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MMI133_Lecture13 Flashcards

1
Q

normal flora = normal microbiota

A

free of microbes in utero
aquire bact at birth if healthy

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2
Q

first bact contact for newborns

A

lactobacilli from mother’s vagina

with breastfeeding + exposure to environment + foods + people other types of organisms colonize skin + intestinal tracts

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3
Q

normal flora

A

respiratory - Streptococcus spp - mainly alpha hemolytic

GI - Bacteroides fragilis

Vagina - Lactobacilli

Skin - Staphylococcus epidermidis

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4
Q

transient microbiota

A

microorganisms that may be present on body surfaces temporarily (days, wks, months) then disappear

removed by handwashing - soap + mechanical scrubbing

pathogenic + nonpathogenic
don’t necessarily cause disease unless special conditions prevail

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5
Q

human body contains

A

equal or more bact cells than human cells

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6
Q

how infections start

A

pathogen finds suitable host
adheres to host cells + tissues
penetrates host defenses

some times pathogens can produce disease without penetrating body defensese by releasing toxins

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7
Q

what does normal flora do for us?

A

microbial antagonism - normal flora prevent overgrowth of harmful microorganisms
compete for nut.s, cellular receptors, production of substances that affect pH + available O2
if balance upset, disease can resu;lt

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8
Q

Candida albicans

A

normal flora in fertile woman consists of lactobacilli which metabolize glycogen + lower ph to 3.5-4.5 where Candida albicans cannot grow

if bact pops reduced by douching/washing, antibacterial deodorants or antibiotics, ph reverts to nearly neutral + Candida albicans can grow + become domiannt organisms and cause yeast infection

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9
Q

E. coli

A

in large intstine
produces bacteriocins which are proteins that inhibit growth of other bact like salmonella or shigella

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10
Q

Clostridium difficile

A

in lg intestine
usually inhibited by normal flora
broad spectrum antibiotics reduce normal microbiota to lveel where difficiel can take over, grow unchecked, produce toxins + invade intestinal lining

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11
Q

pathogen

A

microorganisms that can cause disease

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12
Q

primary pathogen

A

always cause disase even in healthy immunocompetent

NEVER normal flora

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13
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

may cause disease only if given right circumstances (compromised host or bact to sterile site)

CAN be normal flora

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14
Q

primary pathogens

A

Anthrax - Bacillus anthracis - G+ bacillus with spores - herbivores - in soil/on veg - no human-human transmission

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15
Q

Anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis
primary pathogen
lg aerobic G+ bacillus with spores - very hardy > 50yrs
disease of herbivores
found in soil + on veg
no human-human transmission

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16
Q

3 routes of infection for humans of Bacillus anthracis/Anthrax

A

inoculation (most common) - acquired via contact with animals or hides

inhalation (bioterror US 2002, not common - historically woolsorters disease

ingestion - common in carnivorous animals, also outbreaks in Africa due to eating contaminated meat

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17
Q

Pathogenesis of Bacillus anthracis/anthrax

A

plasmids responsible for acquisition of virulence factors
- pX01 - toxins
- pX02 - capsule - polypeptide capsule glutamic acid - antiphagocytic

inert nonmetabolizing spores germinate to growing vegetative bact when conditions are right
growth leads to production of toxin

toxin components - PA 9protective antigen), LF (lethal factor), EF (edema factor)
- always ahve PA, either LF or EF for toxicity

early treatment

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18
Q

drug of choice for antrax

A

penicillin

ciprofloxacin used if resistance suspected - susceptible to many antibiotics

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19
Q

the human antrax vaccine is

A

based on capsule, poor antigenicity, not good

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20
Q

the animal vaccine for anthrax

A

is good for controlling disease in animals

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21
Q

est that 130000 - 3 million deaths would result if

A

100kg bomb of Bacillus anthracis anthrax released

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22
Q

first eradication of an infectious disease

A

smallpox - 1977
last case somalia 1977
1 lab infection of 2 people

2 viral strains left in US + Russia

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23
Q

Smallpox = orthopoxvirus = variola virus

A

enveloped DNA virus
poxviridae

transmission - mucous membranes in upper resp tract
droplet transmission (coughs + sneezes)
direct + indirect transmission

contaminated blankets to first nations bioterrorism by english

vaccin - vaccinia different than smallpox viriola in 1 antigen, so cross react - vaccinia used in smallpox vax, safe

