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Veterinary Emergency And Critical Care > Misc > Flashcards

Misc Flashcards

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1
Q

3 phases of cardiac ischaemia

A

Electrical phase, circulatory phase, metabolic phase

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2
Q

What is the starting dose for a biphasic defibrillator and what is the maximum dose?

A

Start 2-4J/Kg
Maximum dose 10J/Kg

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3
Q

What 3 parts make up Virchow’s triad?

A

Altered blood flow
Endothelial damage
Hypercoagulability

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4
Q

What is the ratio to diagnose Chylothorax

A

Fluid >3:1 x blood triglycerides
> or equal to 100mg/dL

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5
Q

What troponin value make haemangiosarcoma more like!?

A

Check Chun 0.25ng/ml?

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6
Q

Name endogenous pyrogens involved in pyrexia?

A

Cachectin (TNF-alpha)
Lymphotoxin (TNF-beta)
IL-1alpha
IL-1 beta
Interferon alpha
Interferon beta
Interferon gamma
IL-6
Macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha
Macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta
IL-8

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7
Q

Benefits of high flow nasal O2 as per SACCM 2023

A

Heated and humidified
Inspiratory flows demands
Functional reserve capacity
Lighter
Oxygen
Washout dead space

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8
Q

As per SACCM what are the recommended initial high flow nasal oxygen settings

A

Flow rate = patients minute volume= respiratory rate x tidal volume (10-15ml/kg)
Fi02 = 100%
Temperature= 32-37 degrees Celsius

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9
Q

Name the categorises of necrotising soft tissue infections

A

Type 1- polymicrobial
• mixed anaerobes and aerobes
• usually isolate four or more organisms

Type 2 - monomicrobial
• commonly beta-haemolytic streptococcus

Type 3- gram neg monomicrobials
• clostridia infections
• included marine organisms

Type IV- fungal
• Candida infections

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10
Q

What does snap 4dx plus snap test for?

A

Dirofilaria immitis
Ehrlichia canis
Ehrlichia ewingii
Ehrlichia Chaffeensis
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Anaplasma platys
Borrelia burgdorferi

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11
Q

What receptor is involved with anaphylaxis?

A

FC epsilon R1

Transmembrane with alpha, beta and gamma subunits

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12
Q

What type of reaction is anaphylaxis?

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction involving IgE, mast cells, basophils

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13
Q

What type of reaction is serum sickness?

A

Delayed reaction Type III hypersensitivity reaction

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14
Q

What May cause a high anion gap metabolic acidosis?

A

HAGMA
DUEL
D= diabetes
U= uremic
E= ethylene glycol
L= lactate
S= salicylates

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15
Q

What May cause a normal anion gap metabolic acidosis

A

NAGMA

A=Addisons
B= bicarbonate loss (GI or renal)
C= chloride excess
D= Diuretics (acetazolomide)

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16
Q

Anion gap equation

A

(Na+ K)- (bicarbonate + chloride)

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17
Q

What are the 5 phases of AKI?

A

5 phases

Insult
Initiation
Extension
Maintenance
Recovery

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18
Q

Half life of synthetic canabinoids

A

72-96 hours

19
Q

Name the methods of heat loss

A

Convection
Conduction
Radiation
Evaporation

20
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is anaphylaxis?

A

Type I and IgE predominates

21
Q

Name the 3 forms of dyshemoglobin

A

Methemoglobin
Carboxyhemoglobin
Sulfhemoglobin

22
Q

How many sulfhydrl groups do cats have on their red blood cells and when damaged what do you see on cytology

A

8
This is why more likely to have oxidative damage and form Heinz bodies ( a few normal in cats)

23
Q

What is the normal level of methemoglobin in the blood

A

<3%

24
Q

Name three ways paracetamol/acetaminophen is metabolised

A

Glucuronidation (dogs)
Sulfation (cats)
Or
Oxidation by CYP2E1 and CYP1A2 to NAPQI which is toxic

25
Q

What enzyme(s) is thiamine a cofactor for?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Transkeletase

26
Q

What does bradykinin cause and which enzyme breaks it down

A

Causes hypotension

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

27
Q

Hypertension classification and TOD risk

A

Normal <140mmHg
Minimal risk of TOD

Prehypertensive 140-159mmHg
Low risk of TOD

Hypertensive 160-179mmHg
Moderate TOD risk

Severely hypertensive > or equal to 180mmHg
High risk of TOD

28
Q

Which organs are at risk of TOD

A

Eyes
Kidneys
Brain
Heart

29
Q

Define sepsis

A

Life-threatening organ dysfunction cause by dysregulated host response to infection

30
Q

How many plasma volumes would be needed of TPE?

A

1-1.5 plasma volumes

31
Q

Name some adverse reactions from TPE

A

Hypocalcaemia
Plasma reactions
Alkalosis secondary to citrate
AKI because of colloids
Blood loss because of circuit
Hypoproteinaemia
Haemorrhage

32
Q

In humans what categories are there for TPE to help guide tx?

A

Category 1 -1st line (myasthenia gravis)
Category 2-2nd line tx (IMHA)
Category 3- limited trials (IMTP and sepsis)
Category 4- ineffective or harmful

33
Q

For what toxins does TPE work best for?

A

Small volume of distribution and intravascular (<1L/kg)

E.g NSAIDs as highly protein bound

34
Q

Sodium concentration in hartmanns

A

130mmol/L

35
Q

Fractional excretion of Sodium

A

Urine sodium x serum creatinine divided by urine creatinine x serum sodium

36
Q

Name 4 factors that determine diffusion rate (Ficks law) of a substance from blood to interstitium

A

Gradient concentration
Surface area for exchange
Diffusion distance
Permeability of capillary wall to the diffusing substance

37
Q

Name 4 functions of the endothelial cell

A
  1. Enzymatic conversion of circulating hormones
  2. Production of substances that lead to blood clot formation
  3. Key roles in abiogenesis and remodelling of vasculature
  4. Production of vasoactive substances
38
Q

What does an inotrope do?

A

Increases strength of heart beat

39
Q

What does a chronotropic drug do?

A

Increases heart rate

40
Q

What does a dromotropic drug do?

A

Increases speed of conduction

41
Q

What would a high peak pressure mean?

A

Airway issue/resistance

E.g
ET tube blockage
Retained secretions
Mucous plug

42
Q

What does a high plateau pressure mean?

A

Compliance issue
Pneumothorax
ARDS

43
Q

What defines a massive transfusion?

A

Transfusion of Blood products totalling estimated blood volume in 24 hours

50% of blood volume in 3-4 hours

Admin 1.5ml/kg/hr for 20mins

44
Q

Cholinergic crisis signs

A

SLUDGE
MUDDLES

Salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, GI motility, emesis, miosis

Excess of acetylcholine
Drug side effect or toxin with organophosphate?

Veterinary Emergency And Critical Care (27 decks)

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