Miscellaneous Flashcards
incidence equation
in 2 x 2, will be
new cases
pop at risk
a/a+b
attributable risk equaiton
incidence exposed - incidence unexposed
proportion attributbale risk eq
attributable risk
incidence exposed
easy to perform, doesnt compare outcomes
starts w populatin w
type of study
case series
dz
___ is timely/inexpensive
ideal for __ cx
some ____ bias
__ and __ bias
no ___
case control
rare
selection
recall/interviewer
follow up
__ is observational
provides ___
best study for ___
often have __ bias
factors may be ___
__ bias
cohort study
attributable risk
diagnosis
selection
poorly monitored
surveillance
___ is most reliable design
equal distribution of __
minimizes ___
__ detects a true difference
type 1 error is __
type 2 error is ___
RCT
risk factors
bias
power
falsepos
false neg
___ is for generalizability
increases ___
evalautes ___ evidence
problems w ___/__ bias
systematic review
precison
all
heterogeneity, publusher
-1 to -.7 is __ correkation
-.7-.4 is ___ correlation
.4-.2 is ___ correlation
.2 - .4 is ___
.4-.7 is ___ correlation
.7-1 is ___ correlation
strong neg
mod neg
weak neg
weak pos
mod pos
strong pos
an effect of one factor confused/distorted by effect of second factor is ___
look for significant __ bw groups
confounding
difference
data collection methods results in more complete acquistion in one group ccompared to the other is
interviewer bias
screening identifies an illness that WOULD NOT HAVE SHOWN CLINICAL SIGNS before pt death
looks like reduced ___, but more people being ___
overdiagnosis bias
mortality
dx
published literature is unrepresentative of completed studies
publication bias
cases/controls remember exposure/RF differently
occurs in __ and __ studies
recall bias
case control, retrospective
choice of pt introduces systemic difference between groups
occurs in __ study
selection bias
obersvational
odds ratio eq in 2x2
relative risk eq in 2x2
a/b / c/d
a/a+b / c/c+d
NNT eq
1/ARR
Average risk reduction equation
incidence in control - incidence in exposed
relative risk reduction eq
CER-EER
CER
PPV eq
NPV eq
TP/TP+FP
TN/TN+FN
Sensitivity eq
specificity eq
TP/TP+FN
TN/TN+FP
method to dec confounding
subgroup analysis
range of values that marks precision of point estimate
determines ___
does not include value reflecting ____
absolute risk difference of __
risk ratio of ___
confidence interval
statistical significance
no effect
0
1
Phase 1 trial
___ volunteers
measures S/S/D
healthy
safety, SE, delivery
Phase 2 trial
participants are ___
comparison to __/__
outcomes __/___
affected pt
none/placebo
efficacy/dosing
phase 3 trial
includes ___
compares to __/__
outcomes for long terrm ___ or ___
affected pt
placebo/standard tx
follow up, SE
phase 4
includes ___
compares to ____
outcomes: long term __, E, G
drug is already ____
affected pt
standard tx
safety, efficacy, generalizability
FDA approved
Do not perform interventions that harm but do not benefit
principle?
nonmaleficence
act in patients interest
benefit of intervention outweighs risk
principle?
beneficence
respect for individual
pt has right to decide
principle?
autonomy
treat all pt fairly
pt loses right to decide if it ___
principle?
justice
harms others
Informed consent
pt must __ pertinent info
describe P/R/B/A
should be ___
Exceptions: implied in __
pt lacks ___
inconsistent w __/__
clouded by __ or __ or __
choices __ often
minors: parent __ obtained
adolescent ____
understand
procedure, risks, benefits, alternatives
consistent
emegency
decision making capacity
values/past
mood disorder, delusion, hallucination
vary
consent
assent
competent pt has right to __, even w ___
__/__ does not overrule
own decisions, advance directives
POA/family
__ always unacceptable
euthanasia
__ w intent to relieve pain/suffering
tx is acceptable even if __
terminal sedation
shortens life
futile care means not __ to do anything tha does not ___
obligated, benefit pt
HIPAA
pt owns ____
must allow ___
exception
potential to harm __
High likelihood of harming __
HCI
release
others
self
duty to warn
reportable dz like __/__/__
inform ___
___ abuse
__ abuse
STI/TB/hepatitis
potential victims
child
elder
Adolescent consent determined by ___
all states permit __ and __
most states permit ___ and ___
state
STI tx/dx
contraception/pregnancy services
elements of informed consent
C/D/U/V
exceptions
severe __
P
children under __
competence
disclosure
understanding
voluntariness
infections
prisoner
18
always use __ w cohort
always use __ w case control
risk
odds ratio
differences of study pops in systematic review
heterogeneity
inc screening dx a dz that would be later dx
lead time bias
more likely to pick up slow progressing diseases
look for __ or __/___
length bias
stages
advanced/non advanced
Forest plot
uses ___
significant if diamond does not cross ___
high __ indicates heterogeneity
relative risk
1
I2
percentage of people w disease that test detects
percentage of people wout disease that test negative
sensitivity
specificity
percentage of pop that tests positive for dz
percentage of pop that tests negative
PPV
NPV
