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Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the criterion for classifying a mineral as a major mineral?

A

A mineral required in 100 mg (1/50 of a teaspoon) or more per day

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2
Q

What are considered major minerals?

A
  • Calcium
  • Phosphorus
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3
Q

What are considered trace minerals?

A
  • Iron
  • Zinc
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4
Q

True or False: Minerals required in less than 100 mg per day are classified as major minerals.

A

False

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5
Q

Fill in the blank: If a mineral is required in _______ or more per day, it is classified as a major mineral.

A

100 mg

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6
Q

What is the first criterion for essentiality?

A

Present in healthy tissue

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7
Q

What must the concentration of an essential nutrient be?

A

Relatively constant between different organisms

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8
Q

What does deficiency of an essential nutrient include?

A

Specific biological changes

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9
Q

What accompanies deficiency changes in essential nutrients?

A

Equivalent abnormalities

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10
Q

What can correct the abnormalities caused by deficiency?

A

Supplementation

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11
Q

What are the major minerals essential for bone health?

A

Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Iron, Zinc, Fluorine

These minerals play critical roles in maintaining bone structure and function.

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12
Q

List the trace elements important for bone minerals.

A

Copper, Chromium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Selenium, Iodine

Trace elements are required in smaller amounts but are vital for various biochemical processes.

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: The major mineral that is primarily responsible for the structural integrity of bones is _______.

A

Calcium

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14
Q

True or False: Zinc is considered a trace element.

A

True

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15
Q

What role does Magnesium play in bone health?

A

It contributes to bone structure and influences calcium metabolism

Magnesium is crucial for the conversion of vitamin D into its active form, which helps in calcium absorption.

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: The trace element necessary for thyroid function is _______.

A

Iodine

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17
Q

Which major mineral is also a key component of the mineralization process in bones?

A

Phosphorus

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18
Q

True or False: Fluorine is a major mineral.

A

False

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19
Q

What is the function of Copper in bone health?

A

It aids in collagen formation and bone strength

Copper is essential for the activity of enzymes involved in the cross-linking of collagen and elastin.

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20
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A

Calcium

Calcium makes up 40% of the total mineral mass in the body.

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21
Q

How much calcium is typically found in the body?

A

1,000-1,200 g

This represents the total amount of calcium present.

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22
Q

Where is the majority of calcium found in the body?

A

99% in bones & teeth

Only 1% of calcium is found in blood and intracellular fluid.

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23
Q

What is the plasma calcium concentration range in mg/100ml?

A

9-10.4 mg/100ml

This indicates the amount of calcium present in the blood.

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: Calcium makes up ______ of the total mineral mass in the body.

A

40%

This highlights the significant role of calcium in the body’s mineral composition.

