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MMI133_Lecture8 Flashcards

1
Q

early antimicrobial substances

A

mercury
arsenic
fever
penicillin 1929 - selective activity on prokaryotes

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2
Q

Penicillin discovered by

A

Alexander Fleming
failed isolating + purifying drug

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3
Q

Things for only Eukaryotes

A

nuclei
ribosome 80s
Golgi
endoplasmic reticulum

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4
Q

things for only prokaryotes

A

cell wall
folic acid synthesis

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5
Q

common things betw eukaryotes + prokaryotes

A

plasma membrane
ribosome 70s (50S+30S)
cytosol
DNA

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6
Q

we can produce antiobiotics that will have a

A

selective effect on bact

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7
Q

weapons we have against infection

A

antiparasitic agents
antifungal agents
antiviral agents
antibiotics

some immunoactive substances - interferon
maintenance of immune integrity hygiene

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8
Q

antiparasitic agents

A

quinine + derivative for malaria
problem is increasing resistance of malaria to drugs

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9
Q

anti-fungal agents

A

problem of toxicity bec fungi = eukaryotes
most effective plasma membrane target ergosterol
all have some toxicity (kidney)

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10
Q

most common drug for systemic fungal illness

A

amphotericin B

inhibits ergosterol synthesis in cytoplasmic membrane of fungal cell)

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11
Q

anti-viral agents

A

Azidothymidine (AZT) or Zidovudine (HIV)

inhibits reverse transcriptase (synthesis of DNA from RNA)

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12
Q

the following modes of action of antiviral drugs DOES NOT include

A

inhibition of protein synthesis at 70S ribosomes

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13
Q

bacterio static antibiotics

A

stop bact replication
doesn’t kill bact

erythromycin (macrolides)

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14
Q

bactericidal antiobiotics

A

kill bact
stop bact metabolism

penicillin (beta-lactam)

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15
Q

major classes of antimicrobials

A

inhibition of cell wall synthesis
inhibition of protein synthesis
injury to plasma membrane
inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
inhibit synthesis of essential metabolites

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16
Q

cell wall synthesis examples

A

beta lactams (penicillins)
vancomycin bacitracin

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17
Q

nucleic acid synthesis examples

A

folate synthesis
dna gyrase
rna polymerase

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18
Q

protein synthesis examples

A

50s subunit
30s subunit (gentamicin)

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19
Q

cell membrane examples

A

polymyxins
topical

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20
Q

specific antibiotics

A

inhibit G- OR G+ organisms or certain bacterial spp

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21
Q

broad-spectrum antiobiotics

A

inhibit both G- + G+ bacteria
not specific

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22
Q

the most selective antimicrobial activity would be exhibited by a drug that

A

inhibits cell wall synthesis

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23
Q

penicillin is a

A

narrow spectrum

24
Q

who are the more susceptible to bacterial infection?

A

diabetics (hard to heal skin infections)

children (still developing immunity)

elderly (losing immunity - immunosenescence)

burn wound: skin + soft tissues (sterile tissues are exposed, don’t have outer protective skin layers)

immunocompromised (chemotherapy, neutropenia, deficient immune system)

25
lack of hygiene can
cause infection in anyone
26
dangers of antibiotics
allergies (especially penicillin) pregnant women (tetracycline which can mess up teeth + bones in child) children (need special small enough drugs for children) people iwth liver/kidney damage (liver - fluoroquinolones, macrolides; kidneys - aminoglycosides)
27
no antibiotic will be effective if used
too late in infection -too much bact too much damage formation of abscesses poor absorption of drug
28
IV's used instead of oral antibiotics bec
GI problems only drug possible is in that form (vancomycin) rapid bioavailability serious infections - meningitis, speticaemia, endocarditis
29
Clostridium perfringens
G+ bacilli gangrene bacteremia + sepsis penicillin, clindamycin, metronidazole (anaerobic)
30
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
G- opportunistic pathogens water lives in liquid soaps common in burn patients + cystic fibrosis endotoxins + exotoxins reason for no flowers in intensive care unit
31
Polymicrobial infections
need broad spectrium drugs don't know bact type Enterobacter Staphylococcus Streptococcus
32
penicillin was really good, but then...
bacterial mutation - production of beta-lactamase or penicillinase enzyme
33
what does the beta-lacamase or penicillinase enzyme do?
breaks down beta-lactam ring in penicillin making is useless + inactive
34
semi-synthetic penicillins
our response to mutations against penicillins to add side chain to penicillin to protect the beta-lactam ring
35
4 ways bact become resistant to antibiotics
prevent penetration destruction of drug target site alteration ejection of drug from bacterium (drug efflux)
36
R-factors
plasmids that confer genes for resistance to antimicrobials transferred via conjugation (sex pilus) transferred betw diff spp
37
why do bugs become resistant?
overuse inappropriate treatment (for something that doens't need it) incomplete treatment regimes (stopping too soon) ALL bugs don't need drugs!
38
what are superbugs?
bacteria that can't be controlled by antibiotics
39
what did the staphylococci do after semisynthetic drugs began to be used?
they mutated again!
40
MRSA
methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA = methicillin susceptible S. aureus)
41
MSSA
methicillin susceptible Staphylococci aureus
42
MRSA is a
huge concern for health facilities nosocomial infectiosn only treatement left is vancomycin
43
VRE
Vancomycin resistant Enterococci
44
Vancomycin resistant Enterococci
another superbug Van A, B, C resistance after animal feed issue
45
ESBL
extended spectrum beta-lactamase
46
XDR-TB
entensively drug resistant tuburculosis South Africa 2006, 52/53 died median age35 resistant to both first _ second line anti-TB drugs but tehre is new hope with some new drugs
47
MIC
minimum inhibitory concentration minimum amount of antimicrobial to inhibit growth/not kill microorgamism need to know for appropriate dosing levels + intervals
48
drug of choice
drug deemd most effective with least toxicity for specific infection penicillin drug of choice for streptococcal infections in throat
49
disk diffusion test for antimicrobial susceptibilty
doesn't give mic value 3 categories of sensitivity s- sensitive/susceptible i - intermediate r - resistant
50
categories of sensitivity in Disk diffusion
S = sensitive/susceptible I = intermediate R = resistant
51
E-test
ellipse test for MIC determination strip of gradient of antibiotic to test what is minimum amount needed
52
monitoring of serum antimicrobial levels
needed for some drugs _ types of patients attain effective levels (over MIC) prevent toxic side effects ascertain dosing intervals aminoglycosides vancomycin
53
toxic side effects of chloramphenicol
bone marrow death
54
toxic side effects of Aminoglycosides
ototoxic + nephrotoxic may cause permanent deafness or kidney dysfunction
55
dangerous superbugs
MRSA VRE ESBL XDR-TB
56
MIC and SIR are for
personalizing _ controling dosage of antibiotics

MMI133 (16 decks)

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