mitral regurgitation

Question 1

what is mitral regurgitation?

Answer 1

occurs when blood leaks back through the mitral valve on systole.

Question 2

risk factors of mitral regurgitation

Answer 2

• female sex
• lower body mass
• age
• renal dysfucntion
• prior myocardial infarction
• prior mitral stenosis or valve prolapse
• collagen disorders

Question 3

causes of MR

Answer 3

following coronary artery disease or post-MI. 
mitral valve prolapse. 
infective endocarditis. 
rheumatic fever.
congenital,

Question 4

symptoms

Answer 4

most patients are asymptomatic

Question 5

failure of left ventricle symptoms

Answer 5

fatigue
shortness of breath
oedema

Question 6

signs

Answer 6

pan systolic murmur described as “blowing”.

heard best at apex.

Question 7

ECG investigations

Answer 7

broad P wave

Question 8

chest x-ray findings

Answer 8

cardiomegaly, enlarge left atrium and ventricle

Question 9

medical management in acute cases

Answer 9

nitrate diuretics, postive inotropes, and an intra-aortic balloon pump to increase cardiac output.

Question 10

Management for patients in heart failure

Answer 10

ACE inhibitors may be considered along with beta-blockers and spironolactone.

Question 11

management in severe, acute, regurgitation

Answer 11

surgery - evidence for repair over replacement in strong in degenerative regurgitation.
valve replacement with either an artificial or pig valve is considered, if repair is not possible.