Exam 2 Study Information Flashcards
What are the characteristics of syndesmoses joints
Amphiarthrosis (allow slight movement)
Uses LIGAMENTS to bind bones to other bones
Location: Radius/ ulna and Tibia/Fibula
Describe Gomphoses joints
Synarthrosis (don’t allow movement
Bones bond by a ligament
Found in teeth being held in alveolar socket (PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT)
“Peg in socket” joint
Explain symphyses joints (symphysis joints)
Part of cartilaginous joints
Amphiarthrotic (allows slight movement)
Bones united by FIBROCARTILAGE
Location: intervertebral joints, Pubic Symphysis
What is a suture joint?
Joint that binds bones of skull,
Synarthrosis (doesn’t allow movement)
in middle age ossify and fuse to solid bone
What is a fibrous joint?
Uses connective tissue between joints
Fibrous joints use connective tissue between the bones.
What is a cartilaginous joint?
Uses cartilage to connect bones
Cartilaginous joints use cartilage between the bones.
Explain Synchondrosis joints
Part of cartilaginous joints
Synarthrotic (doesn’t allow movement)
Bones untiled by HYALINE cartilage
Location: 1st rib attachment to sternum, and at the epiphyseal plate (binding ephysis to diaphysis)
Explain symphyses joints (symphysis joints)
Part of cartilaginous joints
Amphiarthrotic (allows slight movement)
Bones united by FIBROCARTILAGE
Location: intervertebral joints, Pubic Symphysis
Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to
provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints
What is tetanus
Situation in which contractions becomes stronger due to stimulation before complete relaxation occurs
Tension
Each contraction has more tension (stronger than last one because slow movement of Ca back into SR + Terminal cisternae lead to bigger contraction. More Ca2+ = more cross bridges = more tension until plateau.
Example sentence: The tension in the muscle increased with each contraction.
Wave Summation (3 Unfused)
Each stimuli arrives before last one recovers.
This type of wave summation results in sustained fluttery contractions.
Fused (complete) tetanus
Twitches fuse into smooth prolonged contraction. Muscle has no time to relax.
Example sentence: Complete tetanus results in a continuous and prolonged muscle contraction.
Asynchronous motor unit summation
Muscle fibers switch back and forth taking turns during contraction to maintain muscle tone and posture. So one is always contracted
Example sentence: Asynchronous motor unit summation allows for more efficient muscle contractions.
Treppe
Stairstep phenomenon. Ca2+ not completely back in SR, develops more tension than one before.
Example sentence: The treppe phenomenon results in a stepwise increase in muscle tension.
Isometric muscle contraction
Develop tension without changing length.
Muscle force= resistance force
(static holds) joint DOESNT MOVE
Isometric muscle contraction occurs when there is no movement despite tension development.
Isotonic muscle contraction
Muscle changes in length to move load.
Eccentric and concentric contractions fall under isotonic contractions
Example sentence: During isotonic muscle contraction, the muscle shortens to move the load.
What is Concentric muscle contraction
Tension development while shortening muscle
Define Eccentric muscle contraction
Tension development while lengthening.
What is Muscle Twitch?
1 muscle cell
Simplest contraction resulting from muscle fibers response from single action potential from motor neuron
What are the 3 Phases of Muscle Twitch?
3 Phases:
- Latent Period: Event of excitation - Contraction coupling
- Contraction period: Cross bridge formation, Tension increases
- Relaxation period: Ca2+ pumped back into terminal cisternae of SR, tension declines to zero
What is Threshold?
Threshold: Min. voltage required to produce action potential
What are Graded Muscle Responses?
Whole muscle contraction is graded by altering frequency or strength of stimulation
What is Muscle Tone?
