Foundations Flashcards by Nathan Hansen

Gram negative diplococci bug

reinfection bc of ___

alters ___
recombination of __ and __

N gonorrhea

antigenic variation

surface proteins
pilS and pilE

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Decreasing caloric intake results in inc in ___

hepatic lipid oxidation

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Nondisjunction in mitosis result of failed ___

seen w ___ such as ___

separation of sister chromatids

Mosaicism, Turner Sydnrome

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Exchange of DNA bw nonhomologous chromos is ___

can be ___ or result in __

reciprocal translocation

noraml
CML

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exchange of short/long arms bw nonhomologous chromos is ____

assc w __ (trisomy __) and ___ (trisomy ___)

robertsonian translocation

down sydrome, 21q
Patau syndrome, 13q

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more freq inactivation of same X chromos (maternal/apternal) is ___

leads to ___ of some __ features

skewed x inactivation

female expression, X linked disease

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inheritance of two copies of chromosome from same parent is ____

seen in __ from father, ___ from mother

uniparental disomy

Angelman, prader willi

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Inflam phase 0-3 days
__ and __ remove bacteria/debrs from wound

release of __/__/__

__ migrate to wound

PMNs/macros

GF, collagenase, elastase

fibroblasts

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Proliferative phase 3-7 days

__ as basal epidermal cell migration occurs, via __

__ as fibroblasts proliferate to form new ___

__ with formation of new __

epithelialization, matrix metalloproteinases

fibroplasia, ECM

angiogenesis

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Maturation phase 7-60 days
appearance of __

disorganized __ and __

cycles of __ synth/renewal

__ inc organized w _/__ fibers

scar

collagen bundles/fibroblasts

collagen

collagen, parallel/cross linked

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Aquired T helper cell def dz

sx by ___
reduced __ cells

AIDS

5-6 yrs
CD4 T cells

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failure of phagocytes to generate ROS dz

sx by __
recurrent __ and __ and __

CGD

1yr
PNA, skin infections, lymphadenitis

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Thymic hypoplasia/aplasia dz

sx are ___
recurrent ___

DiGeorge syndrome

variable
sinopulmonary infections

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Impaired development/fxn of T/B lymphs dz

sx by ___
__ and __ infections
absent ___ cells

SCID

6m
sinopulmonary/GI
CD3 T cells

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Incomplete b cell maturation bc of BTK mutation dz

sx bw __ to __

recurrent __

X linked agammaglobulinemia

6m to 2yr

sinopulmonary infections

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HIV pt, presents with tonic clonic seizure, unilateral weakness dz

MRI shows ___

Toxoplasma gondii

peripheral enhancement of contrast

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High radiation exposure prodces scattered, indiv epidermal cells w __, markedly __ cytoplasm and __ and __ nuclei

morphologic changes of __

shrunken, eosinophilic, pyknotic/fragmented

apoptosis

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itchy, watery eyes, runny nose, sneezing type of hypersensitivity rxn

reddening w allergen, response initiated by ___

type 1

IgE

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Clostridium perfringens is gram __

virulence factor is ___

results in __, skin is ___

alpha toxin also seen w __

positive rod

alpha toxin

crepitus, black

Staph aureus

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Endotoxin is __ attached to ___

seen w __

lipopolysaccharide, outer membrane

Gram neg bacteria

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Fimbriae- attachment pilus to __

Gram - include __ and __
Gram + include ___

adhere to tissues

E coli, N gonorrhea

S pyo

Pneumolysin- __ toxin that __ host cells

bacteria includes __

pore forming, lyses

s pneumo

Polysaccharide capsule- outermost layer resists __ and ___

seen w __, _, __

complement/phagocytosis

Hib, S pneumo, N meningitidis

p53 mediates arrest of which part of the cell cycle

other factors important include __, __, __

commonly affected by

Cyclin D, CDK 4/6, pRB

radiation

Galactosemia is def in __ __ in urine pt presents w __, __, ___ may have __ and ___ pt is ___

GALT reducing substances FtT, irritability, vomiting jaundice/hepatomegaly young

Type 1 hypersensitivity rxn mediated by __, onset is __ findings U, A, H, E such as w A, A, A

IgE, quick urticaria, angioedema, hypoTN, edema anaphylaxis, asmtha, angioedema

Type 2 hypersensitivity rxn __ mediated, ___ localized rxn over __ to __ usually ___ leads to __ and ___

antibody, cytotoxic hrs-days drug induced hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia

Type 3 hypersensitivity rxn ___ deposition diffuse rxn over __ to __ involves ___, __, __, __ includes S, H, S

immune complex hr to days skin, kidneys, lungs, joints serum sickness, hypersensitivity pneumo, SLE

Type 4 hypersensitivity rxn delayed ___ rxn occurs after __, is ___ includes ___ ie __ __ dz ___ (PPD)

cell mediated 2-3 days, localized allergic contact dermatitis, poison ivy granulomatous TB skin test

most likely mechanism to developing edema following trauma

separation of endothelial jxns

2yr old w developmental problems, low ht/wt large head circumference born to parents w learning disabilities most likely dz due to

fragile x syndrome | trinucleotide repeat expansion

lab finding to support susceptibility to infections

dec macrophage activity

Antifreeze ingestion arterial pH is __ serum bicarb is __ CO2 is ____

low low low

Mixed resp/met acidosis arterial pH serum bicarb CO2

dec inc inc

Acute met alk arterial pH serum bicarb CO2

inc dec inc

chronic resp alkalosis arterial pH serum bicarb CO2

inc dec dec

chronic met alkalosis arterial pH serum bicarb CO2

inc inc inc

tx following allergic rxn

epinephrine

Histamine release effect heart- dec __ epi will stimulate __, inc __ BV- __ and __ epi stimulates __ to promote __ and ___ Lung- ___ skin- ___ epi stimulates __, to promote __ and inhibit __

CO B1, Cardiac contractility VD, edema A1, VC/ dec edema ``` bronchoconstriction urticaria B2 bronchodilation mediator release ```

replacement of one tissue with another type is ___ ie __ to __ transition in squamous metaplasia

metaplasia columnar squamous

disorganized cell growth is __ variability in __ and __ of cells large __ nuclei

dysplasia size/shape hyperchromatic

Benign neoplasm has __ of cells __ proliferation of gland epi __ exophytic epithelial tumor __ abnormal mixture of cells/tissues found in other areas

normal proliferation adenoma papilloma hamartoma

Malignant neoplasm Nuclear abnorm: __, __ variation, large ___ atypical __, such as __/__ mitotic figures local invasion/destruction of __

hyperchromatic, nuclear size, nucleoli mitoses, tripolar/quadripolar surrounding tissue

Carcinoma arises from __ __ gland pattern growth __ squamous growth ___ w poor differentiation and no clear pattern

epithelial cells adenocarcinoma squamous cell undiff

molecular target of EGFR good for __ cancer

lung

molecular target of tyrosine kinase __ good for __

HER2, BC

MT for JAK2 good for __

MT for BRAF ___/__ good for __ and __ and ___

serine/threonine kinase melanoma, lung ca, colorectal ca

MT VEGF good for __ and __ and ___

lung ca, colorectal ca, renal cell cancer

MT for PD1 good for __ and __

lung ca, melanoma

Caseating granulomas no org on gram stain, moderate fever/night sweats, diffuse cervical adenopathy dz is