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MMI133 > MMI133_Lecture3 > Flashcards

MMI133_Lecture3 Flashcards

1
Q

bacteria are?

A

prokaryotes

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2
Q

fungi are?

A

eukaryotes

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3
Q

plant cells are?

A

eukaryotes

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4
Q

protozoa are?

A

eukaryotes

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5
Q

metazoa are?

A

eukaryotes

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6
Q

what special amino acid do all prokaryote proteins start with?

A

formylmethionine

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6
Q

human cells are?

A

eukaryotes

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7
Q

what special amino acid do all eukaryote proteins start with?

A

methionine

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8
Q

what are viruses, viroids + prions?

A

NOT cells,
NOT prokaryotes or eukaryotes

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9
Q

what is the size of prokaryotes?

A

0.2-2.0 u

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10
Q

what is the size of eukaryotes?

A

10-100u

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11
Q

which is bigger, euk or pro?

A

eukaryotes

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12
Q

which has a true nucleus?

A

eukaryotes

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13
Q

which has NO nuclear membrane/nucleoli?

A

prokaryotes

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14
Q

which has no cytoskeleton?

A

prokaryotes

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15
Q

which has a cytoskeleton?

A

eukaryotes

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16
Q

which has ribosomes 80S?

A

eukaryotes

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17
Q

which has smaller 70S ribosomes?

A

prokaryotes

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18
Q

which has a complex cell wall?

A

prokaryotes

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19
Q

which has either no or only a simple cell wall?

A

eukaryotes

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20
Q

which has an exception with mitochondria having 70S ribosomes?

A

eukaryotes

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21
Q

which has no membrane bound organelles?

A

prokaryotes

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22
Q

which has organelles (golgi, mitochondria, ER)?

A

eukaryotes

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23
Q

which has a simple flagella?

A

prokaryotes

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24
Q

which has a complex flagella?

A

eukaryotes

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25
Q

which has plasma membrane containing sterols + carbohydrates?

A

eukaryotes

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26
Q

which has plasma membrane usually lacking carbohydrates + sterols?

A

procaryotes

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27
Q

which has multiple linear chromosomes?

A

eukaryotes

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28
Q

which has a singular circular chromosome?

A

prokaryotes

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29
Q

how do eukaryotes reproduce?

A

mitosis + meiosis

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30
Q

how do prokaryotes (bacteria) reproduce?

A

binary fission

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31
Q

what is a nucleoid?

A

the spegetti tangle of DNA in prokaryotes/bacteria

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32
Q

what is the capsule of a bacteria?

A

the outer portion of the bacteria, outside the cell wall
made up of sugar
not all bacteria have them

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33
Q

what is the cytoplasm?

A

all the material in the cell except the nucleus

34
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

sites of protein synthesis

35
Q

what are plasmids?

A

tiny segments of DNA containing 1-2 genes that can be transfered via conjugation
genes can be resistance to drugs which can be problematic as they are shared by more and more bacteria

36
Q

what are pili?

A

“hairs” on bacteria which serve by attaching bacteria cell to other things for conjugation or just to attach

37
Q

what is a bacterial flagellum?

A

tail of bacteria which serves as a mode of locomotion in a specific direction to aid in the bacteria’s movement through aqueous solution to get to cells in infect

38
Q

which has a thin layer of peptidoglycan?

A

G-

39
Q

which has thick layer of peptidoglycan?

A

G+

40
Q

which has no teichoic acid?

A

G-

41
Q

which has teichoic acid present?

A

G+

42
Q

which has no lipopolysaccharide?

A

G+

43
Q

which has lipopolysaccharide?

A

G-

44
Q

which has no outer membrane or periplasm?

A

G+

45
Q

which has outer membrane + periplasm?

A

G-

46
Q

which is generally less susceptible to penicillin?

A

G-

47
Q

which is generally more susceptible to penicillin?

A

G+

48
Q

What are 2 important bacteria not stained by Gram’s stain?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (pneumonia)

49
Q

Gram stain procedure

A

crystal violet - primary stain
iodine - mordant
acetone/alcohol wash
safranin - counterstain

50
Q

another name for acid fast stain

A

Ziehl-Neelsen stain

51
Q

what is acid-fast used for?

A

detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis + a few orther organisms

-for those with high lipid/wax content in cell wall

52
Q

what is an axial filament?

A

special flagella inside cell wall of spirochaetes

53
Q

pili/fimbriae are for?

A

attachment + conjugation betw bacteria

54
Q

conjugation

A

horizontal transmission of genes (plasmids) from 1 bacteria to another

55
Q

function of capsule/glycocalyx

A

evasion from WBC’s
sometimes attachment to cells

56
Q

peptidoglycan

A

lattice structure like a mesh
provides structure + cell shape

57
Q

lipopolysaccharide (LPS) outer membrane (G-)

A

Lipid A - endotoxin
polysaccharide

58
Q

teichoic + lipoteichoic acids (G+)

A

attached to peptidoglycan layer, project outwards + cause cells to have negative charge

59
Q

which have lipopolysaccharide outer membrane?

A

G-

60
Q

which have teichoic + lipoteichoic acids?

A

G+

61
Q

human cell plasma membrane contains ___

A

cholestrol

62
Q

fungal cell plasma membrane contains ___

A

ergosterol

63
Q

so, if want to stop all fungi cell growth…

A

inhibit ergosterol and allow human cells to be fine still + unimpacted

64
Q

bacteria nuclear area = nucleoid

A

chromosome (1/bacteria)

65
Q

bacteria ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis
2 subunits
70S

66
Q

bacterial inclusions

A

reserve deposits of nut.’s in membrane bounded vacuoles

67
Q

bacterial plasmids

A

small circular pieces of DNA that code for a restricted # of proteins

68
Q

endospores

A

functional for bacteria survival

resting cells - no metabolisms
genetic material within hard coat resistant to heat, drying, UV, chemicals

69
Q

bacteria producing endospores

A

Clostridium
Bacillus

70
Q

endospores are NOT the same as

A

a capsule

71
Q

Clostridium difficile

A

major cause of nosocomial infection globally
Anaerobic G+ rod that produces endospores

72
Q

nosocomial

A

disease originating in a hospital

73
Q

Clostridium difficile info

A

strict anaerobe
G+ bacillus
spore forming

3-5% of people have them
fecal-oral transmission
spores not living
survive months in environment
not inactivated by antibiotics, alcohols, or hand sanitizer

74
Q

how do people get Clostridium difficile?

A

injest spores which dont’ get affected by stomach acid + germinate in intestine after bile contact

exotoxins produced by bacteria damage intestinal mucosa, kill cells, + cause epithelium to leak resulting in watery diarrhea

75
Q

toxins of Clostridium difficile

A

TcdA - toxin A
TcdB - toxin B
CDT - C = difficile binary toxin often but not always found in epidemic strains

76
Q

syndromes common with Clostridium difficile

A

AAD
AAC
CDAD
PMC
Toxic megacolon
Death

77
Q

children of what age never produce symptoms of Clostridium difficile?

A

< 2yrs

78
Q

AAD

A

antibiotic associated diarrhea

79
Q

AAC

A

antibiotic associated colitis
(colon lining inflammation)

80
Q

CDAD

A

Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea

81
Q

PMC

A

pseudomembranous colitis
puss in intestinal wall
collections of WBC’s

82
Q

Toxic megacolon

A

gangrene of intestines

83
Q

best treatment of Clostridium difficile

A

nonconventional fecal implants

fecal matter of healthy individ are injested to colonize patient with bacterial flora

MMI133 (16 decks)

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