Muscle Tone: Constant, slightly contracted state of all muscles
Multiple Motor unit Summation (Motor unit recruitment)
Produces smooth increase in muscle force
Stimulating whole nerve with higher voltage for more contraction, more motor units needed to move heavier load
Multiple Motor unit Summation (Motor unit recruitment)
Produces smooth increase in muscle force
Stimulating whole nerve with higher voltage for more contraction, more motor units needed to move heavier load
What are the types of skeletal muscle fibers
Slow twitch fiber- aerobic metabolism
Intermediate fiber- fast oxidative fibers
Fast twitch fiber- anaerobic metabolism
What are the types of skeletal muscle fibers
Slow twitch fiber- aerobic metabolism
Intermediate fiber- fast oxidative fibers
Fast twitch fiber- anaerobic metabolism
Explain Class one lever
Fulcrum in middle
Example: head
- fulcrum: atlantoaxial joint
Effort: neck muscles
Load: skull
Explain origin of muscle
Nonmovable end of muscle
Explain class 3 lever
Most common in body
Effort in middle
Example: bicep flexion
Fulcrum: elbow
Effort: bicep
Load: weight
Explain belly of muscle
Bulk of the muscle
Explain Class 2 lever
Greatest mechanical advantage
Load in middle
Example: Plantar flexion
Fulcrum: ball of foot
Load: middle of foot
Effort: posterior calf muscles
Agonist
Prime mover of movement
Example: The biceps brachii is the agonist muscle in elbow flexion.
Synergist
Assist primary mover in movement
Example: The brachioradialis acts as a synergist to the biceps brachii in elbow flexion.
Antagonist
Goes against primary mover
Fixator
Stabilize joint while muscle moves
Example of Prime mover in elbow
Biceps Brachii
Example: The biceps brachii is the prime mover in elbow flexion.
Explain muscle group actions of elbow flexion
Agonist: bicep Brachii
Synergist: Brachialis
Antagonist: Tricep Brachii
Why does fatigue occur
Lactic acid buildup, but pH of sarcoplasm, inhibiting enzyme function
Explain aerobic respiration
Location: mitochondria
Oxygen required
Yield 36 ATP
CO2 byproduct
Explain anaerobic pathway
Glycolysis
No oxygen
Location: cytoplasm/ sarcoplasm
Generate 2ATP
Lactic acid byproduct
Function of creatine phosphate (CP)
Creatine kinase phosphorylates ADP to form ATP
Works for first few seconds of contraction
What are the three ways ATP is regenerated
Creatine phosphate
Anaerobic pathways (glycolysis)
Aerobic pathways (Krebs cycle, 36 atp)
Function of troponin
Binds to Acton, tropomyosin and calcium
Troponin-Tropomyosin complex
When bound with calcium, troponin complex changes shape
Function of tropomyosin
Block myosin binding site
What do we name skeletal muscles based off of
Actions- extensor digitorum
Origin/insertion-sternocleidomastoid
Direction of fibers- external abdominal oblique
Location- tibial anterior
Number of origins- BIceps Brachii
Shape- deltoid
Explain Hinge joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)
Bone with convex surface fits into concave depression of other bone.
Uniaxial
Flexion and extension only
Ex: elbow and knee
Explain gliding joints (Plane joints) with location function, example, and freedom of movement
Bones slide over each other (flat bones)
Flat articular surfaces
Amphiarthrotic (slight movement)
Ex: carpals and tarsels; acromioclavicular joint
Explain Pivot joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)
One bone has projection that fits into ring like ligament of another
Uniaxial
Medial/lateral rotation only
Ex: Atlantoaxial joint, C1-C2
Explain Condyloid (Ellipsoid) joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)
Convex surface of one bone fits into concave depression of the other bone
Biaxial
flexion/extension, abduction/addiction
Ex: metacarpal phalangeal joint
Explain Saddle joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)
Articular surface shaped like saddle, concave in both directions.
Biaxial
Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction
Metacarpo carpal joint
Explain Ball and Socket joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)
Roundhead fits within cuplike depression. (Least stable= most mobility)
Multi axial
Ex: hip, shoulder
All movements and rotations
What are the two layers of the articular capsule?
External fibrous layer- dense irregular connective tissue provides strength and durability for joint
Inner synovial membrane- loose connective tissue that produces synovial fluid
What is the articular capsul? What is its function
A 2 layer capsul that holds synovial joints together and produces synovial fluid
What is a herniated discs
When the Nucleus Pulposus herniates(breaks through the Anulus Fibrosis
What is the Nucleus pulposus?