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25
True or False: 1% of the body's calcium is found in bones and teeth.
False ## Footnote 99% of calcium is found in bones and teeth.
26
What percentage of calcium is found in blood?
1% ## Footnote This small percentage is crucial for various biological functions.
27
What is the primary function of calcium in bones?
Makes bones hard and strong
28
In what form is most calcium found in bones?
Hydroxyapatite
29
What are osteoblasts?
The construction team for bone formation
30
What is the role of osteoclasts?
The demolition team for bone resorption
31
What does bone calcium act as?
Calcium reservoir
32
What is the function of calcium in nerve impulse transmission?
Supports normal transmission of nerve impulses through the release of neurotransmitters in direct proportion to the number of Ca ions that flow through cells' Ca channels.
33
What role does calcium play in blood clotting?
Essential for fibrin formation and participates in almost all steps of the blood clotting cascade.
34
How does calcium contribute to muscle contraction?
Crucial for muscle contraction through intracellular flow, essential for contraction and relaxation by increasing Ca in muscle cells.
35
What happens to calcium in muscle cells during relaxation?
Cell pumps Ca back, leading to muscle relaxation.
36
What is calmodulin?
A regulatory protein that calcium binds to, regulating a variety of enzymatic reactions.
37
List some processes regulated by calcium through calmodulin.
* Cell divisions * Proliferations * Ciliary actions (wavelike motion of some cells)
38
True or False: Calcium is only important for muscle contraction.
False
39
Fill in the blank: Calcium is crucial for _______ formation.
fibrin
40
What is one function of calcium in the body?
Bone mineralisation - structure and strength ## Footnote Calcium is a critical component of bone structure, providing strength and rigidity.
41
How does calcium contribute to muscle function?
Generation of electrical impulses for muscle contraction including the heart ## Footnote Calcium plays a vital role in the excitation-contraction coupling in muscle cells.
42
What role does calcium play in nerve function?
Transmission of nerve impulses ## Footnote Calcium ions are essential for the release of neurotransmitters at synapses.
43
What is one of the roles of calcium in blood physiology?
Blood clotting ## Footnote Calcium is necessary for various steps in the coagulation cascade.
44
In what type of reactions is calcium involved as a cofactor?
Cellular metabolic reactions (e.g. cofactor for enzymes such as lipase) ## Footnote Calcium assists in enzymatic functions, influencing metabolic pathways.
45
What is the term used to describe the removal of calcium and phosphorus from bone?
Resorption
46
What is the continuous process of resorption and formation of bone called?
Bone remodelling
47
True or False: Absorption refers to the removal of calcium and phosphorus from bone.
False
48
Fill in the blank: Bone is continuously _______ and formed.
resorbed
49
What minerals are primarily involved in the process of bone resorption?
Calcium and phosphorus
50
What does the term 'bone remodelling' refer to?
The continuous process of resorption and formation of bone
51
What do osteoblasts secrete?
Collagen protein matrix ## Footnote Osteoblasts are responsible for the formation of bone by secreting a matrix that provides structural integrity.
52
What is the role of osteoblasts in bone mineralization?
Move Ca+ from blood to form hard crystalline material that surrounds the collagen fibres ## Footnote This process is essential for creating the hard structure of bones.
53
What is the primary mineral component of bone?
Hydroxyapatite ## Footnote Hydroxyapatite is a crystalline structure that provides bones with strength and rigidity.
54
What is the composition of bone?
2/3 mineral, 1/3 water and protein ## Footnote This composition highlights the balance between the mineral content and the organic matrix in bone structure.
55
What is bone remodeling?
The process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts ## Footnote Bone remodeling is crucial for maintaining bone health and adapting to stress.
56
What percentage of bone protein is collagen?
90% ## Footnote Collagen provides tensile strength and flexibility to the bone structure.
57
Fill in the blank: Bone resorption is carried out by _______.
osteoclasts ## Footnote Osteoclasts are specialized cells that break down bone tissue.
58
Fill in the blank: Bone formation is carried out by _______.
osteoblasts ## Footnote Osteoblasts play a key role in building new bone tissue.
59
What are the two types of bone minerals?
