MMI133_Lecture4

Question 1

endotoxin

Answer 1

lipid A in LPS

part of cell structure
lipid molec (fat)
released from cell when dies/disintegrates

Question 2

exotoxin

Answer 2

protein
produced by bact cell
ribosomes synthesize
released from cells in many ways

enterotoxin, neurotoxin, cytotoxin

Question 3

enterotoxin

Answer 3

toxin affecting intestines

Question 4

neurotoxin

Answer 4

toxin affecting nervous system

Question 5

cytotoxin

Answer 5

toxin affecting cells of many types

Question 6

metabolism

Answer 6

sum total of all chemical reactions in an organism

Question 7

catabolic reactions release

Answer 7

energy

Question 8

anabolic reactions store

Answer 8

energy (ATP)

Question 9

why don’t chemical reactions want a very high temp?

Answer 9

bec too high and proteins in cells will be denatured

Question 10

enzymes

Answer 10

large protein molecs
catalysts
speed up chem reactions
substrate specific
“ase”
recyclable

Question 11

cellular controls that can affect enzyme function

Answer 11

temp
pH
saturation
salt conc
inhibitors - mercury + silver

Question 12

what do most microbes use as their #1 source for energy production?

Answer 12

carbohydrates

Question 13

what is the most common nutrient source

Answer 13

glucose

Question 14

what are the 2 processes that use glucose?

Answer 14

cellular respiration (aerobic + anaerobic)

fermentation

Question 15

what needs to be produced to run cell processes?

Answer 15

ATP/energy

Question 16

aerobic respiration

Answer 16

38ATP/1glucose
produce most

Question 17

obligate aerobes are…

Answer 17

bacteria that need oxygen in order to grow

Question 18

obligate anaerobes are…

Answer 18

bacteria that cannot grow in presence of oxygen

Question 19

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 19

2-4ATP/glucose
slower
less ATP

Question 20

what are 2 energy sources other than glucose?

Answer 20

lipids (fat)
proteins

Question 21

lipids are broken down by

Answer 21

lipases

Question 22

proteins are broken down by

Answer 22

proteases

Question 23

3 types of factors affecting bacterial growth

Answer 23

physical
chemical
environmental

Question 24

physical factors affecting bact growth

Answer 24

temp
ph
osmotic pressure
gas

Question 25

chemical factors affecting bact growth

Answer 25

metals, nut/s

Question 26

environmental factors affecting bact growth

Answer 26

intracellular growth

Question 27

psychrotrophs

Answer 27

20-30 C Listeria

Question 28

mesophiles

Answer 28

25-45 C most pathogens

Question 29

which 2 temp types of bact cause disease in humans?

Answer 29

psychrotrophs (20-30C) mesophiles (25-45C)

Question 30

Listeria monocytogenes

Answer 30

facultatively anaerobic wide temp range wide pH range high NaCl conc G+ bacillus psychrotorph

Question 31

Listeria monocytogenes

Answer 31

soil likely natural reservoir animal intestine thru feed hardy: low temps, high acidity, high salt conc

Question 32

Listeria monocytogenes cuases disease in...

Answer 32

animals + humans

Question 33

Listeria monocytogenes disease in animals

Answer 33

CNS infections - circling disease septic abortion

Question 34

Listeria monocytogenes disease in humans

Answer 34

food borne disease CNS infections/death abortion

Question 35

how do you get Listeria monocytogenes?

Answer 35

ingestion of contaminated food invasion of bacteria thru gastric epithelial cells (rearrangement of actin propels bacteria from 1 cell thru next cell membrane into another cell like a rocket) (gene ActA codes for this protein - an invasin)

Question 36

after bacteria grow inside macrophages, how do Listeria monocytogenes destroy the phagolysosome?

Answer 36

with listerolysin

Question 37

Listeria monocytogenes displays...

Answer 37

intracellular + extracellular growth

Question 38

who is at risk of Listeria monocytogenes?

Answer 38

elderly + immunocompromised pregnant women - influenza like bacteremic illness that can result in abortion/stillbirth

Question 39

transmission of Listeria monocytogenes

Answer 39

fecal-oral -coleslaw soft unpasteurized cheese turkey wieners, cold cuts mushrooms + prepackaged salad milk

Question 40

if proteins at too high or low pH?

Answer 40

denaturation + unraveling

Question 41

isotonic solution

Answer 41

solution conc outside = conc inside cell 0.85% NaCl just right

Question 42

hypotonic solution

Answer 42

lower conc of solution outside cell water moves into cell cell burst

Question 43

hypertonic solution

Answer 43

higher conc solution outside cell water moves out of cell cell shrinks plasmolysis

Question 44

obligate halophiles need...

Answer 44

high salt conc they are not human pathogens

Question 45

generation time

Answer 45

variable betw diff bacteria time for 1 bacterium to divide into 2 dependent on media + growth conditions aerobic usually faster than anaerobic

Question 46

the most effective time to use antibiotics is during...

Answer 46

the log or exponential growth phase

Question 47

what % of human infections involve biofilms?

Answer 47

85%

Question 48

what is a biofilm?

Answer 48

a community of bacteria antibiotics ineffective

Question 49

agar

Answer 49

growth media of algae with added nut.s for growing bacteria in-lab

Question 50

what type of media is often used for growing most human pathogens?

Answer 50

complex

Question 51

what type of blood and why is used for culturing human pathogen bacteria?

Answer 51

sheep blood bec doesn't have antibodies

Question 52

hemolysis

Answer 52

breakdown of blood cells in agar plates used for presumptive bacterial ID of Streptococcus spp

Question 53

Alpha

Answer 53

partial breakdown of rbc (greening) arnd + under bacteria colony

Question 54

Beta

Answer 54

total breakdown (clearing) of rbc around + under bacteria colony

Question 55

hemolysis

Answer 55

breakdown of rbc's

Question 56

what is id'd with hemolysis?

Answer 56

Streptococcus spp