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MMI133 > MMI133_Lecture13 > Flashcards

MMI133_Lecture13 Flashcards

1
Q

normal flora = normal microbiota

A

free of microbes in utero
aquire bact at birth if healthy

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2
Q

first bact contact for newborns

A

lactobacilli from mother’s vagina

with breastfeeding + exposure to environment + foods + people other types of organisms colonize skin + intestinal tracts

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3
Q

normal flora

A

respiratory - Streptococcus spp - mainly alpha hemolytic

GI - Bacteroides fragilis

Vagina - Lactobacilli

Skin - Staphylococcus epidermidis

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4
Q

transient microbiota

A

microorganisms that may be present on body surfaces temporarily (days, wks, months) then disappear

removed by handwashing - soap + mechanical scrubbing

pathogenic + nonpathogenic
don’t necessarily cause disease unless special conditions prevail

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5
Q

human body contains

A

equal or more bact cells than human cells

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6
Q

how infections start

A

pathogen finds suitable host
adheres to host cells + tissues
penetrates host defenses

some times pathogens can produce disease without penetrating body defensese by releasing toxins

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7
Q

what does normal flora do for us?

A

microbial antagonism - normal flora prevent overgrowth of harmful microorganisms
compete for nut.s, cellular receptors, production of substances that affect pH + available O2
if balance upset, disease can resu;lt

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8
Q

Candida albicans

A

normal flora in fertile woman consists of lactobacilli which metabolize glycogen + lower ph to 3.5-4.5 where Candida albicans cannot grow

if bact pops reduced by douching/washing, antibacterial deodorants or antibiotics, ph reverts to nearly neutral + Candida albicans can grow + become domiannt organisms and cause yeast infection

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9
Q

E. coli

A

in large intstine
produces bacteriocins which are proteins that inhibit growth of other bact like salmonella or shigella

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10
Q

Clostridium difficile

A

in lg intestine
usually inhibited by normal flora
broad spectrum antibiotics reduce normal microbiota to lveel where difficiel can take over, grow unchecked, produce toxins + invade intestinal lining

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11
Q

pathogen

A

microorganisms that can cause disease

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12
Q

primary pathogen

A

always cause disase even in healthy immunocompetent

NEVER normal flora

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13
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

may cause disease only if given right circumstances (compromised host or bact to sterile site)

CAN be normal flora

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14
Q

primary pathogens

A

Anthrax - Bacillus anthracis - G+ bacillus with spores - herbivores - in soil/on veg - no human-human transmission

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15
Q

Anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis
primary pathogen
lg aerobic G+ bacillus with spores - very hardy > 50yrs
disease of herbivores
found in soil + on veg
no human-human transmission

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16
Q

3 routes of infection for humans of Bacillus anthracis/Anthrax

A

inoculation (most common) - acquired via contact with animals or hides

inhalation (bioterror US 2002, not common - historically woolsorters disease

ingestion - common in carnivorous animals, also outbreaks in Africa due to eating contaminated meat

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17
Q

Pathogenesis of Bacillus anthracis/anthrax

A

plasmids responsible for acquisition of virulence factors
- pX01 - toxins
- pX02 - capsule - polypeptide capsule glutamic acid - antiphagocytic

inert nonmetabolizing spores germinate to growing vegetative bact when conditions are right
growth leads to production of toxin

toxin components - PA 9protective antigen), LF (lethal factor), EF (edema factor)
- always ahve PA, either LF or EF for toxicity

early treatment

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18
Q

drug of choice for antrax

A

penicillin

ciprofloxacin used if resistance suspected - susceptible to many antibiotics

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19
Q

the human antrax vaccine is

A

based on capsule, poor antigenicity, not good

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20
Q

the animal vaccine for anthrax

A

is good for controlling disease in animals

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21
Q

est that 130000 - 3 million deaths would result if

A

100kg bomb of Bacillus anthracis anthrax released

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22
Q

first eradication of an infectious disease

A

smallpox - 1977
last case somalia 1977
1 lab infection of 2 people

2 viral strains left in US + Russia

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23
Q

Smallpox = orthopoxvirus = variola virus

A

enveloped DNA virus
poxviridae

transmission - mucous membranes in upper resp tract
droplet transmission (coughs + sneezes)
direct + indirect transmission

contaminated blankets to first nations bioterrorism by english

vaccin - vaccinia different than smallpox viriola in 1 antigen, so cross react - vaccinia used in smallpox vax, safe

