Articulations Flashcards
What is arthrology?
Study of joints
Arthrology is the study of joints.
What is synarthrosis?
No movement (very stable)
Synarthrosis joints allow no movement and are very stable.
What is a fibrous joint?
Uses connective tissue between joints
Fibrous joints use connective tissue between the bones.
What is a cartilaginous joint?
Uses cartilage to connect bones
Cartilaginous joints use cartilage between the bones.
What is a synovial joint?
Freely movable (diarthrosis)
Synovial joints allow for free movement and are classified as diarthrosis.
What is a suture joint?
Joint that binds bones of skull,
Synarthrosis (doesn’t allow movement)
in middle age ossify and fuse to solid bone
Define amphiarthrosis
A joint that is slightly movable
Define diarthrosis
A joint that is able to move freely
How are joints classified?
By function and structure
What are the three structural types of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
What is a fibrous joint. And what are the different kids
A joint that binds bones using collagen.
Doesn’t have a joint capsule
Suture joint, gomphoses joint, syndesmoses joint
What are the characteristics of syndesmoses joints
Amphiarthrosis (allow slight movement)
Uses LIGAMENTS to bind bones to other bones
Location: Radius/ ulna and Tibia/Fibula
Describe Gomphoses joints
Synarthrosis (don’t allow movement
Bones bond by a ligament
Found in teeth being held in alveolar socket (PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT)
“Peg in socket” joint
Explain cartilaginous joints
Bones united by cartilage
2 kinds synchondrosis and symphsis.
No joint capsule present
Explain Synchondrosis joints
Part of cartilaginous joints
Synarthrotic (doesn’t allow movement)
Bones untiled by HYALINE cartilage
Location: 1st rib attachment to sternum, and at the epiphyseal plate (binding ephysis to diaphysis)
Explain symphyses joints (symphysis joints)
Part of cartilaginous joints
Amphiarthrotic (allows slight movement)
Bones united by FIBROCARTILAGE
Location: intervertebral joints, Pubic Symphysis
What are the 2 kinds of cartilaginous joints
Synchondrosis and symphyses
What are synovial joints
Bones separated by fluid filled joint cavities.
Diarthrotic (freely moving)
What is a joint cavity/ joint capsule? And where are they found?
Small synovial fluid filled sacks found at synovial joints.
Where can you find synovial joints?
Almost all limb joints
What is articular cartilage?
Hyaline Cartilage that covers the ends of long bones
What is the articular capsul? What is its function
A 2 layer capsul that holds synovial joints together and produces synovial fluid
What are the two layers of the articular capsule?
External fibrous layer- dense irregular connective tissue provides strength and durability for joint
Inner synovial membrane- loose connective tissue that produces synovial fluid
How do nutrients get to the synovial joint. How does nutrients get into our articular cartilage?
Veins and arteries connect the the synovial membrane where nutrients can diffuse into the synovial fluid. From there we the joint moves the articular cartilage acts as a sponge absorbing nutrients and removing waste products.
What is synovial fluid? And what’s its function?
Viscous slippery fluid found inside synovial joints
Functions to lubricate, and waste/ nutrient exchange for articular cartilage
What gives synovial fluid its characteristic?
Albumin, proteoglycans (hold and trap water), hyaluronic acid (increase viscosity of fluid.
What is a ligament and what is the function?
Fibrous connective tissue that Connects bones to bones
Limit range of motion.
What is a menisci and where is it found?
Fibrocartilage found in knee & temporal mandible joint.
Improves fit of knee bones, stabilize joint, shock absorption,
What is a bursae? Function? Location?
Synovial fluid filled sacks that provide lubrication for synovial joints.
Located in between ligaments, muscle, tendons, skin and bones where they rub together
What are tendon sheaths? Function? Location?
Tubular bursa that wraps around tendons and holds them together.
Found wherever tendon is subject to pressure or friction on 2 or more surfaces (carpal tunnel)
What are fatty pads of synovial joints? Location function?