Cortical and Trabecular ## Footnote Cortical bone is compact and dense, forming the exterior shell, while trabecular bone is spongy and serves as the interior filler.
60
Describe Cortical bone.
Compact and dense, forms the exterior shell ## Footnote Cortical bone provides strength and structure to the skeleton.
61
Describe Trabecular bone.
Spongy, serves as interior filler ## Footnote Trabecular bone is lighter and supports the overall structure of the bone.
62
Fill in the blank: Cortical bone is also known as _______.
Compact bone
63
Fill in the blank: Trabecular bone is also known as _______.
Spongy bone
64
True or False: Cortical bone is found on the inside of bones.
False ## Footnote Cortical bone forms the outer shell, while trabecular bone is found inside.
65
What is the primary function of Cortical bone?
Provides strength and structure ## Footnote It helps protect the inner trabecular bone and houses the bone marrow.
66
What is the primary function of Trabecular bone?
Supports overall structure of the bone ## Footnote It contributes to the bone's ability to withstand stress and distribute loads.
67
What is bone?
Bone is a living tissue that responds to diet and physical stress ## Footnote Bone is not merely a static structure but is dynamic and adaptable.
68
Fill in the blank: Bone is a _______ tissue that responds to diet and physical stress.
living
69
What are two factors that influence bone tissue?
* Diet * Physical stress
70
True or False: Bone is a non-living structure.
False
71
What does bone respond to?
* Diet * Physical stress
72
What is calcium balance?
The difference between dietary intake and loss
73
What factors contribute to calcium balance?
The net effect of calcium movement between the intestine, bone, and kidneys
74
What happens when calcium intake or absorption is low?
Plasma concentrations are maintained at the expense of the skeleton
75
What physiological functions depend on calcium?
The majority of physiological functions depend on calcium in one way or another.
76
What is the normal range for blood calcium concentrations?
9 - 10.4 mg / 100ml ('in the 9's').
77
What condition is referred to as hypocalcaemia?
Low blood calcium concentrations.
78
What condition is referred to as hypercalcaemia?
High blood calcium concentrations.
79
Fill in the blank: Blood calcium needs to be controlled within a tight normal range of _______.
9 - 10.4 mg / 100ml.
80
What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland to increase blood calcium levels?
Parathormone (PTH) ## Footnote PTH is crucial for regulating calcium levels in the blood.
81
What effect does parathormone (PTH) have on calcitriol production?
Stimulates calcitriol (vitamin D3) production in the kidney ## Footnote Calcitriol is essential for calcium absorption.
82
How does calcitriol affect intestinal absorption?
Increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus ## Footnote This process is vital for maintaining adequate mineral levels.
83
What is the role of PTH and calcitriol in the kidneys?
Increase calcium reabsorption, decreasing calcium excretion ## Footnote This helps retain calcium in the body.
84
What is the effect of PTH and calcitriol on osteoclast activity?
Stimulate osteoclast activity, releasing calcium into the bloodstream ## Footnote Osteoclasts are cells that break down bone tissue.
85
What hormone does the thyroid gland secrete that has a slight effect on calcium levels?
Calcitonin ## Footnote Calcitonin helps regulate calcium levels but has a minor impact.
86
What is the main function of calcitonin in relation to osteoclasts?
Inhibits the activity of osteoclasts ## Footnote This promotes calcium deposition in bone.
87
What happens to PTH secretion when blood calcium levels are high?
Decreases PTH secretion and calcitriol formation ## Footnote This is part of the body's feedback mechanism to lower calcium levels.
88
How does decreased calcitriol affect dietary calcium absorption?
Slows intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus ## Footnote This can lead to lower calcium levels in the blood.
89
What happens to calcium excretion when PTH and calcitriol levels decrease?
Increases calcium excretion ## Footnote This can contribute to lower blood calcium levels.
90
What is the effect of decreased PTH and calcitriol levels on osteoclast activity?
Slows osteoclast activity and breakdown of bone ## Footnote This helps to retain calcium in the bones.
91
What role do the kidneys play in calcium homeostasis?
The kidneys are critical in calcium homeostasis.
92
What happens to calcium when blood calcium levels are normal?
Almost all calcium that enters the kidney is absorbed back into the blood, preserving blood calcium levels.
93
What occurs if kidney tubular reabsorption decreases?
Calcium is lost by excretion into the urine.
