.
Stimulatory response =>Constrict smooth muscles and blood vessels

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34
Q

What are alpha 2 receptors

A

found on blood vessels going to skeletal muscles
Sympathetic receptors stimulated by NE and Epi
Inhibitory response=> dilate blood vessels in skeletal muscle

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35
Q

What are Beta 1 receptors. What compound is a Beta 1 blocker

A

Found on heart
Sympathetic receptors stimulated by NE and Epi
Stimulatory Response=> Increase HR and BP
Propanolol is Beta 1 blocker=> slow HR and BP

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36
Q

What is a Beta 2 receptor

A

Found in Bronchioles of lungs
Inhibitory response->Dilate bronchioles for more air intake
Sympathetic receptors innervated by Epi ONLY

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37
Q

what is the sympathetic and parasympathetic response in abdominal cutaneous blood vessels

A

Sympathetic- decrease Blood flow by constricting vessels via Alpha 1 receptors
Parasympathetic- No response. Parasympathetics don’t innervate skin or blood vessels

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38
Q

What is Vasomotor tone

A

Blood vessels surrounded by smooth muscles will constrict/dilate based on tissue need (more or less blood)

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39
Q

Function of the Hypothalamus in regards to the nervous system?

A

Control Autonomic NS (parasympathetics and sympathetics) as well as the Endocrine system

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40
Q

What is the function of the Adrenal Medulla

A

Within the Sympathetic nervous system, causes the release of Epi and NE. Enhances a response

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41
Q

What is the function of the urinary bladder with the ANS

A

Sympathetics- causes bladder walls to relax and sphincter contract
Parasympathetics- Causes bladder walls contract and sphincter relax

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42
Q

what drug blocks Muscarinic

A

Atropine=> Found on receptors in the heart
increases HR and BP

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43
Q

What drug blocks Nicotinic Receptors

A

Curare
Receptors found on skeletal muscles. Causes Paralysis

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44
Q

Sensation

A

Sate of external/ internal awareness

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45
Q

Characteristics of sensation

A

Projection, adaption, afterimages, modality

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46
Q

modality

A

type of stimulus (pain, temp)

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47
Q

Adaptation

A

Look at image, look away and still see image

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48
Q

what type of stimulus info can be conveyed

A

modality, location of stimuli, intensity, duration

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49
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Chemical receptors, Taste and smell

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50
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

temp internal and at skin

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51
Q

Nociceptors

A

Pain Receptors

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52
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Touch receptors, need to be physically deformed for stimulus

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53
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Blood pressure receptors in aeorta and coratids

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54
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Visual receptors

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55
Q

What receptors detect internal stimuli like HR, BP,pH

A

Enteroreceptors

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56
Q

what receptors are found in muscles, joints, tendons and give the body a sense of position

A

Proprioreceptors

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57
Q

What receptors sense stimuli external to the body

A

Externoreceptors

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58
Q

What are the 2 ways receptors are distributed

A

General sense- Widely distributed, associated with skin; pain, temp, touch
Special senses- Vision, taste, Hearing

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59
Q

Do large receptor fields have low sensitivity or high sensitivity

A

Low Sensitivity (on back)

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60
Q

DO small receptor fields have low sensitivity or high sensitivity

A

High sensitivity (fingers, and toes)

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61
Q

What is the 2 point discrimination test

A

2 prongs close together, slowly moved apart until you can feel both prongs. Used to determine where 2 receptors are

62
Q

What Is lateral inhibition

A

Inhibit receptor next to chosen receptor

63
Q

What are Meissner’s corpuscles

A

receptors sensitive to light touch, and low frequency vibration

64
Q

What sensations do the hair root plexus respond to

A

Sensitive to light touch

65
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Respond to pain, TEMP, itch, joint movement

66
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

Receptors deep in dermis. Detect deep pressure, vibrations and proprioreception

67
Q

What is referred pain

A

Perceived pain location isn’t where pain is actually coming from

68
Q

What are the special senses

A

Taste,smell,hearing,touch,vision,equilibrium

69
Q

What are proprioreceptors

A

Sense the body in space

70
Q

Tendon organs (Golgi tendon organs)

A

Location in junction where muscles and tendons join. Monitor contractions; inhibit motor neurons to decrease contractions

71
Q

Olfaction

A

smell receptors,
Nasal mucosa, olfactory nerve, olfactory bulb, Olfactory tract, temporal lobe
Olfactory senses DONT travel to thalamus
LIMBIC SYSTEM= emotional response to odors

72
Q

Gustation

A

Taste receptors
5 taste sensations: Sweet, Bitter, Salty, Sour, Umami

73
Q

Which sensory nerve are used for taste

A

CN VII (Facial) anterior 2/3 of tongue
CN IX (glyssopharangeal) posterior 1/3 tongue
CN X (Vagus) back of mouth

