Miscellaneous

Question 1

incidence equation

in 2 x 2, will be

Answer 1

new cases
pop at risk

a/a+b

Question 2

attributable risk equaiton

Answer 2

incidence exposed - incidence unexposed

Question 3

proportion attributbale risk eq

Answer 3

attributable risk

incidence exposed

Question 4

easy to perform, doesnt compare outcomes
starts w populatin w

type of study

Answer 4

case series

dz

Question 5

___ is timely/inexpensive
ideal for __ cx

some ____ bias
__ and __ bias
no ___

Answer 5

case control
rare

selection
recall/interviewer
follow up

Question 6

__ is observational
provides ___
best study for ___

often have __ bias
factors may be ___
__ bias

Answer 6

cohort study
attributable risk
diagnosis

selection
poorly monitored
surveillance

Question 7

___ is most reliable design
equal distribution of __
minimizes ___

__ detects a true difference
type 1 error is __
type 2 error is ___

Answer 7

RCT
risk factors
bias

power
falsepos
false neg

Question 8

___ is for generalizability
increases ___
evalautes ___ evidence

problems w ___/__ bias

Answer 8

systematic review
precison
all

heterogeneity, publusher

Question 9

-1 to -.7 is __ correkation
-.7-.4 is ___ correlation
.4-.2 is ___ correlation

.2 - .4 is ___
.4-.7 is ___ correlation
.7-1 is ___ correlation

Answer 9

strong neg
mod neg
weak neg

weak pos
mod pos
strong pos

Question 10

an effect of one factor confused/distorted by effect of second factor is ___

look for significant __ bw groups

Answer 10

confounding

difference

Question 11

data collection methods results in more complete acquistion in one group ccompared to the other is

Answer 11

interviewer bias

Question 12

screening identifies an illness that WOULD NOT HAVE SHOWN CLINICAL SIGNS before pt death

looks like reduced ___, but more people being ___

Answer 12

overdiagnosis bias

mortality
dx

Question 13

published literature is unrepresentative of completed studies

Answer 13

publication bias

Question 14

cases/controls remember exposure/RF differently

occurs in __ and __ studies

Answer 14

recall bias

case control, retrospective

Question 15

choice of pt introduces systemic difference between groups

occurs in __ study

Answer 15

selection bias

obersvational

Question 16

odds ratio eq in 2x2

relative risk eq in 2x2

Answer 16

a/b / c/d

a/a+b / c/c+d

Question 17

NNT eq

Answer 17

1/ARR

Question 18

Average risk reduction equation

Answer 18

incidence in control - incidence in exposed

Question 19

relative risk reduction eq

Answer 19

CER-EER

CER

Question 20

PPV eq

NPV eq

Answer 20

TP/TP+FP

TN/TN+FN

Question 21

Sensitivity eq

specificity eq

Answer 21

TP/TP+FN

TN/TN+FP

Question 22

method to dec confounding

Answer 22

subgroup analysis

Question 23

range of values that marks precision of point estimate

determines ___

does not include value reflecting ____

absolute risk difference of __

risk ratio of ___

Answer 23

confidence interval

statistical significance

no effect

0

1

Question 24

Phase 1 trial

___ volunteers

measures S/S/D

Answer 24

healthy

safety, SE, delivery

Question 25

Phase 2 trial participants are ___ comparison to __/__ outcomes __/___

Answer 25

affected pt none/placebo efficacy/dosing

Question 26

phase 3 trial includes ___ compares to __/__ outcomes for long terrm ___ or ___

Answer 26

affected pt placebo/standard tx follow up, SE

Question 27

phase 4 includes ___ compares to ____ outcomes: long term __, E, G drug is already ____

Answer 27

affected pt standard tx safety, efficacy, generalizability FDA approved

Question 28

Do not perform interventions that harm but do not benefit principle?

Answer 28

nonmaleficence

Question 29

act in patients interest benefit of intervention outweighs risk principle?

Answer 29

beneficence

Question 30

respect for individual pt has right to decide principle?

Answer 30

autonomy

Question 31

treat all pt fairly pt loses right to decide if it ___ principle?

Answer 31

justice harms others

Question 32

Informed consent pt must __ pertinent info describe P/R/B/A should be ___ Exceptions: implied in __ pt lacks ___ inconsistent w __/__ clouded by __ or __ or __ choices __ often minors: parent __ obtained adolescent ____

Answer 32

understand procedure, risks, benefits, alternatives consistent emegency decision making capacity values/past mood disorder, delusion, hallucination vary consent assent

Question 33

competent pt has right to __, even w ___ __/__ does not overrule

Answer 33

own decisions, advance directives POA/family

Question 34

__ always unacceptable

Answer 34

euthanasia

Question 35

__ w intent to relieve pain/suffering tx is acceptable even if __

Answer 35

terminal sedation shortens life

Question 36

futile care means not __ to do anything tha does not ___

Answer 36

obligated, benefit pt

Question 37

HIPAA pt owns ____ must allow ___ exception potential to harm __ High likelihood of harming __

Answer 37

HCI release others self

Question 38

duty to warn reportable dz like __/__/__ inform ___ ___ abuse __ abuse

Answer 38

STI/TB/hepatitis potential victims child elder

Question 39

Adolescent consent determined by ___ all states permit __ and __ most states permit ___ and ___

Answer 39

state STI tx/dx contraception/pregnancy services

Question 40

elements of informed consent C/D/U/V exceptions severe __ P children under __

Answer 40

competence disclosure understanding voluntariness infections prisoner 18

Question 41

always use __ w cohort always use __ w case control

Answer 41

risk odds ratio

Question 42

differences of study pops in systematic review

Answer 42

heterogeneity

Question 43

inc screening dx a dz that would be later dx

Answer 43

lead time bias

Question 44

more likely to pick up slow progressing diseases look for __ or __/___

Answer 44

length bias stages advanced/non advanced

Question 45

Forest plot uses ___ significant if diamond does not cross ___ high __ indicates heterogeneity

Answer 45

relative risk 1 I2

Question 46

percentage of people w disease that test detects percentage of people wout disease that test negative

Answer 46

sensitivity specificity

Question 47

percentage of pop that tests positive for dz percentage of pop that tests negative

Answer 47

PPV NPV