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24
Q

2 forms of smallpox

A

variola major - 30% mortality
- ordinary presentation - discrete, semiconfluent, confluent
- modified/mild
- flat hemorrhagic
infectious but not as much as flu

variola minor - 1% mortality

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25
smallpox complications
lesiosn become infected secondarily with bact on skin like Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia + sepsis + death
26
smallpox epidemiology
no asymptomatic carriers or subclinical disease no non-human reservoir why it was able to be eradicated no good drug for treatment, no effect for established disease
27
zoonosis
disease transmitted to humans form animal human = accidental host animal can be healthy carrier or disease anthrax, rabies, tularemia, chlamydia psittaci, west nile virus
28
disease stages
incubation period - no signs or symptoms - asymptomatic - lowest # organisms prodrome - mild sings + symptoms, getting established - slightly higher # organisms illness - full swing, lots organisms - full symptoms, is responses fail, leads to death period of decline - # orgnamisms dec, still lots of symptoms but getting better - similar to illness stage convalescence - disease dying out, mild-no symptoms, still some organisms present though
29
iceberg model of infection
the classical disease exhibitors and mild to moderate cases are just the tip of the iceberg for all the asymptomatic people who have no symptoms but antibodies may form and immune repsonse occurs
30
horizontal transmission
person to person thru contact, ingestion, vectors etc chickenpox, strep throat
31
vertical transmission
from pregnant woman to fetus - streptococcus group B or rubella virus
32
3 forms of transmission of infectous agents
1. contact transmission - direct contact: persont-person kissing touching, sexual intercourse - indirect contact: from reservoir to susceptible host by non-living object - fomites - droplet transmission: microbes spread in droplet nuclei - mucous droplets, that travel up to 1m in air sneezing - 20000 droplet nuclei 2. vehicle transmission - transmission by medium like food, air, water, blood, IV fluis 3. vectors - arthropods - mechanical - passive transport on vectors body, like bact on feet of house-fly SITS on vector - biological transmission - part of life cycle of microorganisms is in arthropods body - like anopheles mosquitos with malaria - LIVES IN vector
33
someone diagnosed with measles but doesn't knwo anyone who has had measles
airborne route
34
someone gets influenza likely from someone sneezing beside her
droplet transmission
35
epidemiology
study when + where diseases occur - geographical stuff purpose to control disease transmission
36
notifiable diseases
physicians + laboratories required to report to public health
37
incidence
diseases occuring in a specified TIME PERIOD
38
prevalence
diseases in pop at particular POINT in time
39
morbidity
incidence of specific diseases
40
mortality
deaths from diseases
41
if time period
= incidence
42
acute disease
immediate - acute inflammatory responses where NEUTROPHIL is predominant cell type in infiltrate - pus production quick inflammatory response
43
chronic disease
slower - chronic inflammatory reponses where predominant cell responders are MONONUCLEAR cells slower infection type development of granulomas
44
sub-acute disease
intermediate betw acute + chronic, medium speed response usually disease process that takes long time to develop fully
45
latent disease
causative organisms may lie dormant for long periods of time before reactivating
46
local infection
infection limited to 1 site
47
systemic infection
disseminated or dispersed or generalized infection spread thru whole body like blood infection
48
focal infection
after spread of a systematic infection thru body, organisms stay in specific focal areas like liver in hepatitis
49
primary infection
acute initial infection
50
secondary infection
appears as a complication of a primary infection
51
bacteremia
bacter in blood
52
septicemia
multiplying bact in blood = sepsis
53
toxemia
toxins in blood
54
viremia
viruses in blood
55
fungemia
fungi in blood
56
parasitemia
parasites in blood
57
nosocomial infections
hospital acquired infections most - 34% Urinary tract infections
58
sources of infection in hospitals - nosocomial sources
other patients hospital environment health care professionals pateitns own normal flora visitors consequences: serious illness or death, prolonged hospital stay, expensive antimicrobials may be needed, patient may become carrier or source + spread the infection in community
59
only way to curb multi-resistant organisms is
handwashing + adherence to hygienic routines for MRSA - methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus VRE - vancomycin resistant enterococci MRTB - multi-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis
60
usual sources of infection to healthcare workers?
infected patients soiled bedding, towels, dressings, other fomites contaminated needles surgical equipment
61
avoid infection by
handwashing = # 1 gloves, gowns, masks, goggles proper handling of needles disinfection of environemnt
62
what to do if accidentally get contaminated by splash or needle of hepatitis or HIV infected patient
wash needlesticks + cuts in soap + water flush splashes to nose, mouth or skin with water irrigate eyes with clean water, saline or sterile irrigants report incident to supervisor immediently seek medical attention - if HIV - anti-retroviral therapy may be indicated in short period of time - if Hep A or B - may necessitate immediate vax or immunoglobulin therapy

MMI133 (16 decks)

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