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MMI133 > MMI133_Lecture8 > Flashcards

MMI133_Lecture8 Flashcards

1
Q

early antimicrobial substances

A

mercury
arsenic
fever
penicillin 1929 - selective activity on prokaryotes

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2
Q

Penicillin discovered by

A

Alexander Fleming
failed isolating + purifying drug

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3
Q

Things for only Eukaryotes

A

nuclei
ribosome 80s
Golgi
endoplasmic reticulum

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4
Q

things for only prokaryotes

A

cell wall
folic acid synthesis

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5
Q

common things betw eukaryotes + prokaryotes

A

plasma membrane
ribosome 70s (50S+30S)
cytosol
DNA

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6
Q

we can produce antiobiotics that will have a

A

selective effect on bact

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7
Q

weapons we have against infection

A

antiparasitic agents
antifungal agents
antiviral agents
antibiotics

some immunoactive substances - interferon
maintenance of immune integrity hygiene

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8
Q

antiparasitic agents

A

quinine + derivative for malaria
problem is increasing resistance of malaria to drugs

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9
Q

anti-fungal agents

A

problem of toxicity bec fungi = eukaryotes
most effective plasma membrane target ergosterol
all have some toxicity (kidney)

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10
Q

most common drug for systemic fungal illness

A

amphotericin B

inhibits ergosterol synthesis in cytoplasmic membrane of fungal cell)

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11
Q

anti-viral agents

A

Azidothymidine (AZT) or Zidovudine (HIV)

inhibits reverse transcriptase (synthesis of DNA from RNA)

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12
Q

the following modes of action of antiviral drugs DOES NOT include

A

inhibition of protein synthesis at 70S ribosomes

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13
Q

bacterio static antibiotics

A

stop bact replication
doesn’t kill bact

erythromycin (macrolides)

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14
Q

bactericidal antiobiotics

A

kill bact
stop bact metabolism

penicillin (beta-lactam)

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15
Q

major classes of antimicrobials

A

inhibition of cell wall synthesis
inhibition of protein synthesis
injury to plasma membrane
inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
inhibit synthesis of essential metabolites

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16
Q

cell wall synthesis examples

A

beta lactams (penicillins)
vancomycin bacitracin

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17
Q

nucleic acid synthesis examples

A

folate synthesis
dna gyrase
rna polymerase

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18
Q

protein synthesis examples

A

50s subunit
30s subunit (gentamicin)

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19
Q

cell membrane examples

A

polymyxins
topical

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20
Q

specific antibiotics

A

inhibit G- OR G+ organisms or certain bacterial spp

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21
Q

broad-spectrum antiobiotics

A

inhibit both G- + G+ bacteria
not specific

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22
Q

the most selective antimicrobial activity would be exhibited by a drug that

A

inhibits cell wall synthesis

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23
Q

penicillin is a

A

narrow spectrum

24
Q

who are the more susceptible to bacterial infection?

A

diabetics (hard to heal skin infections)

children (still developing immunity)

elderly (losing immunity - immunosenescence)

burn wound: skin + soft tissues (sterile tissues are exposed, don’t have outer protective skin layers)

immunocompromised (chemotherapy, neutropenia, deficient immune system)

25
Q

lack of hygiene can

A

cause infection in anyone

26
Q

dangers of antibiotics

A

allergies (especially penicillin)
pregnant women (tetracycline which can mess up teeth + bones in child)
children (need special small enough drugs for children)
people iwth liver/kidney damage (liver - fluoroquinolones, macrolides; kidneys - aminoglycosides)

27
Q

no antibiotic will be effective if used

A

too late in infection

-too much bact
too much damage
formation of abscesses
poor absorption of drug

28
Q

IV’s used instead of oral antibiotics bec

A

GI problems
only drug possible is in that form (vancomycin)
rapid bioavailability

serious infections - meningitis, speticaemia, endocarditis

29
Q

Clostridium perfringens

A

G+ bacilli

gangrene
bacteremia + sepsis
penicillin, clindamycin, metronidazole (anaerobic)

30
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

G-
opportunistic pathogens
water
lives in liquid soaps
common in burn patients + cystic fibrosis

endotoxins + exotoxins

reason for no flowers in intensive care unit

31
Q

Polymicrobial infections

A

need broad spectrium drugs
don’t know bact type

Enterobacter
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus

32
Q

penicillin was really good, but then…

A

bacterial mutation - production of beta-lactamase or penicillinase enzyme

33
Q

what does the beta-lacamase or penicillinase enzyme do?

A

breaks down beta-lactam ring in penicillin making is useless + inactive

34
Q

semi-synthetic penicillins

A

our response to mutations against penicillins to add side chain to penicillin to protect the beta-lactam ring

35
Q

4 ways bact become resistant to antibiotics

A

prevent penetration
destruction of drug
target site alteration
ejection of drug from bacterium (drug efflux)

36
Q

R-factors

A

plasmids that confer genes for resistance to antimicrobials

transferred via conjugation (sex pilus)
transferred betw diff spp

37
Q

why do bugs become resistant?

A

overuse
inappropriate treatment (for something that doens’t need it)
incomplete treatment regimes (stopping too soon)

ALL bugs don’t need drugs!

38
Q

what are superbugs?

A

bacteria that can’t be controlled by antibiotics

39
Q

what did the staphylococci do after semisynthetic drugs began to be used?

A

they mutated again!

40
Q

MRSA

A

methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

(MSSA = methicillin susceptible S. aureus)

41
Q

MSSA

A

methicillin susceptible Staphylococci aureus

42
Q

MRSA is a

A

huge concern for health facilities
nosocomial infectiosn

only treatement left is vancomycin

43
Q

VRE

A

Vancomycin resistant Enterococci

44
Q

Vancomycin resistant Enterococci

A

another superbug
Van A, B, C

resistance after animal feed issue

45
Q

ESBL

A

extended spectrum beta-lactamase

46
Q

XDR-TB

A

entensively drug resistant tuburculosis

South Africa 2006, 52/53 died
median age35
resistant to both first _ second line anti-TB drugs

but tehre is new hope with some new drugs

47
Q

MIC

A

minimum inhibitory concentration

minimum amount of antimicrobial to inhibit growth/not kill microorgamism

need to know for appropriate dosing levels + intervals

48
Q

drug of choice

A

drug deemd most effective with least toxicity for specific infection

penicillin drug of choice for streptococcal infections in throat

49
Q

disk diffusion test for antimicrobial susceptibilty

A

doesn’t give mic value

3 categories of sensitivity
s- sensitive/susceptible
i - intermediate
r - resistant

50
Q

categories of sensitivity in Disk diffusion

A

S = sensitive/susceptible
I = intermediate
R = resistant

51
Q

E-test

A

ellipse test for MIC determination
strip of gradient of antibiotic to test what is minimum amount needed

52
Q

monitoring of serum antimicrobial levels

A

needed for some drugs _ types of patients

attain effective levels (over MIC)
prevent toxic side effects
ascertain dosing intervals

aminoglycosides
vancomycin

53
Q

toxic side effects of chloramphenicol

A

bone marrow death

54
Q

toxic side effects of Aminoglycosides

A

ototoxic + nephrotoxic
may cause permanent deafness or kidney dysfunction

55
Q

dangerous superbugs

A

MRSA
VRE
ESBL
XDR-TB

56
Q

MIC and SIR are for

A

personalizing _ controling dosage of antibiotics

MMI133 (16 decks)

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