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MMI133 > MMI133_Lecture9 > Flashcards

MMI133_Lecture9 Flashcards

1
Q

immune system

A

body’s defence system against pathogens, cancers, organ transplants

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2
Q

functions of immune system

A

keep microorganisms out
remove microorganisms that get in
combat microorganisms that remain inside
fight cancer/ mutated + transformed cells

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3
Q

a well balanced immunce system should be able to distinguish betw

A

self and non-self (pathogen)

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4
Q

2 aspects of immune system

A

innate/natural immunity + adaptive/acquired immunity

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5
Q

innate/natural immunity

A

non-specific responses

1st + 2nd line defence

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6
Q

adaptive/acquired immunity

A

specific responses

3rd line of diffence

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7
Q

1st line of defence

A

skin
mucous membranes + secretions
normal flora

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8
Q

2nd line of defence

A

innate immune cells
infalmmation
complement
antimicrobial substances

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9
Q

3rd line of defence

A

specialized lymphocytes
B cells (produce antibodies)
T cells - helper T cells CD4 + killer T cells (CD8)

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10
Q

function of skin

A

physical barrier
stop microorganisms before they get in
no adherence = no invasion

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11
Q

what does keratin do in skin

A

water repelling protein

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12
Q

what does sebum do in skin

A

antibacterial + antifungal

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13
Q

what do dendritic cells do in skin

A

process antigens + initiate adaptive immunity

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14
Q

mucous membranes

A

form thin + permeable barriers

line the GI tract, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract

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15
Q

mechanical removal via mucous membranes

A

goblet cells produce mucous
mucous/secretions flush away microorganisms
ciliated cells in respiratory tract ( ciliary escalator)

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16
Q

mucociliary escalator

A

major defence mechanisms which protect lungs
ciliated cell sin respiratory tract
goblet cells produce mucus
prevent pathogen binding to host cells

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17
Q

secretions

A

provide protection

tears/saliva
crevicular fluid
gastric juice
urine/vaginal secretiosn

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18
Q

protectio of tears/saliva

A

lysozyme (breaks down peptidoglycan)

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19
Q

protection of crevicular fluid

A

fluid that flows into gingival crevice betw teeth
similar composition to blood serum (immune cells/molecules)

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20
Q

protection of gastric juice

A

ph 1-2 very acidic

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21
Q

protection of urine/vaginal secretions

A

flushing action, ph, etc

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22
Q

innate immune cells

A

white blood cells = leukocytes

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23
Q

granulocytes

A

PMNL = polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Mast cells

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24
Q

antigen presentation

A

macrophages + dendritic cells

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25
Q

natural killer cells

A

destroy infected host cells (intra-cellular bact, + virus + cancer cells)

only one that kills cells instead of killing just pathogens

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26
Q

Neutrophils

A

60-70% of WBC’s in blood

first to arrive + initiate phagocytosis at infected site

form NETS when die

target
fast moving, short lifespan

Granulocyte

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27
Q

Neutrophil NETS

A

when they die, Neutrophils form these nets of sticky DNA which traps bacteria and can be disposed of

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28
Q

what turns pus greenish-yellow

A

myeloperoxidae in Neutrophils

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29
Q

Eosinophils

A

major in parasitic infection
secrete cytolytic enzymes upon contact with pathogens
cells circulate in blood until recruited to inflamed tissue

Granulocyte

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30
Q

Mast Cells + Basophils

A

mast cells: in submucosal tissues, receptor for immunoglobulin, ALLERGIC reactions, release histamine once IgE receptor activated

basophils: blood, similar function to mast, release histamine from granules

granulocytes

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31
Q

Macrophages

A

3-8% WBC’s
effecient/ professional phagocyte, + eats dead neutrophils
can break down infectious pathogen + present pieces antigen on receptors

in blood (monocyte) or tissue (macrophage)

antigen presenting cell

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32
Q

macrophage in blood circulation

A

monocyte

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33
Q

macrophage in tissue

A

macrophage

34
Q

granuloma

A

mass of tissue - surrounding pathogen with fighters

macrophage instigated
seen in TB infections + many fungal infections

35
Q

dendritic cell

A

proffessional antigen presenting cell - phagocytic

adaptive immunity
carries antigen from tissues to lymph glands where T + B lymphocytes reside

presents antigen to T helper lymphocytes to initiate an adaptive immune repsonse

36
Q

granules

A

leukocyte granules contain chemicals + enzymes to break down pathogens + sitmulate other immune cells

Lytic granules
Secretory granules

37
Q

lytic granules

A

contain digestive enzymes ( lysozyme) to break down endocytosed pathogens

38
Q

secretory granules

A

funtion to kill pathogens that are too big to eat
contain chemical messenger substances that attract other immune cells to site (chemokines)
some have inflammatory mediators ( histamine)

39
Q

NK = natural killer cells

A

lymphocytes without immunological memory
first line of defence against intracellular pathogens
-virally infected cells
-intracellular bact/protozoa
-cancer cells
release cytolytic granules = targeted cell destruction

destoys:
infected cells which have microbial antigen presented on MHC I
virally infected cells lost surface expression of MHC I
cancer cells that hav lost MHC I

