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Anatomy (BIO 201) > Exam 2 Study Information > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Information Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of syndesmoses joints

A

Amphiarthrosis (allow slight movement)

Uses LIGAMENTS to bind bones to other bones

Location: Radius/ ulna and Tibia/Fibula

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2
Q

Describe Gomphoses joints

A

Synarthrosis (don’t allow movement
Bones bond by a ligament
Found in teeth being held in alveolar socket (PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT)
“Peg in socket” joint

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3
Q

Explain symphyses joints (symphysis joints)

A

Part of cartilaginous joints
Amphiarthrotic (allows slight movement)
Bones united by FIBROCARTILAGE
Location: intervertebral joints, Pubic Symphysis

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4
Q

What is a suture joint?

A

Joint that binds bones of skull,

Synarthrosis (doesn’t allow movement)

in middle age ossify and fuse to solid bone

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5
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

Uses connective tissue between joints

Fibrous joints use connective tissue between the bones.

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6
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A

Uses cartilage to connect bones

Cartilaginous joints use cartilage between the bones.

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7
Q

Explain Synchondrosis joints

A

Part of cartilaginous joints
Synarthrotic (doesn’t allow movement)
Bones untiled by HYALINE cartilage
Location: 1st rib attachment to sternum, and at the epiphyseal plate (binding ephysis to diaphysis)

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8
Q

Explain symphyses joints (symphysis joints)

A

Part of cartilaginous joints
Amphiarthrotic (allows slight movement)
Bones united by FIBROCARTILAGE
Location: intervertebral joints, Pubic Symphysis

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9
Q

Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to

A

provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints

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10
Q

What is tetanus

A

Situation in which contractions becomes stronger due to stimulation before complete relaxation occurs

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11
Q

Tension

A

Each contraction has more tension (stronger than last one because slow movement of Ca back into SR + Terminal cisternae lead to bigger contraction. More Ca2+ = more cross bridges = more tension until plateau.

Example sentence: The tension in the muscle increased with each contraction.

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12
Q

Wave Summation (3 Unfused)

A

Each stimuli arrives before last one recovers.

This type of wave summation results in sustained fluttery contractions.

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13
Q

Fused (complete) tetanus

A

Twitches fuse into smooth prolonged contraction. Muscle has no time to relax.

Example sentence: Complete tetanus results in a continuous and prolonged muscle contraction.

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14
Q

Asynchronous motor unit summation

A

Muscle fibers switch back and forth taking turns during contraction to maintain muscle tone and posture. So one is always contracted

Example sentence: Asynchronous motor unit summation allows for more efficient muscle contractions.

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15
Q

Treppe

A

Stairstep phenomenon. Ca2+ not completely back in SR, develops more tension than one before.

Example sentence: The treppe phenomenon results in a stepwise increase in muscle tension.

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16
Q

Isometric muscle contraction

A

Develop tension without changing length.

Muscle force= resistance force
(static holds) joint DOESNT MOVE

Isometric muscle contraction occurs when there is no movement despite tension development.

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17
Q

Isotonic muscle contraction

A

Muscle changes in length to move load.

Eccentric and concentric contractions fall under isotonic contractions

Example sentence: During isotonic muscle contraction, the muscle shortens to move the load.

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18
Q

What is Concentric muscle contraction

A

Tension development while shortening muscle

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19
Q

Define Eccentric muscle contraction

A

Tension development while lengthening.

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20
Q

What is Muscle Twitch?

A

1 muscle cell

Simplest contraction resulting from muscle fibers response from single action potential from motor neuron

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21
Q

What are the 3 Phases of Muscle Twitch?

A

3 Phases:
- Latent Period: Event of excitation - Contraction coupling
- Contraction period: Cross bridge formation, Tension increases
- Relaxation period: Ca2+ pumped back into terminal cisternae of SR, tension declines to zero

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22
Q

What is Threshold?

A

Threshold: Min. voltage required to produce action potential

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23
Q

What are Graded Muscle Responses?

A

Whole muscle contraction is graded by altering frequency or strength of stimulation

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24
Q

What is Muscle Tone?

