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MMI133_Lecture14 Flashcards

1
Q

why is skin a poor environment for microbial growth?

A

dry, high salt, sebum
lysozyme (breaks down peptidoglycan)
antimicrobial peptides

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2
Q

most microbial inhabitants of skin are

A

G+

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3
Q

washing reduces #’s of normal flora but does not

A

eliminate normal flora
quickly re-establishes form hair follicles + sweat glands

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4
Q

high moisture areas (like groin, armpits) have

A

large microbial populations

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5
Q

skin + mucous membrane =

A

internal skin

largest organ of body
physical + chemical barrier to infection
would cover football field

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6
Q

both aerobic + some anaerobic bact grow

A

on skin

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7
Q

what are the most common bact on skin?

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis - dominant

other micrococci spp

Diphtheroids (Corynebacterium spp - aerobes on surface) (Propionibacterium spp - anaerobes live under surface in follicles + glands)

some yeasts - Malessezia furfur

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8
Q

mucous membranes

A

line body cavities
internal skin
sheets of epithelial cells attached to basement membrane
goblet cells in skin secrete mucus to protect mucosal surface
cilia on some cells
acidic pH, normal flora must like to live at lower phs

respiratory tract - alpha streptococci
vaginal canal - lactobacillus

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9
Q

conjunctiva

A

thin layer of mucous membrane lining the eyelids + covering the surface of eye

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10
Q

normal flora of eye surface

A

flora of conjunctival surface
micrococcus spp S. epidermidis in small #’s

alpha-hemolytic streptococci in small #s

diphtheroids (Corynebacterium spp) in small numbers

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11
Q

unless infected, the interior of the eye =

A

sterile fluid

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12
Q

eyelids are a

A

mechanical barrier to organisms

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13
Q

tears with lysozyme + IgA are

A

a chemical barrier to organisms

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14
Q

the conjunctiva is especially susceptible to infection

A

vulnerable epithelial surface
covered by eyelid which creates warm + moist conditiosn

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15
Q

conjunctivitis

A

inflammation of conjunctiva - thin layer of mucous membrane lining eyelieds + covering eye surface

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16
Q

bacterial conjunctivitis is characterized by

A

pus = goopy eye

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17
Q

ketatinitis

A

inflammation of cornea

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18
Q

bacterial keratitis is characterized by

A

pus

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19
Q

viral keratitis is characterized by

A

less pus

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20
Q

eyelids are often infected with

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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21
Q

blepharitis

A

inflammation of lid margins +/- infection

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22
Q

stye

A

involvedment of eyelid glands + follicles in infection

super painful

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23
Q

Acanthamoeba keratitis

A

parasite that gets into eye
Acanthamoeba is everywhere in dust
especially prone for contact wearers bec of tiny scratches on cornea due to contacts

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24
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis - trachoma