94
What is the role of parathyroid hormone in calcium balance?
It is involved in calcium and phosphorus blood homeostasis.
95
What is another name for 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol?
Calcitriol or active vitamin D
96
Which hormone is responsible for lowering blood calcium levels?
Calcitonin
97
How many hormones are involved in calcium and phosphorus blood homeostasis?
Three
98
Fill in the blank: The three hormones involved in calcium balance are parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and _______.
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
99
True or False: Calcitriol is also known as 1,25-(OH)2D3.
True
100
List the three hormones involved in calcium and phosphorus blood homeostasis.
* Parathyroid hormone * 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol / Calcitriol * Calcitonin
101
What is 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol also known as?
Calcitriol / active vitamin D
102
What effect does vitamin D have on blood calcium concentration?
Acts to increase blood concentration of calcium
103
Where is 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol generated?
In kidneys through PTH stimulation
104
What does vitamin D increase the production of in the small intestine?
Ca binding proteins
105
How does vitamin D facilitate calcium absorption?
By increasing production of Ca binding proteins in the lining of small intestine
106
In conjunction with which hormone does vitamin D enhance calcium fluxes out of the bone?
PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)
107
Fill in the blank: 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol is generated in the ______ through PTH stimulation.
kidneys
108
True or False: Vitamin D decreases blood calcium concentration.
False
109
What is the function of Calcitonin?
To reduce blood calcium levels ## Footnote Calcitonin is a hormone that plays a crucial role in calcium homeostasis.
110
From which gland is Calcitonin secreted?
Thyroid glands ## Footnote Calcitonin is secreted in response to elevated blood calcium levels.
111
What triggers the secretion of Calcitonin?
Hypercalcaemia ## Footnote Hypercalcaemia refers to an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.
112
How does Calcitonin affect calcium absorption?
Inhibits Ca absorption by the intestines ## Footnote This action reduces the amount of calcium available in the bloodstream.
113
What effect does Calcitonin have on renal tubular absorption of calcium?
Suppresses renal tubular absorption of calcium ## Footnote This leads to increased calcium loss in the urine.
114
What is the effect of Calcitonin on bone resorption?
Inhibits bone resorption ## Footnote This helps to lower blood calcium levels by preventing the release of calcium from bones.
115
Where is calcium absorbed in the body?
All sections of the small intestine, mainly in the duodenum ## Footnote Calcium absorption occurs through passive diffusion and active transport.
116
What is required for active transport of calcium?
Calcitriol (the active form of vitamin D) ## Footnote Calcitriol is essential for the absorption of calcium in the intestines.
117
What does active vitamin D stimulate for calcium absorption?
Production of calcium binding protein (calmodulin) ## Footnote Calmodulin is necessary for the absorption of calcium.
118
What are the two names for active vitamin D?
Calcitriol and 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol ## Footnote Both terms refer to the active form of vitamin D involved in calcium absorption.
119
Where is calcium absorbed in the body?
All sections of the small intestine, mainly in the duodenum ## Footnote Calcium absorption occurs through passive diffusion and active transport.
120
What is required for active transport of calcium?
Calcitriol (the active form of vitamin D) ## Footnote Calcitriol is essential for the absorption of calcium in the intestines.
121
What does active vitamin D stimulate for calcium absorption?
Production of calcium binding protein (calmodulin) ## Footnote Calmodulin is necessary for the absorption of calcium.
122
What are the two names for active vitamin D?
Calcitriol and 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol ## Footnote Both terms refer to the active form of vitamin D involved in calcium absorption.
123
What age range typically has a calcium absorption rate of 25-35%?
Adults ## Footnote Calcium absorption rates vary with age; children can absorb up to 60%, while the elderly absorb only about 15%.
124
What is one factor that influences calcium absorption?
Presence of adequate vitamin D ## Footnote Vitamin D is essential for optimal calcium absorption in the body.
125
How does the body's requirement affect calcium absorption?