A

Muscle Tone: Constant, slightly contracted state of all muscles

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25
Q

Multiple Motor unit Summation (Motor unit recruitment)

A

Produces smooth increase in muscle force
Stimulating whole nerve with higher voltage for more contraction, more motor units needed to move heavier load

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26
Q

Multiple Motor unit Summation (Motor unit recruitment)

A

Produces smooth increase in muscle force
Stimulating whole nerve with higher voltage for more contraction, more motor units needed to move heavier load

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27
Q

What are the types of skeletal muscle fibers

A

Slow twitch fiber- aerobic metabolism
Intermediate fiber- fast oxidative fibers
Fast twitch fiber- anaerobic metabolism

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28
Q

What are the types of skeletal muscle fibers

A

Slow twitch fiber- aerobic metabolism
Intermediate fiber- fast oxidative fibers
Fast twitch fiber- anaerobic metabolism

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29
Q

Explain Class one lever

A

Fulcrum in middle
Example: head
- fulcrum: atlantoaxial joint
Effort: neck muscles
Load: skull

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30
Q

Explain origin of muscle

A

Nonmovable end of muscle

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31
Q

Explain class 3 lever

A

Most common in body
Effort in middle
Example: bicep flexion
Fulcrum: elbow
Effort: bicep
Load: weight

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32
Q

Explain belly of muscle

A

Bulk of the muscle

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33
Q

Explain Class 2 lever

A

Greatest mechanical advantage
Load in middle
Example: Plantar flexion
Fulcrum: ball of foot
Load: middle of foot
Effort: posterior calf muscles

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34
Q

Agonist

A

Prime mover of movement

Example: The biceps brachii is the agonist muscle in elbow flexion.

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35
Q

Synergist

A

Assist primary mover in movement

Example: The brachioradialis acts as a synergist to the biceps brachii in elbow flexion.

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36
Q

Antagonist

A

Goes against primary mover

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37
Q

Fixator

A

Stabilize joint while muscle moves

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38
Q

Example of Prime mover in elbow

A

Biceps Brachii

Example: The biceps brachii is the prime mover in elbow flexion.

39
Q

Explain muscle group actions of elbow flexion

A

Agonist: bicep Brachii
Synergist: Brachialis
Antagonist: Tricep Brachii

40
Q

Why does fatigue occur

A

Lactic acid buildup, but pH of sarcoplasm, inhibiting enzyme function

41
Q

Explain aerobic respiration

A

Location: mitochondria
Oxygen required
Yield 36 ATP
CO2 byproduct

42
Q

Explain anaerobic pathway

A

Glycolysis
No oxygen
Location: cytoplasm/ sarcoplasm
Generate 2ATP
Lactic acid byproduct

43
Q

Function of creatine phosphate (CP)

A

Creatine kinase phosphorylates ADP to form ATP
Works for first few seconds of contraction

44
Q

What are the three ways ATP is regenerated

A

Creatine phosphate
Anaerobic pathways (glycolysis)
Aerobic pathways (Krebs cycle, 36 atp)

45
Q

Function of troponin

A

Binds to Acton, tropomyosin and calcium

46
Q

Troponin-Tropomyosin complex

A

When bound with calcium, troponin complex changes shape

47
Q

Function of tropomyosin

A

Block myosin binding site

48
Q

What do we name skeletal muscles based off of

A

Actions- extensor digitorum
Origin/insertion-sternocleidomastoid
Direction of fibers- external abdominal oblique
Location- tibial anterior
Number of origins- BIceps Brachii
Shape- deltoid

49
Q

Explain Hinge joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)

A

Bone with convex surface fits into concave depression of other bone.
Uniaxial
Flexion and extension only
Ex: elbow and knee

50
Q

Explain gliding joints (Plane joints) with location function, example, and freedom of movement

A

Bones slide over each other (flat bones)
Flat articular surfaces
Amphiarthrotic (slight movement)
Ex: carpals and tarsels; acromioclavicular joint

51
Q

Explain Pivot joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)

A

One bone has projection that fits into ring like ligament of another

Uniaxial
Medial/lateral rotation only
Ex: Atlantoaxial joint, C1-C2

52
Q

Explain Condyloid (Ellipsoid) joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)

A

Convex surface of one bone fits into concave depression of the other bone

Biaxial
flexion/extension, abduction/addiction
Ex: metacarpal phalangeal joint

53
Q

Explain Saddle joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)

A

Articular surface shaped like saddle, concave in both directions.

Biaxial
Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction
Metacarpo carpal joint

54
Q

Explain Ball and Socket joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)

A

Roundhead fits within cuplike depression. (Least stable= most mobility)

Multi axial
Ex: hip, shoulder
All movements and rotations

55
Q

What are the two layers of the articular capsule?

A

External fibrous layer- dense irregular connective tissue provides strength and durability for joint

Inner synovial membrane- loose connective tissue that produces synovial fluid

56
Q

What is the articular capsul? What is its function

A

A 2 layer capsul that holds synovial joints together and produces synovial fluid

57
Q

What is a herniated discs

A

When the Nucleus Pulposus herniates(breaks through the Anulus Fibrosis

58
Q

What is the Nucleus pulposus?