74
Q

What is the pathways for gustation

A

1 of 3 Sensory nerves, brain stem, thalamus, parietal lobe

75
Q

What is vision

A

Perception of light reflected from objects un the environment

76
Q

function of choroid

A

Absorb excess light

77
Q

function of silary body

A

Smooth muscle changes shape of lens

78
Q

Function of lens

A

Focus image onto retina

79
Q

function of iris

A

Maintain shape of pupil

80
Q

what is the Tunica Fibrosa

A

Outer layer (Outer tunic) of the eye. Made of the sclera and the cornea

81
Q

What is the Tunica Vasculosa

A

Middle layer (middle tunic) of the eye. Made of Choroid, Cilary body, Iris, and pupil

82
Q

What is the Tunica Interna/ Nervous tunic

A

Inner layer (inner tunic) of the eye. Made of retina and optic nerve

83
Q

Function of fovea centralis

A

Focal point of the eye. Highest density of cones.

84
Q

Function of Optic Disc

A

Where optic nerve exits eye. Also know as blind spot bc no receptors found here

85
Q

what are the 2 types of photoreceptors

A

Rods and Cones

86
Q

What is the function of Rods

A

Black and white vision
Used in low light
Low visual acuity (not very clear image)

87
Q

What is the function of cones

A

Used in bright light
Clear images
most found around fovea centralis
Red, blue, green cones

88
Q

What is the Macula of the eye

A

Area where the focal point is located

89
Q

what is Aqueous Humor

A

a water based solution in the ANTERIOR CAVITY of the eye.
Maintain intraoccular pressure and holds retina in place.

90
Q

What is Vitreous Humor

A

water based liquid Located in the Posterior cavity of the eye and is used to maintain intraoccular pressure

91
Q

what is the tarsal plate

A

Firmness of superior and inferior eyelid

92
Q

Medical term for eyelid

A

Palpebre

93
Q

what is the function of the tarsal Meibomian

A

Secrete fluid at ends of the tarsal plate (top and bottom of eyelid) to prevent the eye from sticking

94
Q

Where is the Lateral and medial canthus (commissure) located

A

media and lateral corners of the eye

95
Q

What is the Caruncle of the eye

A

fleshy area at medial commissure, where eye boogers form

96
Q

What are Sebaceous ciliary glands

A

Glands around eyelashes that secrete oil ad promote eyelash health and prevent eyelashes from sticking

97
Q

What is the conjunctiva of the eyeball

A

Inner eyelid, helps keep eye moist. 2 parts Palpebra conjunctiva and Bulbar conjunctiva

98
Q

What is the Lacrimal pathway

A

Lacrimal gland, lacrimal ducts, lacrimal punctum, lacrimal canal, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity

99
Q

What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus

A

Crying, moisture, immune fighting

100
Q

Function of lacrimal glands

A

found superior lateral to eyebrow, produce tears that sweep across eye to lacrimal punctum

101
Q

Emmetropia

A

normal vision

102
Q

Refraction

A

Bending of light
occur when light passes through at any angle other than 90*
Takes place at cornea
performed by lens

103
Q

What kind of lens to human have on their eyes

A

Biconvex lens

104
Q

Myopic eye

A

Nearsighted

105
Q

Hyperopic eye

A

farsighted

106
Q

Emmetropic

A

normal visin

107
Q

What happens to the lens for distant vision

A

Lens will flatten

108
Q

What happens to the lens for close vision

A

Lens will bulge

109
Q

what accommodation can occur in vision to make vision more clear

A

Pupils constrict- limiting light
Eyeball converge- cross-eye

110
Q

what part of the brain control voluntary eye movement (fixation)

A

Frontal lobe ( premotor area)

111
Q

What part of the brain controls involuntary fixation (movement)

A

Superior collulicus of midbrain. (reflex part)

112
Q

What is Binocular vision

A

What humans have. Give greatest depth perception

113
Q

What is Diplopia

A

Double vision

114
Q

What Is Strabismus

A

Lazy eye

115
Q

Rhodopsin

A

Visual pigment of rod cells
2 major parts: Protein Opsin and Retinal

116
Q

What are Bipolar cells

A

1st order neurons
Communicate with Photoreceptors (rods and cons)
Synapse with ganglion cells

117
Q

What are Ganglion Cells

A

2nd order neurons
their axons form the optic nerve

118
Q

what are Horizontal and Amacrine cells

A

Supportive cells to bipolar and ganglion cells

119
Q

Describe visual acuity test

A

Snellen eye chart (close 1 eye, what letter do you see)
20/20= normal
10/20= nearsighted
25/20= Farsighted

