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Anatomy (BIO 201) > Exam 2 Study Information > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Information Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of syndesmoses joints

A

Amphiarthrosis (allow slight movement)

Uses LIGAMENTS to bind bones to other bones

Location: Radius/ ulna and Tibia/Fibula

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2
Q

Describe Gomphoses joints

A

Synarthrosis (don’t allow movement
Bones bond by a ligament
Found in teeth being held in alveolar socket (PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT)
“Peg in socket” joint

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3
Q

Explain symphyses joints (symphysis joints)

A

Part of cartilaginous joints
Amphiarthrotic (allows slight movement)
Bones united by FIBROCARTILAGE
Location: intervertebral joints, Pubic Symphysis

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4
Q

What is a suture joint?

A

Joint that binds bones of skull,

Synarthrosis (doesn’t allow movement)

in middle age ossify and fuse to solid bone

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5
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

Uses connective tissue between joints

Fibrous joints use connective tissue between the bones.

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6
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A

Uses cartilage to connect bones

Cartilaginous joints use cartilage between the bones.

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7
Q

Explain Synchondrosis joints

A

Part of cartilaginous joints
Synarthrotic (doesn’t allow movement)
Bones untiled by HYALINE cartilage
Location: 1st rib attachment to sternum, and at the epiphyseal plate (binding ephysis to diaphysis)

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8
Q

Explain symphyses joints (symphysis joints)

A

Part of cartilaginous joints
Amphiarthrotic (allows slight movement)
Bones united by FIBROCARTILAGE
Location: intervertebral joints, Pubic Symphysis

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9
Q

Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to

A

provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints

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10
Q

What is tetanus

A

Situation in which contractions becomes stronger due to stimulation before complete relaxation occurs

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11
Q

Tension

A

Each contraction has more tension (stronger than last one because slow movement of Ca back into SR + Terminal cisternae lead to bigger contraction. More Ca2+ = more cross bridges = more tension until plateau.

Example sentence: The tension in the muscle increased with each contraction.

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12
Q

Wave Summation (3 Unfused)

A

Each stimuli arrives before last one recovers.

This type of wave summation results in sustained fluttery contractions.

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13
Q

Fused (complete) tetanus

A

Twitches fuse into smooth prolonged contraction. Muscle has no time to relax.

Example sentence: Complete tetanus results in a continuous and prolonged muscle contraction.

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14
Q

Asynchronous motor unit summation

A

Muscle fibers switch back and forth taking turns during contraction to maintain muscle tone and posture. So one is always contracted

Example sentence: Asynchronous motor unit summation allows for more efficient muscle contractions.

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15
Q

Treppe

A

Stairstep phenomenon. Ca2+ not completely back in SR, develops more tension than one before.

Example sentence: The treppe phenomenon results in a stepwise increase in muscle tension.

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16
Q

Isometric muscle contraction

A

Develop tension without changing length.

Muscle force= resistance force
(static holds) joint DOESNT MOVE

Isometric muscle contraction occurs when there is no movement despite tension development.

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17
Q

Isotonic muscle contraction

A

Muscle changes in length to move load.

Eccentric and concentric contractions fall under isotonic contractions

Example sentence: During isotonic muscle contraction, the muscle shortens to move the load.

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18
Q

What is Concentric muscle contraction

A

Tension development while shortening muscle

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19
Q

Define Eccentric muscle contraction

A

Tension development while lengthening.

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20
Q

What is Muscle Twitch?

A

1 muscle cell

Simplest contraction resulting from muscle fibers response from single action potential from motor neuron

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21
Q

What are the 3 Phases of Muscle Twitch?

A

3 Phases:
- Latent Period: Event of excitation - Contraction coupling
- Contraction period: Cross bridge formation, Tension increases
- Relaxation period: Ca2+ pumped back into terminal cisternae of SR, tension declines to zero

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22
Q

What is Threshold?

A

Threshold: Min. voltage required to produce action potential

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23
Q

What are Graded Muscle Responses?

A

Whole muscle contraction is graded by altering frequency or strength of stimulation

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24
Q

What is Muscle Tone?