Gelatinous core that helps with shock absorption and reduces compressive loads
An example sentence: The nucleus pulposus acts as a cushion between vertebrae.
What ligaments stabilize the shoulder joint
3 ligaments:
Coraco-acromial ligament, Acromioclavicular ligament, Coracoclavicular ligament
What ligament binds the radius to the ulna and allows rotation?
Annular ligament
Ligaments that stabilize the elbow
- Annular ligament-Binds radius to ulna, Allows rotation
Which ligament stabilizes the lateral side of the elbow?
Radial collateral ligament
Ligaments that stabilize the elbow
- Radial collateral ligament-stabilize lateral side of elbow
Which ligament stabilizes the medial side of the elbow?
Ulnar collateral ligament
Ligaments that stabilize the elbow
- Annular ligament - Ulnar collateral ligament-stabilize medial side of elbow
What ligament stabilize the hip joint
pubofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
Iliofemoral ligament
What type of joint is the knee joint?
Modified hinge joint
Knee Joint: Modified hinge joint
What ligament stabilizes the lateral side of the knee joint?
And is it intracapsillary or extracapsilary
LCL - Lateral Collateral ligament
(Fibular collateral ligament)
Extracapsullary
What ligament stabilizes the medial side of the knee joint?
MCL - Medial Collateral ligament
(Tibial Collateral ligament)
Extracapsullary
Which ligament limits anterior tibial movements?
ACL - Anterior Cruciate ligament: originates on anterior surface of tibia.
Intra capsular ligaments
Which ligament limits posterior tibial movements?
Is it inside or outside the synovial capsul?
PCL - Posterior Cruciate ligament: originates on posterior surface of tibia.
Intra capsular ligaments
What is the function of the Patellar ligament?
Extends from the patella to the anterior tibia
Located above patella
What is the function of the Menisci
What are the 2 parts
Increase knee stability, Act as shock absorbers, spread load over cartilage
Medial meniscus
Lateral meniscus
Sarcolemma
Membrane of a single muscle cell/fiber
Transverse Tubules (T-tubule)
maintain property of muscle fiber membrane
Carry signals from nerves deep into muscle fiber through its lumen
Terminal Cisternae
Store + release calcium
What is a Muscle Fiber made of?
Made of myofibrils
Very long → thus called “Fibers” and not cells
Functions of muscular system
Movement
Posture/ support
Generate heat during contraction
Guard entrance/exit
Joint stabilization
What is a Fascicle?
Bundle of muscle fibers
What is Endomysium?
Layer of deep fascia
Surrounds an individual muscle fiber
What is Epimysium?
Layer of deep fascia that Surrounds whole muscle
What is Fasia?
Dense irregular connective tissue deep to the skin.
What are the two kinds of Fasia
→ Superficial Fasia: thin spider-weby dense connective tissue beneath skin
→ Deep(Muscular) Fasia: epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
What is the Perimysium
Part of deep muscular fasia
Forms fesicle
Surrounds bunches of muscle fibers
What is a myofibril?
Contractile proteins grouped within muscle cell
Example: The myofibrils in muscle cells are responsible for muscle contraction.
M line
Midsection of A band
A Band (Dark Band)
Made of thick filaments
Sarcomere
Structural, functional contractile unit of a muscle cell
I Band (Light Band)
Thin filaments + Z disc
H Zone
Space where contraction occurs, disappears during contraction
Contractile proteins
myosin and actin
they do the work
Explain Thick filaments
Made of Myosin
Cross bridges- have actin binding sites
ATP binds to myosin head
ExplainThin filaments
Made of Actin
Contain Tropomyosin and Troponin
Troponin-Tropomyosin complex
When bound with calcium, troponin complex changes shape
What is concentric muscle contraction
Muscle force > resistance force
muscle shortens
What is essentric muscle contraction
Muscle force< resistance force
Muscle lengthens
(After curling slowly returning to start position)