Adipose tissue cushion between the fibrous outer layer of capsul and synovial membrane or bone.
Increase support for joint
What is a tendon
Attaches muscle to bone
Name the 4 range of motions allowed by synovial joints (ROM)
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
What are the 3 general Types of movements allowed by synovial joints
Gliding movements
Angular movements
Rotational movements
What is non-axial movement
Slipping movement
What is uniaxial movement
Movement in one plane
What does biaxial movement?
Movement in 2 planes
What is multiaxial movement?
Movement in or around all 3 planes
Explain flexion/ extension. What is the range of motion? And given an example
Uniaxial movement
Ex: elbow or knee
Flexion: decrease angle between joint
Extension: decrease angle between joint
What is hyperextension?
Extension past anatomical position or normal extension
Explain abduction/adduction. What is the range of motion? And given an example
Uniaxial
Ex: raising/lower arms
Abduction : movement away from midline
Adduction movement towards midline
Explain circumduction. What is the range of motion? And given an example
Multiaxial at shoulder
Draw base of cone in space
Explain lateral (external)/ medial (Internal) rotation. What is the range of motion? And given an example
Uniaxial
Lateral (External) Rotation: rotation away from midline
Medial (internal) Rotation: rotation toward midline
Explain Supination/ Pronation. What is the range of motion? And given an example
Specific to forearms
Supination: palms facing interior or superior
Pronation: palms facing posterior
Explain Elevation/ Depression? And given an example
Used to describe the jaw movement
Elevation: bite down- mandible is elevated
Depression : opening mouth- mandible is depressing (down)
Explain Protraction/ Retraction? And given an example
Example is jaw in over/ under bite
Protraction: joint moves anterior and transverse plane
Retraction : joint moves, posteriorly, and transverse plane
Explain opposition. And given an example
Ability to touch thumb to pinky
Explain Inversion/ Eversion? And given an example
Specific to the foot and describes the location of the ball of the foot
Inversion : ball of foot inwards
Eversion: ball of foot outwards
Explain dorsiflexion/ Plantarflexion? And given an example
Specific to the foot
Dorsiflexion: toes toward sky (dorsal side of foot)
Plantar flexion: toes toward floor (plantar side of foot)
What are the types of synovial joints
Prince Charles Stole His Game Ball
Pivot
Condylar
Saddle
Hinge
Gliding
Ball and socket
Explain gliding joints (Plane joints) with location function, example, and freedom of movement
Bones slide over each other (flat bones)
Flat articular surfaces
Amphiarthrotic (slight movement)
Ex: carpals and tarsels; acromioclavicular joint
Explain gliding joints (Plane joints) with location function, example, and freedom of movement
Bones slide over each other (flat bones)
Flat articular surfaces
Amphiarthrotic (slight movement)
Ex: carpals and tarsels
Explain Hinge joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)
Bone with convex surface fits into concave depression of other bone.
Uniaxial
Flexion and extension only
Ex: elbow and knee
Explain Pivot joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)
One bone has projection that fits into ring like ligament of another
Uniaxial
Medial/lateral rotation only
Ex: Atlantoaxial joint, C1-C2
Explain Condyloid (Ellipsoid) joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)
Convex surface of one bone fits into concave depression of the other bone
Biaxial
flexion/extension, abduction/addiction
Ex: metacarpal phalangeal joint
Explain Saddle joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)
Articular surface shaped like saddle, concave in both directions.
Biaxial
Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction
Metacarpo carpal joint
Explain Ball and Socket joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)
Roundhead fits within cuplike depression. (Least stable= most mobility)
Multi axial
Ex: hip, shoulder
All movements and rotations
Explain Ball and Socket joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)
Roundhead fits within cuplike depression. (Least stable= most mobility)
Multi axial
Ex: hip, shoulder
All movements and rotations