A

Muscle Tone: Constant, slightly contracted state of all muscles

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25
Multiple Motor unit Summation (Motor unit recruitment)
Produces smooth increase in muscle force Stimulating whole nerve with higher voltage for more contraction, more motor units needed to move heavier load
26
Multiple Motor unit Summation (Motor unit recruitment)
Produces smooth increase in muscle force Stimulating whole nerve with higher voltage for more contraction, more motor units needed to move heavier load
27
What are the types of skeletal muscle fibers
Slow twitch fiber- aerobic metabolism Intermediate fiber- fast oxidative fibers Fast twitch fiber- anaerobic metabolism
28
What are the types of skeletal muscle fibers
Slow twitch fiber- aerobic metabolism Intermediate fiber- fast oxidative fibers Fast twitch fiber- anaerobic metabolism
29
Explain Class one lever
Fulcrum in middle Example: head - fulcrum: atlantoaxial joint Effort: neck muscles Load: skull
30
Explain origin of muscle
Nonmovable end of muscle
31
Explain class 3 lever
Most common in body Effort in middle Example: bicep flexion Fulcrum: elbow Effort: bicep Load: weight
32
Explain belly of muscle
Bulk of the muscle
33
Explain Class 2 lever
Greatest mechanical advantage Load in middle Example: Plantar flexion Fulcrum: ball of foot Load: middle of foot Effort: posterior calf muscles
34
Agonist
Prime mover of movement ## Footnote Example: The biceps brachii is the agonist muscle in elbow flexion.
35
Synergist
Assist primary mover in movement ## Footnote Example: The brachioradialis acts as a synergist to the biceps brachii in elbow flexion.
36
Antagonist
Goes against primary mover
37
Fixator
Stabilize joint while muscle moves
38
Example of Prime mover in elbow
Biceps Brachii ## Footnote Example: The biceps brachii is the prime mover in elbow flexion.
39
Explain muscle group actions of elbow flexion
Agonist: bicep Brachii Synergist: Brachialis Antagonist: Tricep Brachii
40
Why does fatigue occur
Lactic acid buildup, but pH of sarcoplasm, inhibiting enzyme function
41
Explain aerobic respiration
Location: mitochondria Oxygen required Yield 36 ATP CO2 byproduct
42
Explain anaerobic pathway
Glycolysis No oxygen Location: cytoplasm/ sarcoplasm Generate 2ATP Lactic acid byproduct
43
Function of creatine phosphate (CP)
Creatine kinase phosphorylates ADP to form ATP Works for first few seconds of contraction
44
What are the three ways ATP is regenerated
Creatine phosphate Anaerobic pathways (glycolysis) Aerobic pathways (Krebs cycle, 36 atp)
45
Function of troponin
Binds to Acton, tropomyosin and calcium
46
Troponin-Tropomyosin complex
When bound with calcium, troponin complex changes shape
47
Function of tropomyosin
Block myosin binding site
48
What do we name skeletal muscles based off of
Actions- extensor digitorum Origin/insertion-sternocleidomastoid Direction of fibers- external abdominal oblique Location- tibial anterior Number of origins- BIceps Brachii Shape- deltoid
49
Explain Hinge joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)
Bone with convex surface fits into concave depression of other bone. Uniaxial Flexion and extension only Ex: elbow and knee
50
Explain gliding joints (Plane joints) with location function, example, and freedom of movement
Bones slide over each other (flat bones) Flat articular surfaces Amphiarthrotic (slight movement) Ex: carpals and tarsels; acromioclavicular joint
51
Explain Pivot joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)
One bone has projection that fits into ring like ligament of another Uniaxial Medial/lateral rotation only Ex: Atlantoaxial joint, C1-C2
52
Explain Condyloid (Ellipsoid) joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)
Convex surface of one bone fits into concave depression of the other bone Biaxial flexion/extension, abduction/addiction Ex: metacarpal phalangeal joint
53
Explain Saddle joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)
Articular surface shaped like saddle, concave in both directions. Biaxial Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction Metacarpo carpal joint
54
Explain Ball and Socket joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)
Roundhead fits within cuplike depression. (Least stable= most mobility) Multi axial Ex: hip, shoulder All movements and rotations
55
What are the two layers of the articular capsule?
External fibrous layer- dense irregular connective tissue provides strength and durability for joint Inner synovial membrane- loose connective tissue that produces synovial fluid
