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MMI133 > MMI133_Lecture5 > Flashcards

MMI133_Lecture5 Flashcards

1
Q

viruses

A

infectious particles
NOT living cells

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2
Q

viruses can be transmitted via…

A

blood transfusion, mucus droplets, aerosols, fomites, water, food, vectors

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3
Q

fomites

A

inanimate objects where infectious agents can sit
ie. doorknobs/handrails

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4
Q

antibodies…

A

have NO effects on viruses!

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5
Q

majority of visits to a family physician are for

A

viruses

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6
Q

viruses multiply

A

only in host cells

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7
Q

bacteria multiply

A

mostly outside of host cells

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8
Q

viruses are not

A

free living

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9
Q

bacteria are mostly

A

free living

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10
Q

viruses contain

A

either DNA or RNA

NOT both

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11
Q

bacteria contain

A

DNA + RNA

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12
Q

which has more enzymes, viruses or bacteria?

A

bacteria

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13
Q

how do viruses replicate?

A

by taking over a host cell and using the host cell’s ribosomes to manufacture new virus proteins bec viruses have no ribosomes

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14
Q

viruses are always…

A

obligate intracellular parasites

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15
Q

viruses vary in

A

shape

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16
Q

virion

A

complete infectious viral particle with nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)

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17
Q

a virion is composed of

A

RNA or DNA + capsid + capsomeres

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18
Q

capsid

A

protein coat on virus

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19
Q

capsomeres

A

protein molecules

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20
Q

nucleocapsid

A

capsid of a virus with enclosed nucleic acid

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21
Q

viruses can be either

A

enveloped or not enveloped/naked

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22
Q

lipid envelope

A

outside nucleocapsid
derived from host cell membranes

influenza virus, Herpes virus, HBV, HIV

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23
Q

what is inserted in envelopes or capsid which helps the virus attach onto host cells?

A

glycoproteins/spikes

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24
Q

viruses can infect…

A

every life form

bacteria, fungi, plants, animals, humans

25
Q

bacteriophage

A

virus that infects only bacteria

can transfer new genes from 1 bact to a nother
tool for genetic engineering

26
Q

Herpesviruses are

A

DNA viruses

27
Q

influenza A, Measles, Rubella, HIV are

A

RNA viruses

28
Q

which viruses are known for their ability to mutate quickly?

A

RNA viruses

29
Q

6 DNA virus families

A

papillomaviridae (HPV)
Adenoviridae (adenovirus)
Hepadnaviridae (hepatitis B virus)
Herpesviridae (HSV-1, 2, 3)
Poxviridae (smallpox, monkeypox etc)
Parvoviridae (B-19)

30
Q

which virus families are RNA?

A

all that aren’t:

papillomaviridae
adenoviridae
hepadnaviridae
herpesviridae
poxviridae
parvoviridae

31
Q

coronavirus is

A

RNA virus

32
Q

3 events occurring in viral infection

A

attachment + penetration into host cell

replication of genome

assembly + release of new virus

33
Q

virus must attach to host cell
usually to…

A

host cell’s receptors

34
Q

virus penetration of host cell takes place in 2 ways

A

fusion (virus envelope fuses with cytoplasmic membrane + virus pulled inside cell)

pinocytosis (passively taken in by cell)

35
Q

the goal of a virus is to

A

replicate itself

36
Q

we lack the enzyme that a RNA virus needs to produce RNA from RNA, so…

A

we make RNA from DNA,

but NOT DNA from RNA or RNA from RNA

37
Q

retrovirus

A

ex. HIV

starts as RNA, makes DNA from RNA, then goes into chromosome + becomes part of chromosome

-can’t get rid of it because becomes a part of chromosome

38
Q

virus replication

A

DNA virus = viral DNA -> viral DNA

RNA virus = viral RNA -> viral RNA

RNA retrovirus carries its own reverse transcriptase enzyme = viral RNA -> viral DNA in chromosome -> viral RNA

39
Q

antiviral drugs target…

A

events occurring in viral infection

40
Q

Acyclovir antiviral drug

A

stops replication of herpes viruses by interfering with viral DNA polymerase

41
Q

Acute or productive infection

A

virus replicates, produces many virions
host cell often killed - lytic infection

42
Q

lytic infection

A

a viral infection where the host cell is killed

43
Q

latent infection

A

viral genome persists in host cell but doesn’t replicate (provirus)

44
Q

chronic infection

A

virus replicates without causing host cell lysis + can persist for long periods of time (hep C + hep B)

45
Q

Chickenpox is…

A

an acute infection that becomes latent

46
Q

acute chickenpox infection

A

skin vesicles always present in different stages of lesion formation

fever + itchy/pruritic rash
rash spreads on trunk + head - less on limbs
virus particles in rash can escape + infect = airborne virus

after lesions heal, virus travels up the nerve that ennervates the skin at the site of the lesion + lives in peripheral nerve ganglion + becomes latent

47
Q

latent chickenpox infection

A

virus present, but not replicating until triggered by external factors, then travels down nerve to skin + reactivates

human herpes virus 3 = reactivation = shingles or Zoster

triggered by age + decline in immune system

48
Q

reactivation of human herpes virus 3 =

A

shingles/zoster

49
Q

zoster

A

shingles

50
Q

most common complication of chickendpox in immunocompromised is…

A

secondary bacterial infection

due to scratching bacteria into skin

51
Q

zoster complications

A

PHN
Post Herpetic Neuralgia
can cause permanent nerve damage so need to get acyclovir treatment within 48-72hrs of symptoms

52
Q

prevention of chickenpox via 2 ways

A

active immunization - live attenuated vaccine

passsive immunization - injected with antibodies to virus - for neonates

53
Q

what is the diff betw chickenpox + smallpox?

A

chickenpox - lesions are in different stages of devleopment

smallpox - lesions are all in same stage of development

54
Q

oncogenic viruses

A

viruses that can transform normal host cells into cancer cells

RNA or DNA

55
Q

PCR

A

polymerase chain reaction

molecular biology technique used to detect genes of an organism

56
Q

prions

A

misfolded proteins that act as infectious agents in susceptible exposed animals

protein misfolding disease

mad cow diease
scrapie in sheep
Kuru in N. Guinea transmitted by cannibalism

57
Q

human prion disease is…

A

always FATAL

usually 4 months

58
Q

signs of human prion disease

A

loss of bodily control

ataxia
cortical visual symptoms
progressive dementia
myoclonus
akinetic mutism

59
Q

myoclonus

A

spasmodic jerky contraction of groups of muscles

twitchy muscles

MMI133 (16 decks)

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