A

ocular = in eyes = types A - C
genital = types D-K

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25
eye infected with genital Chlamydia
inclusion conjunctivitis
26
Ophthalmia neonatorum
gonorrhea in newborn eye infections mum had gonorrhea, passed on to baby, used to do liquid silver in all babys' eyes, then antibiotics, now do enough mum tests + cultures to generally know if baby will need anything or not, so all babies don't need antibiotics
27
vesicle
skin lesion where there is a fluid-filled vesicle immediately under the skin < 1cm diameter herpes vesicles
28
bulla
skin lesion directly under skin where fluid-filled bulla is > 1cm
29
macule
red rash accumulation of immune cells in skin that look like red dots
30
pustule = papule
pustule is deeper in skin than vesicle and is filled with pus + neutrophils + is close to nerves, so lots of pressure/really painful = smallpox
31
Staphylococcus spp
G+ cocci in clusters non-motile = no flagellum non spore forming may or may not be capsules facultative anaerobic Staphylococcus aureus = primary pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis = opportunistic + most common on skin Staphylococcus saphrophyticus = primary pathogen in urinary tract infections for young women 14-19 yrs
32
Staphylococcus aureus
produces coagulase = differentiating characteristics from other staph spp converts fibrinogen soluble to fibrin insoluble do wall off bact + protect infection from macrophages coagulase positive staphylococci = Staph aureus often yellowish colonies on BAP yellow or golden staphylococci
33
differential media means
everything will grow on it, but it will look different
34
MSSA
methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus
35
MRSA
methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
36
virulence factors of staphylococcus aureus
coagulase adhesion molecs exotoxins + superantigens DNase membrane damaging toxins - leucocidin capsule (sometimes) protein A Fc receptor
37
Impetigo
infection of epidermal layer of skin often in newborns + young children + at daycares caused by staphylococci + streptococci treatement = removal of crusts + washing of lesions + application of topical antibiotics - water + soap only oral antibiotics if infection spreads + goes deeper
38
toxic shock syndrome
life threatening multisystem effects fever, vomiting + sunburn-like rash superantigen often exotoxin causing = TSST-1 (toxic shock syndrom toxin-1) = Staphylococcus aureus first tampon use - now mostly in patients after surgery + intravenous drug abusers s aureus but can also be GAS - group A streptococcus or streptococcus pyogenes treatment = as fast as possible via IV antibiotic = semisynthetic penicillin like oxacillin
39
GAS
group A streptococcus streptococcus pyogenes
40
scalded skin syndrom
neonatal or 2 degree toxic shock syndrom Staphylococcus aureus exfoliative toxin - breaks skin cell connectivity + skin sloughs off often begins as skin lesion exfoliative toxin affects junctions betw epidermal cells + causes loosening of cells treatment with IV antibiotic
41
streptococcus spp
facultative G+ cocci in chains grouping based on hemolytic reactions on blood agar alpha hemolytic (partial hemolysis - green) beta hemolytic (complete hemolysis - clear) gamma hemolytic
42
Landsfield typing
grouping of hemolytic streptococci based on cell wall carbohydrates Beta hemolysis = (group A - streptococcus pyogenes) (group B - streptococcus agalactiae)
43
streptococcus pyogenes
beta-hemolytic important pathogen in skin infections, M protein important M protein Group A or GAS - group a streptococci pharyngitis tonsillitis impetigo cellulitis, erysipelas childbed fever necrotozing fasciitis post-infectious disease - acute glomerulonephritis rheumatic fever = heart valve issues due to having strep through without penicillin/antibiotics
44
childbed fever
getting sick by being infected by bact from med students from morg when birthing women gave birth at hospital before peopel believed in washing hands
45
streptococcal toxins + enzymes
streptokinase (dissolves blood clots - fibrin) hyaluronidase (breaks down Connective tissue) deoxyribonucleases (degrade DNA) proteases (iga protease) erythrogenic toxin (rash of scarlet fever - superantigen) spe toxins (superantigens somtimes present in NF strains are exotoxins that cause massive tissue damage + inflammation like fleshing eating disease
46
erysipelas
infection of dermal layer of skin can progress to septicemia + fatal outcome can begin as pharyngitis treatment = antibiotic
47
streptococcal impetigo
anywhere on body treatment removal of crusts, gentle washing + topical antibiotics
48
necrotizaing fasciitis
flesh eating disease streptococcus pyogenes or GAS when pain is disproportionate to injury massive tissue damage G+ cocci in chains + growth of beta-hemolytic streptococci on blood agar plates speA toxin detected in bacterial isolate
49
flesh-eating disease treatment
debrided tissued - all affected tissue removed + IV antibiotics started
50
diagnostic symptom of necrotozing fasciitis or flesh-eating disease
disproportionate pain to injury extremely rapid progressive infection streptococci invade deep + destroy fascia or muscle sheath, liquifying tissues as progresses mortality >40% even with timely treatement very important for quick diagnosis + debridement of necrotic tissue + antibiotics
51
what dissolves blood clots?
streptokinase
52
necrotizing fasciitis caused by strep pyognes is transmitted by
direct contact
53
warts
human papillomavirus HPV not cancerous tree man
54
herpesviruses are
DNA viruses herpes = to crawl or creep 8 are human pathogens
55
HSV-1
cold cores typically reactivate when get a cold or something affecting immune system very common >90% of pop infected at some point, most in childhood may not know it oral rout or direct contact transmission remains latent in nerve endings (trigeminal nerve ganglia) + flares up with stress
56
herpes gladitorium
wrestlers - on body
57
herpes whitlow
from getting bit sore on finger occupational hazard of healthcare workers from getting bit by someone with herpes
58
measles = rubeola
maculopapular viral disease rubeola virus enveloped paramyxovirus RNA extremely infectious - airborne 90% attack rate in susceptible households systemic disease with rash 1 serotype, humans only natural host no latent or persistent infections
59
measles is often compelcated yb
secondary bact infections like staph aureus pneumonia + ear infections blindness in children with vit A dificiency
60
classiv measles disease
rarely subclinical - genearlly have symptoms respiratory - fever, malaise, anorexia, conjunctivitis, photphobia, myalgia KOPLIK's spots = red + wite + blue spots prior to rash in back of mouth maculopapular rash starts behind ears, spreads to face, upper arms, trunk then legs intense inflammaion of lymphoid tissue + mucosa of respiratory tract tracheobronchitis + pneumonia common
61
measles causes
immunosuppression dendritic cells + monocytes are infected, antigen presenint activity compromised circulating T lymphocytes dec by 50% messes up cytokine repspones need Th1 cells, but instead gets too much Th2 AB reduced macrophage activation
62
measles vaccine
95% effective after 1 dose herd immunity want 95% vax coverage combined measles mumps, rubella, varicella vax MMRV first dose at 12-15 mo second at 4-6 months
63
fifth 5th disease = B19
can lead to stillbirth + spontaneous abortion parvovirus, DNA, nonenveloped mild rash disease of childhood, usually no children complications pink lacy rash, cheeks become very red, which is usually first noticeable sign in children major complication - TAC (transient aplastic crisis) in pregnant women. parvovirus has tropism (likeing) for nucleated RBCs + invades + destroys RBCs in bone marrow. means that mothers hemoglobin can drop by 30-40% very quickly + fetus will not be getting enough oxygen - can lead to stillbirth + spontaneous abortion

MMI133 (16 decks)

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