A

Gelatinous core that helps with shock absorption and reduces compressive loads

An example sentence: The nucleus pulposus acts as a cushion between vertebrae.

59
Q

What ligaments stabilize the shoulder joint

A

3 ligaments:
Coraco-acromial ligament, Acromioclavicular ligament, Coracoclavicular ligament

60
Q

What ligament binds the radius to the ulna and allows rotation?

A

Annular ligament

Ligaments that stabilize the elbow
- Annular ligament-Binds radius to ulna, Allows rotation

61
Q

Which ligament stabilizes the lateral side of the elbow?

A

Radial collateral ligament

Ligaments that stabilize the elbow
- Radial collateral ligament-stabilize lateral side of elbow

62
Q

Which ligament stabilizes the medial side of the elbow?

A

Ulnar collateral ligament

Ligaments that stabilize the elbow
- Annular ligament - Ulnar collateral ligament-stabilize medial side of elbow

63
Q

What ligament stabilize the hip joint

A

pubofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
Iliofemoral ligament

64
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

Modified hinge joint

Knee Joint: Modified hinge joint

65
Q

What ligament stabilizes the lateral side of the knee joint?
And is it intracapsillary or extracapsilary

A

LCL - Lateral Collateral ligament
(Fibular collateral ligament)

Extracapsullary

66
Q

What ligament stabilizes the medial side of the knee joint?

A

MCL - Medial Collateral ligament

(Tibial Collateral ligament)

Extracapsullary

67
Q

Which ligament limits anterior tibial movements?

A

ACL - Anterior Cruciate ligament: originates on anterior surface of tibia.

Intra capsular ligaments

68
Q

Which ligament limits posterior tibial movements?

Is it inside or outside the synovial capsul?

A

PCL - Posterior Cruciate ligament: originates on posterior surface of tibia.

Intra capsular ligaments

69
Q

What is the function of the Patellar ligament?

A

Extends from the patella to the anterior tibia

Located above patella

70
Q

What is the function of the Menisci
What are the 2 parts

A

Increase knee stability, Act as shock absorbers, spread load over cartilage

Medial meniscus
Lateral meniscus

71
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Membrane of a single muscle cell/fiber

72
Q

Transverse Tubules (T-tubule)

A

maintain property of muscle fiber membrane

Carry signals from nerves deep into muscle fiber through its lumen

73
Q

Terminal Cisternae

A

Store + release calcium

74
Q

What is a Muscle Fiber made of?

A

Made of myofibrils

Very long → thus called “Fibers” and not cells

75
Q

Functions of muscular system

A

Movement
Posture/ support
Generate heat during contraction
Guard entrance/exit
Joint stabilization

76
Q

What is a Fascicle?

A

Bundle of muscle fibers

77
Q

What is Endomysium?

A

Layer of deep fascia
Surrounds an individual muscle fiber

78
Q

What is Epimysium?

A

Layer of deep fascia that Surrounds whole muscle

79
Q

What is Fasia?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue deep to the skin.

80
Q

What are the two kinds of Fasia

A

→ Superficial Fasia: thin spider-weby dense connective tissue beneath skin

→ Deep(Muscular) Fasia: epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

81
Q

What is the Perimysium

A

Part of deep muscular fasia
Forms fesicle
Surrounds bunches of muscle fibers

82
Q

What is a myofibril?

A

Contractile proteins grouped within muscle cell

Example: The myofibrils in muscle cells are responsible for muscle contraction.

83
Q

M line

A

Midsection of A band

84
Q

A Band (Dark Band)

A

Made of thick filaments

85
Q

Sarcomere

A

Structural, functional contractile unit of a muscle cell

86
Q

I Band (Light Band)

A

Thin filaments + Z disc

87
Q

H Zone

A

Space where contraction occurs, disappears during contraction

88
Q

Contractile proteins

A

myosin and actin

they do the work

89
Q

Explain Thick filaments

A

Made of Myosin
Cross bridges- have actin binding sites
ATP binds to myosin head

90
Q

ExplainThin filaments

A

Made of Actin
Contain Tropomyosin and Troponin

91
Q

Troponin-Tropomyosin complex

A

When bound with calcium, troponin complex changes shape

92
Q

What is concentric muscle contraction

A

Muscle force > resistance force
muscle shortens

93
Q

What is essentric muscle contraction

A

Muscle force< resistance force
Muscle lengthens
(After curling slowly returning to start position)

Anatomy (BIO 201) (14 decks)

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