40
Q

MHC class I

A

major histocompatibility complex

41
Q

MHC 1

A

its a receptor on the surface of all normal nucleated cells (healthy cells have a self protein bound on MHC I, sick cells may have a foreign peptide non self bound in the MHC I receptor)

provide way for cytotoxic T cells to scan + detect intracellular infection
NK see cells without self peptides on MHC I, and kill those without it

42
Q

human MHC

A

human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
just called MHC

43
Q

MHC class II

A

major histocompatibility complex 2

only in macrophages, dendritic cells, + B lymphocytes
(antigen-presenting cells or APC’s)

bind + present peptides to T-helper cells MHC II in order to initiate adaptive immune response
go grab foreign peptides from infected cells and present to T-helper cells to deal with infection

44
Q

MHC I summary

A

found in all cells iwth nuclei (self-maker)
presents endogenous peptides
activates CD8+

45
Q

MHC II summary

A

found only on antigen-presnting cells
presents exogenous peptides
activates CD4+ helper cells

46
Q

phagocytosis

A

when cell engulfs a solid particle
to eat cell process

cell eating

47
Q

diapedesis

A

migration of cells from inside blood vessels across endothelium thru cell junctions

48
Q

chemotaxis

A

directed movement of cells in a concentration gradient

chemoattractants will have a cells follow solution to infection - sniff it out

chemorepellents will repel cells away from solution

49
Q

cytokines

A

small proteins made by host cell
change behaviour of or communicate with other cells

chemokines - used for attracting other cells to infection site
interleukins - alter function of other cells

50
Q

PRR

A

pattern recognition receptors

51
Q

TLRs

A

toll-like receptors

recognize diff molecs from pathogens

52
Q

triggering TLRs leads to

A

chemokine release - calls for help from circulation
proinflammatory cytokine release - activates neighboring cells
increased microbiocidal activity - destroy ingested pathogens

53
Q

inflammation

A

localized tissue reponse to infection or injury

54
Q

SHARP inflammatory reponse

A

Swelling
Heat
Altered function
Redness
Pain

55
Q

swelling + heat + redness + pain leads to

A

altered function

56
Q

lymph nodes

A

where immune cells (T + B lymphocytes) multiply - preparing for effective immune response

57
Q

inflammation is a

A

localized tissue response to infection or injury

58
Q

pus

A

mixture of dead cells - neutrophils + body fluid

59
Q

abscess

A

accumulation of pus (pustules + boils)

60
Q

pyogenic = pus-producing bacteria

A

streptococcus pyogenes + streptococcus aureus

61
Q

Antigen

A

foreign substance capable of provoking an immune response (bact, virus, protozoa, pollen, transplated tissue, etc.)

62
Q

epitope

A

specific spot or site on a antigen recognized by immune cells or antibodies

63
Q

antibody

A

immunoglobulin or Ig
protein produced by B lymphocytes that can bind to a specific epitope on an antigen
leads to removal of antigen

64
Q

complement system

A

group of serum proteins in circulation (made in liver) which function to enhance immune funcitoning + defend against pathogens
reaction occurs on surface of cell

65
Q

complement pathways

A

classical
alternative
lectin

66
Q

antibody independent pathways

A

alternative pathway + lectin pathway

67
Q

classical complement pathway

A

activated by antibody - antigen (Ab-Ag) complexes

C4 + C2 -> C3
C3 + C2 + C4 -> C5

= C5b-9 (MAC)

68
Q

activated complement

A

compelment is activated by 1/3 pathways
once activated, a cascade of melecs funciton to amplify many aspects of inflammation

all pathways converge on formation of C5 convertase, followed by complement proteins C5 -> C9 and form membrane attack complex (MAC) which inserts into bact cell mambrane causing lysis

69
Q

MAC

A

membrane attack complex = the end formation of all complement pathways
C5 generated
disrupts osmotic integrity resuliting in lysis/cell death

70
Q

the classical pathway is activated by

A

antibodies
antibody-antigen complexes

71
Q

the alternative pathway is activated by

A

cell surface molecules on pathogens (cell wall materials like polysaccharides)

72
Q

all pathways converge at formation of

A

C5 convertase followed by complement proteins C5 -> C9 and form the MAC which inserts into bact cell membrane causing lysis

73
Q

C5 initiates

A

generation of MAC

74
Q

C3b

A

opsonization - coats bacteria to enhance phagocytosis - icing to make bact more tasty

75
Q

C5a

A

chemoattractant
recruits phagocytes - draws them in to infection to fight it

76
Q

C3a + C5a

A

anaphylatoxins
- cause histamine release

mediate inflammation

77
Q

C5-C9

A

MAC - kills pathogens

78
Q

functions of complement OIL

A

opsonization
inflammation
lysis

79
Q

interferons

A

produced by virally infected cells - defence molec against virus

80
Q

antimicrobial peptides

A

production triggered by activation of TLRs
broad spectrum

  • dermcidin - sweat glands
  • defensins - neutrophils + macrophages
  • thromobocidin - platelets
81
Q

C-reactive protein

A

marks bact for opsonization - enhanced phagocytosis

acute phase reactant (substance rapidly produced after infection or tissue damate)

produced in liver
inv level means bact infection

82
Q

large degree of

A

redundancy in the immune systems so that if one pathway isn’t workign another can accomplish the task

MMI133 (16 decks)

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