Electrolytes

Question 1

Name differentials for hypocalcaemia

Answer 1

Pancreatitis
Renal
Eclampsia
Rhabdomylysis
Albumin low
Phosphate enema
H hypoparathyroidism
A administration of bisphosphates or bicarbonate
E Ethylene glycol
L low Mg low Vitamin D
I intestinal malabsorption (PLE)
T transfusion, tumour lysis syndrome
E EDTA
Sepsis

Question 2

Using Stewart approach what are determinants of acid-base balance

Answer 2

PCO2, SID, Atot

Question 3

How quickly do idiogenic osmoles form in hypernatremic patients?

Answer 3

Within 24 hours start to accumulate organic solutes.
Idiogenic osmoles generated and retention begin within a few hours but compensation may take as long as 2-7 days

Question 4

Name 5 idiogenic osmoles

Answer 4

Taurine
Sorbitol
Inositol
Glutamate
Glycine
Aspartate

Question 5

What would you expect the urine osmolality to be for a dog with diabetes insipidus?

Answer 5

<200mOsm/kg

Question 6

After mannitol what might you expect the urine osmolality to be?

Answer 6

> 300mOsm/kg

Question 7

What is the formula for transtubular potassium gradient (TTKG)?

Answer 7

(Urine [K] x Plasma[osmolality]
Divided by
(Urine [osmolality] x plasma [k])

Question 8

What would the TTKG (transtubular potassium gradient) be for a hyperkalaemic dog with non renal causes?

Answer 8

> 6