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24
Q

2 forms of smallpox

A

variola major - 30% mortality
- ordinary presentation - discrete, semiconfluent, confluent
- modified/mild
- flat hemorrhagic
infectious but not as much as flu

variola minor - 1% mortality

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25
Q

smallpox complications

A

lesiosn become infected secondarily with bact on skin like Staphylococcus aureus

bacteremia + sepsis + death

26
Q

smallpox epidemiology

A

no asymptomatic carriers or subclinical disease
no non-human reservoir

why it was able to be eradicated

no good drug for treatment, no effect for established disease

27
Q

zoonosis

A

disease transmitted to humans form animal
human = accidental host
animal can be healthy carrier or disease

anthrax, rabies, tularemia, chlamydia psittaci, west nile virus

28
Q

disease stages

A

incubation period - no signs or symptoms - asymptomatic - lowest # organisms

prodrome - mild sings + symptoms, getting established - slightly higher # organisms

illness - full swing, lots organisms - full symptoms, is responses fail, leads to death

period of decline - # orgnamisms dec, still lots of symptoms but getting better - similar to illness stage

convalescence - disease dying out, mild-no symptoms, still some organisms present though

29
Q

iceberg model of infection

A

the classical disease exhibitors and mild to moderate cases are just the tip of the iceberg for all the asymptomatic people who have no symptoms but antibodies may form and immune repsonse occurs

30
Q

horizontal transmission

A

person to person thru contact, ingestion, vectors etc

chickenpox, strep throat

31
Q

vertical transmission

A

from pregnant woman to fetus - streptococcus group B or rubella virus

32
Q

3 forms of transmission of infectous agents

A
  1. contact transmission
    - direct contact: persont-person kissing touching, sexual intercourse
    - indirect contact: from reservoir to susceptible host by non-living object - fomites
    - droplet transmission: microbes spread in droplet nuclei - mucous droplets, that travel up to 1m in air sneezing - 20000 droplet nuclei
  2. vehicle transmission
    - transmission by medium like food, air, water, blood, IV fluis
  3. vectors - arthropods
    - mechanical - passive transport on vectors body, like bact on feet of house-fly
    SITS on vector
    - biological transmission - part of life cycle of microorganisms is in arthropods body - like anopheles mosquitos with malaria -
    LIVES IN vector
33
Q

someone diagnosed with measles but doesn’t knwo anyone who has had measles

A

airborne route

34
Q

someone gets influenza likely from someone sneezing beside her

A

droplet transmission

35
Q

epidemiology

A

study when + where diseases occur - geographical stuff

purpose to control disease transmission

36
Q

notifiable diseases

A

physicians + laboratories required to report to public health

37
Q

incidence

A

diseases occuring in a specified TIME PERIOD

38
Q

prevalence

A

diseases in pop at particular POINT in time

39
Q

morbidity

A

incidence of specific diseases

40
Q

mortality

A

deaths from diseases

41
Q

if time period

A

= incidence

42
Q

acute disease

A

immediate - acute inflammatory responses where NEUTROPHIL is predominant cell type in infiltrate
- pus production
quick inflammatory response

43
Q

chronic disease

A

slower - chronic inflammatory reponses where predominant cell responders are MONONUCLEAR cells
slower infection type
development of granulomas

44
Q

sub-acute disease

A

intermediate betw acute + chronic, medium speed response
usually disease process that takes long time to develop fully

45
Q

latent disease

A

causative organisms may lie dormant for long periods of time before reactivating

46
Q

local infection

A

infection limited to 1 site

47
Q

systemic infection

A

disseminated or dispersed or generalized infection spread thru whole body
like blood infection

48
Q

focal infection

A

after spread of a systematic infection thru body, organisms stay in specific focal areas like liver in hepatitis

49
Q

primary infection

A

acute initial infection

50
Q

secondary infection

A

appears as a complication of a primary infection

51
Q

bacteremia

A

bacter in blood

52
Q

septicemia

A

multiplying bact in blood = sepsis

53
Q

toxemia

A

toxins in blood

54
Q

viremia

A

viruses in blood

55
Q

fungemia

A

fungi in blood

56
Q

parasitemia

A

parasites in blood

57
Q

nosocomial infections

A

hospital acquired infections

most - 34% Urinary tract infections

58
Q

sources of infection in hospitals - nosocomial sources

A

other patients
hospital environment
health care professionals
pateitns own normal flora
visitors

consequences: serious illness or death, prolonged hospital stay, expensive antimicrobials may be needed, patient may become carrier or source + spread the infection in community

59
Q

only way to curb multi-resistant organisms is

A

handwashing + adherence to hygienic routines

for MRSA - methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
VRE - vancomycin resistant enterococci
MRTB - multi-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis

60
Q

usual sources of infection to healthcare workers?

A

infected patients
soiled bedding, towels, dressings, other fomites
contaminated needles
surgical equipment

61
Q

avoid infection by

A

handwashing = # 1
gloves, gowns, masks, goggles
proper handling of needles
disinfection of environemnt

62
Q

what to do if accidentally get contaminated by splash or needle of hepatitis or HIV infected patient

A

wash needlesticks + cuts in soap + water
flush splashes to nose, mouth or skin with water
irrigate eyes with clean water, saline or sterile irrigants
report incident to supervisor
immediently seek medical attention
- if HIV - anti-retroviral therapy may be indicated in short period of time
- if Hep A or B - may necessitate immediate vax or immunoglobulin therapy

MMI133 (16 decks)

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