Foundations Flashcards
Gram negative diplococci bug
reinfection bc of ___
alters ___
recombination of __ and __
N gonorrhea
antigenic variation
surface proteins
pilS and pilE
Decreasing caloric intake results in inc in ___
hepatic lipid oxidation
Nondisjunction in mitosis result of failed ___
seen w ___ such as ___
separation of sister chromatids
Mosaicism, Turner Sydnrome
Exchange of DNA bw nonhomologous chromos is ___
can be ___ or result in __
reciprocal translocation
noraml
CML
exchange of short/long arms bw nonhomologous chromos is ____
assc w __ (trisomy __) and ___ (trisomy ___)
robertsonian translocation
down sydrome, 21q
Patau syndrome, 13q
more freq inactivation of same X chromos (maternal/apternal) is ___
leads to ___ of some __ features
skewed x inactivation
female expression, X linked disease
inheritance of two copies of chromosome from same parent is ____
seen in __ from father, ___ from mother
uniparental disomy
Angelman, prader willi
Inflam phase 0-3 days
__ and __ remove bacteria/debrs from wound
release of __/__/__
__ migrate to wound
PMNs/macros
GF, collagenase, elastase
fibroblasts
Proliferative phase 3-7 days
__ as basal epidermal cell migration occurs, via __
__ as fibroblasts proliferate to form new ___
__ with formation of new __
epithelialization, matrix metalloproteinases
fibroplasia, ECM
angiogenesis
Maturation phase 7-60 days
appearance of __
disorganized __ and __
cycles of __ synth/renewal
__ inc organized w _/__ fibers
scar
collagen bundles/fibroblasts
collagen
collagen, parallel/cross linked
Aquired T helper cell def dz
sx by ___
reduced __ cells
AIDS
5-6 yrs
CD4 T cells
failure of phagocytes to generate ROS dz
sx by __
recurrent __ and __ and __
CGD
1yr
PNA, skin infections, lymphadenitis
Thymic hypoplasia/aplasia dz
sx are ___
recurrent ___
DiGeorge syndrome
variable
sinopulmonary infections
Impaired development/fxn of T/B lymphs dz
sx by ___
__ and __ infections
absent ___ cells
SCID
6m
sinopulmonary/GI
CD3 T cells
Incomplete b cell maturation bc of BTK mutation dz
sx bw __ to __
recurrent __
X linked agammaglobulinemia
6m to 2yr
sinopulmonary infections
HIV pt, presents with tonic clonic seizure, unilateral weakness dz
MRI shows ___
Toxoplasma gondii
peripheral enhancement of contrast
High radiation exposure prodces scattered, indiv epidermal cells w __, markedly __ cytoplasm and __ and __ nuclei
morphologic changes of __
shrunken, eosinophilic, pyknotic/fragmented
apoptosis
itchy, watery eyes, runny nose, sneezing type of hypersensitivity rxn
reddening w allergen, response initiated by ___
type 1
IgE
Clostridium perfringens is gram __
virulence factor is ___
results in __, skin is ___
alpha toxin also seen w __
positive rod
alpha toxin
crepitus, black
Staph aureus
Endotoxin is __ attached to ___
seen w __
lipopolysaccharide, outer membrane
Gram neg bacteria
Fimbriae- attachment pilus to __
Gram - include __ and __
Gram + include ___
adhere to tissues
E coli, N gonorrhea
S pyo
Pneumolysin- __ toxin that __ host cells
bacteria includes __
pore forming, lyses
s pneumo
Polysaccharide capsule- outermost layer resists __ and ___
seen w __, _, __
complement/phagocytosis
Hib, S pneumo, N meningitidis
p53 mediates arrest of which part of the cell cycle
other factors important include __, __, __
commonly affected by
G1
Cyclin D, CDK 4/6, pRB
radiation
Galactosemia is def in __
__ in urine
pt presents w __, __, ___
may have __ and ___
pt is ___
GALT
reducing substances
FtT, irritability, vomiting
jaundice/hepatomegaly
young
Type 1 hypersensitivity rxn
mediated by __, onset is __
findings U, A, H, E
such as w A, A, A
IgE, quick
urticaria, angioedema, hypoTN, edema
anaphylaxis, asmtha, angioedema
Type 2 hypersensitivity rxn
__ mediated, ___
localized rxn over __ to __
usually ___
leads to __ and ___
antibody, cytotoxic
hrs-days
drug induced
hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia
Type 3 hypersensitivity rxn
___ deposition
diffuse rxn over __ to __
involves ___, __, __, __
includes S, H, S
immune complex
hr to days
skin, kidneys, lungs, joints
serum sickness, hypersensitivity pneumo, SLE
Type 4 hypersensitivity rxn
delayed ___ rxn
occurs after __, is ___
includes ___ ie __
__ dz
___ (PPD)
cell mediated
2-3 days, localized
allergic contact dermatitis, poison ivy
granulomatous
TB skin test
most likely mechanism to developing edema following trauma
separation of endothelial jxns
2yr old w developmental problems, low ht/wt
large head circumference
born to parents w learning disabilities
most likely dz
due to
fragile x syndrome
trinucleotide repeat expansion
lab finding to support susceptibility to infections
dec macrophage activity
Antifreeze ingestion
arterial pH is __
serum bicarb is __
CO2 is ____
low
low
low
Mixed resp/met acidosis
arterial pH
serum bicarb
CO2
dec
inc
inc
Acute met alk
arterial pH
serum bicarb
CO2
inc
dec
inc
chronic resp alkalosis
arterial pH
serum bicarb
CO2
inc
dec
dec
chronic met alkalosis
arterial pH
serum bicarb
CO2
inc
inc
inc
tx following allergic rxn
epinephrine
Histamine release effect
heart- dec __
epi will stimulate __, inc __
BV- __ and __
epi stimulates __ to promote __ and ___
Lung- ___
skin- ___
epi stimulates __, to promote __ and inhibit __
CO
B1, Cardiac contractility
VD, edema
A1, VC/ dec edema
bronchoconstriction urticaria B2 bronchodilation mediator release
replacement of one tissue with another type is ___
ie __ to __ transition in squamous metaplasia
metaplasia
columnar squamous
disorganized cell growth is __
variability in __ and __ of cells
large __ nuclei
dysplasia
size/shape
hyperchromatic
Benign neoplasm has __ of cells
__ proliferation of gland epi
__ exophytic epithelial tumor
__ abnormal mixture of cells/tissues found in other areas
normal proliferation
adenoma
papilloma
hamartoma
Malignant neoplasm
Nuclear abnorm: __, __ variation, large ___
atypical __, such as __/__ mitotic figures
local invasion/destruction of __
hyperchromatic, nuclear size, nucleoli
mitoses, tripolar/quadripolar
surrounding tissue
Carcinoma arises from __
__ gland pattern growth
__ squamous growth
___ w poor differentiation and no clear pattern
epithelial cells
adenocarcinoma
squamous cell
undiff
molecular target of EGFR good for __ cancer
lung
molecular target of tyrosine kinase __ good for __
HER2, BC
MT for JAK2 good for __
PV
MT for BRAF ___/__ good for __ and __ and ___
serine/threonine kinase
melanoma, lung ca, colorectal ca
MT VEGF good for __ and __ and ___
lung ca, colorectal ca, renal cell cancer
MT for PD1 good for __ and __
lung ca, melanoma
Caseating granulomas no org on gram stain, moderate fever/night sweats, diffuse cervical adenopathy
dz is
Tb