56
What is the articular capsul? What is its function
A 2 layer capsul that holds synovial joints together and produces synovial fluid
57
What is a herniated discs
When the Nucleus Pulposus herniates(breaks through the Anulus Fibrosis
58
What is the Nucleus pulposus?
Gelatinous core that helps with shock absorption and reduces compressive loads ## Footnote An example sentence: The nucleus pulposus acts as a cushion between vertebrae.
59
What ligaments stabilize the shoulder joint
3 ligaments: Coraco-acromial ligament, Acromioclavicular ligament, Coracoclavicular ligament
60
What ligament binds the radius to the ulna and allows rotation?
Annular ligament ## Footnote Ligaments that stabilize the elbow - Annular ligament-Binds radius to ulna, Allows rotation
61
Which ligament stabilizes the lateral side of the elbow?
Radial collateral ligament ## Footnote Ligaments that stabilize the elbow - Radial collateral ligament-stabilize lateral side of elbow
62
Which ligament stabilizes the medial side of the elbow?
Ulnar collateral ligament ## Footnote Ligaments that stabilize the elbow - Annular ligament - Ulnar collateral ligament-stabilize medial side of elbow
63
What ligament stabilize the hip joint
pubofemoral ligament Ischiofemoral ligament Iliofemoral ligament
64
What type of joint is the knee joint?
Modified hinge joint ## Footnote Knee Joint: Modified hinge joint
65
What ligament stabilizes the lateral side of the knee joint? And is it intracapsillary or extracapsilary
LCL - Lateral Collateral ligament (Fibular collateral ligament) Extracapsullary
66
What ligament stabilizes the medial side of the knee joint?
MCL - Medial Collateral ligament (Tibial Collateral ligament) Extracapsullary
67
Which ligament limits anterior tibial movements?
ACL - Anterior Cruciate ligament: originates on anterior surface of tibia. ## Footnote Intra capsular ligaments
68
Which ligament limits posterior tibial movements? Is it inside or outside the synovial capsul?
PCL - Posterior Cruciate ligament: originates on posterior surface of tibia. Intra capsular ligaments
69
What is the function of the Patellar ligament?
Extends from the patella to the anterior tibia Located above patella
70
What is the function of the Menisci What are the 2 parts
Increase knee stability, Act as shock absorbers, spread load over cartilage Medial meniscus Lateral meniscus
71
Sarcolemma
Membrane of a single muscle cell/fiber
72
Transverse Tubules (T-tubule)
maintain property of muscle fiber membrane Carry signals from nerves deep into muscle fiber through its lumen
73
Terminal Cisternae
Store + release calcium
74
What is a Muscle Fiber made of?
Made of myofibrils ## Footnote Very long → thus called "Fibers" and not cells
75
Functions of muscular system
Movement Posture/ support Generate heat during contraction Guard entrance/exit Joint stabilization
76
What is a Fascicle?
Bundle of muscle fibers
77
What is Endomysium?
Layer of deep fascia Surrounds an individual muscle fiber
78
What is Epimysium?
Layer of deep fascia that Surrounds whole muscle
79
What is Fasia?
Dense irregular connective tissue deep to the skin.
80
What are the two kinds of Fasia
→ Superficial Fasia: thin spider-weby dense connective tissue beneath skin → Deep(Muscular) Fasia: epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
81
What is the Perimysium
Part of deep muscular fasia Forms fesicle Surrounds bunches of muscle fibers
82
What is a myofibril?
Contractile proteins grouped within muscle cell ## Footnote Example: The myofibrils in muscle cells are responsible for muscle contraction.
83
M line
Midsection of A band
84
A Band (Dark Band)
Made of thick filaments
85
Sarcomere
Structural, functional contractile unit of a muscle cell
86
I Band (Light Band)
Thin filaments + Z disc
87
H Zone
Space where contraction occurs, disappears during contraction
88
Contractile proteins
myosin and actin ## Footnote they do the work
89
Explain Thick filaments
Made of Myosin Cross bridges- have actin binding sites ATP binds to myosin head
90
ExplainThin filaments
Made of Actin Contain Tropomyosin and Troponin
91
Troponin-Tropomyosin complex
When bound with calcium, troponin complex changes shape
92
What is concentric muscle contraction
Muscle force > resistance force muscle shortens
93
What is essentric muscle contraction
Muscle force< resistance force Muscle lengthens (After curling slowly returning to start position)

Anatomy (BIO 201) (16 decks)

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