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GI > Miscellaneous Concepts > Flashcards

Miscellaneous Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

L1: Which congenital/developmental pathology? Failure of normal separation of intestinal and respiratory tracts

A

Tracheoesophageal Fistula

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2
Q

L1: Which contrast agent is mainly used in patients with high risk of gut perforation or toxic megacolon?

A

Iodinated water-soluble

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3
Q

L1: Which polyp type? Most common in older patients in the left colon and rectum; small overgrowth of superficial epithelium

A

Hyperplastic polyp

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4
Q

L1: Which polyp type? Overgrown and disorganized tissue most commonly seen in pediatric patients in the context of syndromes

A

Hamartomatous polyp

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5
Q

L1: Which polyp type? Present with bleeding, cycles of injury and healing result in polyp formation

A

Inflammatory polyp

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6
Q

L2: Which contrast agent is contraindicated for use upstream of a mechanical obstruction?

A

Barium

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7
Q

L2: ____ is the predominant factor driving T helper cell differentiation in Peyer’s Patches.

A

TGF-beta

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8
Q

L2: ____ mutations are markers that EGFR inhibitors will not be effective treatment.

A

K-RAS

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9
Q

L2: ____ secreted by dendritic cells favors Treg differentiation.

A

IL-10

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10
Q

L2: Colon cancers most commonly metastasize to the ______.

A

liver

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11
Q

L2: Epitope spreading in celiac disease may result in IgA antibodies that cause which systemic sign?

A

Dermatitis Herpetiformis

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12
Q

L2: In IBD, there is high activation of _____ cells that cannot be shut down.

A

Th1, Th17

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13
Q

L2: Meat sensitivity may result from exposure to ______ which results in IgE antibodies directed against _____.

A

Lone Star Tick; alpha-gal

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14
Q

L2: Name three contrast agents used in abdominal imaging.

A

Air, Barium, Iodinated water-soluble

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15
Q

L2: Th0 cells in the presences of TGF-beta and IL-6 in the gut will differentiate into ____ cells.

A

Th1, Th2, or Th17

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16
Q

L2: Th0 cells in the presences of TGF-beta in the gut will differentiate into ____ cells.

A

iTreg

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17
Q

L2: What is the characteristic cytokine(s) released by Th1 cells?

A

IFN-gamma

18
Q

L2: What is the characteristic cytokine(s) released by Th2 cells?

A

IL-4, IL13

19
Q

L2: What is the most sensitive imaging study for detection of air

A

Upright CXR

20
Q

L2: What radiologic study can be used to detect the source of a GI bleed?

A

Tagged RBC scan

21
Q

L2: Which congenital/developmental pathology? Choking with feeds, inability to swallow secretions, polyhydramnios

A

Tracheoesophageal Fistula

22
Q

L2: Which congenital/developmental pathology? Defect in abdominal rectus leading to abdominal contents outside of the abdominal cavity with no amniotic covering

A

Gastroschisis

23
Q

L2: Which congenital/developmental pathology? Defect of ENS development resulting in absence of ganglion cells; associated with RET mutations

A

Hirschsprung Disease

24
Q

L2: Which congenital/developmental pathology? Failure of intestines to return to abdomen following physiologic herniation during weeks 6-10 of development

A

Omphalocele

25
Q

L2: Which congenital/developmental pathology? Most common malformation of small intestine

A

Meckel Diverticulum

26
Q

L2: Which congenital/developmental pathology? Polyhydramnios and obstructive symptoms with presumed vascular etiology, associated with Down Syndrome

A

Intestinal Atresia

27
Q

L2: Which congenital/developmental pathology? Presents with midgut volvulus, obstruction, and billious vomiting

A

Intestinal malrotation

28
Q

L2: Which congenital/developmental pathology? Results from abnormal remnant of vitelline duct

A

Meckel Diverticulum

29
Q

L2: Which congenital/developmental pathology? Saccular or tubular structures that may or may not communicate with normal bowel

A

GI Duplication

30
Q

L2: Which congenital/developmental pathology? Typically occurs as a consequence of prematurity, feeding intolerance, bloody stools, abdominal distension

A

Necrotizing enterocolitis

31
Q

L2: Which contrast agent is contraindicated in patients with high risk of aspiration?

A

Iodinated water-soluble

32
Q

L2: Which pathologic pattern? Autosomal dominant mutation in APC that increases risk of colon cancer dramatically

A

FAP

33
Q

L2: Which pathologic pattern? Inherited mutation of mismatch repair gene allele that increases risk of colon cancer

A

HNPCC

34
Q

L2: Which polyp type? Premalignant polyp more commonly in the right colon with dysplasia

A

Sessile Serrated Polyp

35
Q

L2: Which T helper cells are overactive in allergic conditions?

A

TH2

36
Q

L2: Which T helper cells are overactive in IBD?

A

Th1, Th17

37
Q

L2: Which tumor type? Benign salivary gland tumor with diverse microscopic pattern and duct-like structures

A

Pleomorphic adenoma

38
Q

L2: Which tumor type? Contains epithelial and lymphoid components; second most common benign tumor of the parotid gland

A

Warthin’s Tumor

39
Q

L3: Name 4 strong risk factors for colorectal carcinoma.

A

Age, Country of origin, FAP/HNPCC, Ulcerative Colitis

40
Q

L4: Name 4 pathways associated with colon cancer.

A

Wnt/APC/Beta-catenin, K-RAS, microsattelite instability, epigenetic

GI (15 decks)

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