heart sounds: S2

Question 1

causes of loud S2

Answer 1

• hypertension
• hyperdynamic states
• atrial septal defect without pulmonary hypertension

Question 2

causes of soft S2

Answer 2

• aortic stenosis

Question 3

causes of fixed S2

Answer 3

• atrial septal defect

Question 4

causes of a widely split S2

Answer 4

• deep inspiration
• RBBB
• pulmonary stenosis
• severe mitral regurgitation

Question 5

causes of revered split S2

Answer 5

• LBBB
• severe aortic stenosis
• patent ductus arteriosus