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MMI133_Lecture5 Flashcards

1
Q

viruses

A

infectious particles
NOT living cells

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2
Q

viruses can be transmitted via…

A

blood transfusion, mucus droplets, aerosols, fomites, water, food, vectors

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3
Q

fomites

A

inanimate objects where infectious agents can sit
ie. doorknobs/handrails

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4
Q

antibodies…

A

have NO effects on viruses!

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5
Q

majority of visits to a family physician are for

A

viruses

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6
Q

viruses multiply

A

only in host cells

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7
Q

bacteria multiply

A

mostly outside of host cells

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8
Q

viruses are not

A

free living

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9
Q

bacteria are mostly

A

free living

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10
Q

viruses contain

A

either DNA or RNA

NOT both

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11
Q

bacteria contain

A

DNA + RNA

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12
Q

which has more enzymes, viruses or bacteria?

A

bacteria

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13
Q

how do viruses replicate?

A

by taking over a host cell and using the host cell’s ribosomes to manufacture new virus proteins bec viruses have no ribosomes

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14
Q

viruses are always…

A

obligate intracellular parasites

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15
Q

viruses vary in

A

shape

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16
Q

virion

A

complete infectious viral particle with nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)

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17
Q

a virion is composed of

A

RNA or DNA + capsid + capsomeres

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18
Q

capsid

A

protein coat on virus

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19
Q

capsomeres

A

protein molecules

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20
Q

nucleocapsid

A

capsid of a virus with enclosed nucleic acid

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21
Q

viruses can be either

A

enveloped or not enveloped/naked

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22
Q

lipid envelope

A

outside nucleocapsid
derived from host cell membranes

influenza virus, Herpes virus, HBV, HIV

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23
Q

what is inserted in envelopes or capsid which helps the virus attach onto host cells?

A

glycoproteins/spikes

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24
Q

viruses can infect…

A

every life form

bacteria, fungi, plants, animals, humans

25
bacteriophage
virus that infects only bacteria can transfer new genes from 1 bact to a nother tool for genetic engineering
26
Herpesviruses are
DNA viruses
27
influenza A, Measles, Rubella, HIV are
RNA viruses
28
which viruses are known for their ability to mutate quickly?
RNA viruses
29
6 DNA virus families
papillomaviridae (HPV) Adenoviridae (adenovirus) Hepadnaviridae (hepatitis B virus) Herpesviridae (HSV-1, 2, 3) Poxviridae (smallpox, monkeypox etc) Parvoviridae (B-19)
30
which virus families are RNA?
all that aren't: papillomaviridae adenoviridae hepadnaviridae herpesviridae poxviridae parvoviridae
31
coronavirus is
RNA virus
32
3 events occurring in viral infection
attachment + penetration into host cell replication of genome assembly + release of new virus
33
virus must attach to host cell usually to...
host cell's receptors
34
virus penetration of host cell takes place in 2 ways
fusion (virus envelope fuses with cytoplasmic membrane + virus pulled inside cell) pinocytosis (passively taken in by cell)
35
the goal of a virus is to
replicate itself
36
we lack the enzyme that a RNA virus needs to produce RNA from RNA, so...
we make RNA from DNA, but NOT DNA from RNA or RNA from RNA
37
retrovirus
ex. HIV starts as RNA, makes DNA from RNA, then goes into chromosome + becomes part of chromosome -can't get rid of it because becomes a part of chromosome
38
virus replication
DNA virus = viral DNA -> viral DNA RNA virus = viral RNA -> viral RNA RNA retrovirus carries its own reverse transcriptase enzyme = viral RNA -> viral DNA in chromosome -> viral RNA
39
antiviral drugs target...
events occurring in viral infection
40
Acyclovir antiviral drug
stops replication of herpes viruses by interfering with viral DNA polymerase
41
Acute or productive infection
virus replicates, produces many virions host cell often killed - lytic infection
42
lytic infection
a viral infection where the host cell is killed
43
latent infection
viral genome persists in host cell but doesn't replicate (provirus)
44
chronic infection
virus replicates without causing host cell lysis + can persist for long periods of time (hep C + hep B)
45
Chickenpox is...
an acute infection that becomes latent
46
acute chickenpox infection
skin vesicles always present in different stages of lesion formation fever + itchy/pruritic rash rash spreads on trunk + head - less on limbs virus particles in rash can escape + infect = airborne virus after lesions heal, virus travels up the nerve that ennervates the skin at the site of the lesion + lives in peripheral nerve ganglion + becomes latent
47
latent chickenpox infection
virus present, but not replicating until triggered by external factors, then travels down nerve to skin + reactivates human herpes virus 3 = reactivation = shingles or Zoster triggered by age + decline in immune system
48
reactivation of human herpes virus 3 =
shingles/zoster
49
zoster
shingles
50
most common complication of chickendpox in immunocompromised is...
secondary bacterial infection due to scratching bacteria into skin
51
zoster complications
PHN Post Herpetic Neuralgia can cause permanent nerve damage so need to get acyclovir treatment within 48-72hrs of symptoms
52
prevention of chickenpox via 2 ways
active immunization - live attenuated vaccine passsive immunization - injected with antibodies to virus - for neonates
53
what is the diff betw chickenpox + smallpox?
chickenpox - lesions are in different stages of devleopment smallpox - lesions are all in same stage of development
54
oncogenic viruses
viruses that can transform normal host cells into cancer cells RNA or DNA
55
PCR
polymerase chain reaction molecular biology technique used to detect genes of an organism
56
prions
misfolded proteins that act as infectious agents in susceptible exposed animals protein misfolding disease mad cow diease scrapie in sheep Kuru in N. Guinea transmitted by cannibalism
57
human prion disease is...
always FATAL usually 4 months
58
signs of human prion disease
loss of bodily control ataxia cortical visual symptoms progressive dementia myoclonus akinetic mutism
59
myoclonus
spasmodic jerky contraction of groups of muscles twitchy muscles

MMI133 (16 decks)

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