120
Q

Describe the Pupillary reflex

A

Flashlight in eye causes PNS to constrict pupils

121
Q

what is direct / Ipsilateral pupillary reflex

A

pupil same side as flashlight will constrict

122
Q

What is indirect/ Contralateral pupillary reflex

A

Both pupils constrict when flashlight in 1 eye

123
Q

What is the visual Pathway

A

Optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tract, thalamus, occipital lobe

124
Q

Medical name for outer ear

A

“Auricle” / “Pinna”

125
Q

Where are ceruminous glands found and what do they do

A

Found in the auditory canal and secrete Cerumin (ear wax)

126
Q

name the 3 auditory Ossicles and what is their purpose

A

Transmit sound from outer ear to inner ear
Malleus-“Hammer”
Incus- “Anvil”
Stapes- “stirrup”

127
Q

what are the parts of the middle ear

A

3 Ossicles
Oval Window
Round window
Auditory tube
Tympanic membrane

128
Q

In which part of the ear is the auditory canal located

A

Outer ear

129
Q

what is the function of the auditory tube

A

Opens from middle ear down to throat.
Equalizes air pressure on both sides of eardrum
Opens during swallowing or yawning

130
Q

What are the main parts of the inner ear

A

Cochlea
Simu-circular canals
Osseous Labyrinth
Membranous labrynth

131
Q

Cochlea

A

Found in inner ear , responsible for hearing

132
Q

Semi-circular canals

A

Found in inner ear. Responsible for equilibrium

133
Q

Osseous labyrinth

A

“bony labyrinth
Surrounds the Cochlea and semi-circular canals, filled with Perilymph

134
Q

Membranous labrynth (cochlear duct)

A

membrane within osseous labyrinth filled with endolymph. Helps transmit sound waves

135
Q

Vestibular membrane

A

Top part of membranous labyrinth, continues until apex of cochlea when its then considered basilar membrane

136
Q

Basilar membrane

A

part of the membranous labyrinth starting at the apex of the cochlea

137
Q

Spiral Organ (Organ of Corti)

A

hearing organ found inside cochlea that Contains hair receptors responsible for hearing found on top of the basilar membrane.

138
Q

how are vibrations perceived as noise

A

Vibrations make their way to the endolymph inside the cochlea and vibrate the hairs of the organ of corti which we perceive as noise

139
Q

Frequency

A

How often something is happening

140
Q

Amplitude

A

Loudness of sound.
Tall amp.= loud sound
small amp.= softer sound

141
Q

where is high vs low frequency perceived in the cochlea

A

high Frequency= base of cochlea
Low frequency= Apex of cochlea

142
Q

What is the Tympanic reflex

A

a way of protecting the cochlea in response to loud and prolonged noise.
Designed for slowly building noise
Damage is irreversible

143
Q

Explain how tympanic reflex works

A

Tensor Tympani (muscle connected to Malleus) pulls eardrum to reduce mobility of stapes thus reducing noise

144
Q

what is the auditory pathway from sound to brain

A

sound-> Auricle(outer ear)->tympanic membrane->malleus->Incus->Stapes-> Oval Window-> Cochlea-> Perilymph-> cochlear duct(membranous labyrinth)-> endolymph-> organ of corti-> cranial nerve VIII (8)-> vestibularcochlear nerve-> Thalamus-> Temporal lobe

145
Q

What controls equilibrium in our body

A

Vestibular Apparatus

146
Q

Explain Vestibular apparatus

A

Broken down into 2 parts: Vestibule and Semi-circular canals.
Work together to maintain balance and equilibrium in body

147
Q

Vestibule

A

Equilibrium in LINEAR movement (vertical and horizontal)
Pathways connecting to semi-circular canals
2 parts: Utricle: horizontal movements. Saccule: vertical movements
Otolithic membrane

148
Q

What is the Macula

A

Houses receptors within Vestibule that help with equilibrium

149
Q

What is the Otolithic Membrane

A

Jello like membrane within Vestibule that contains Otolith (ear crystals) that determine head position and equilibrium

150
Q

Semi-circular canals

A

Help to maintain equilibrium
monitor movement in x,y,z plane (rotational movement)
2 parts: Crista Ampullaris
Cupula

151
Q

Crista Ampullaris

A

Hair cells
in semi-circular canals

152
Q

Cupula

A

Whole structure of Crista ampullaris, nerve connect to hair, and otolithic membrane all together.
Move with inertia or momentum (spinning).
Activated by endolymph moving in opposite direction as capula
when spinning; after stopping, capula keeps being pushed which causes dizziness

153
Q

Dynamic whole body equilibrium

A

Balance and equilibrium involves input from all kinds go senses that work together to keep body upright, straight and not dizzy

Anatomy (BIO 201) (16 decks)

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