It influences the efficiency of absorption ## Footnote The more calcium the body needs, the better the absorption tends to be.
126
How does calcium intake impact absorption?
Higher intake can facilitate better absorption ## Footnote Adequate dietary calcium is necessary for optimal absorption rates.
127
Fill in the blank: The elderly typically have a calcium absorption rate of _______.
15% ## Footnote This is significantly lower than that of children and young adults.
128
What is the calcium absorption rate for children?
Up to 60% ## Footnote Children have a higher absorption rate due to their growing bodies.
129
What is the active form of vitamin D that enhances calcium absorption?
Active form of vitamin D with parathyroid hormone ## Footnote Parathyroid hormone plays a critical role in regulating calcium levels in the blood.
130
How does lactose in milk affect calcium absorption?
Lactose in milk keeps calcium in a soluble form which is more readily absorbed ## Footnote This solubility enhances the bioavailability of calcium.
131
What is one method to improve calcium absorption throughout the day?
Distributing calcium intake throughout the day ## Footnote This approach helps maintain optimal calcium levels in the body.
132
What role does acidity in the upper GI tract play in calcium absorption?
Acidity in the upper GI tract enhances calcium absorption ## Footnote A more acidic environment increases the solubility of calcium salts.
133
What is phytic acid's effect on calcium absorption?
Formation of insoluble calcium phytate ## Footnote Phytic acid can hinder the bioavailability of calcium by forming complexes that the body cannot absorb.
134
What is the role of oxalates in calcium absorption?
Calcium oxalate salt ## Footnote Oxalates can bind with calcium, forming insoluble salts that reduce calcium absorption.
135
How does insoluble fibre affect calcium absorption?
Binds calcium in the intestine ## Footnote Insoluble fibre can decrease the availability of calcium by binding to it in the digestive tract.
136
What happens to unabsorbed fats in relation to calcium?
Combine calcium to form 'soaps' ## Footnote Unabsorbed fats can interact with calcium, leading to the formation of soap-like compounds that the body cannot utilize.
137
What are the primary sources of Calcium?
Dairy products, green leafy vegetables, processed and fortified foods ## Footnote These sources are essential for maintaining adequate calcium levels in the body.
138
What is the main contributor to calcium intake in the UK according to the NDNS survey?
Milk & milk products - 43% overall intake ## Footnote This includes various forms of milk and dairy products, highlighting their significance in dietary calcium sources.
139
What percentage of calcium intake comes from semi-skimmed milk in the UK?
17% ## Footnote Semi-skimmed milk is a popular choice, contributing significantly to calcium consumption.
140
What percentage of calcium intake comes from cheese in the UK?
11% ## Footnote Cheese is another important source of calcium in the diet.
141
What is the percentage contribution of cereals and cereal products to calcium intake in the UK?
30% ## Footnote This includes various types of cereals, which can be fortified with calcium.
142
What percentage of calcium intake comes from white bread in the UK?
13% ## Footnote White bread can also be a source of calcium, especially if fortified.
143
What is hypocalcemia?
Lower than normal level of Ca in the blood ## Footnote Ca refers to calcium, which is essential for many bodily functions.
144
What can cause hypocalcemia?
Caused by: * Kidney failure * Parathyroid disorders * Vitamin D deficiency ## Footnote These conditions disrupt calcium regulation in the body.
145
What is hypercalcemia?
Abnormally high concentrations of Ca in the blood ## Footnote Hypercalcemia can lead to various health issues.
146
What are some causes of hypercalcemia?
Caused by: * Cancer * Overproduction of PTH ## Footnote PTH refers to parathyroid hormone, which regulates calcium levels.
147
What symptoms are associated with hypercalcemia?
* Fatigue * Confusion * Loss of appetite * Constipation ## Footnote These symptoms can significantly affect quality of life.
148
What happens to Ca+ in cases of hypercalcemia?
Ca+ gets deposited in soft tissues, impairing organ function ## Footnote This can lead to serious health complications.
149
Does excess supplementation of calcium lead to hypercalcemia?
No, excess supplementation does not result in hypercalcemia but can cause mineral imbalances ## Footnote It's important to balance calcium intake with other minerals.
150
What is osteoporosis?
A condition characterized by reduced bone density
151
What must daily calcium losses be replaced by?
Dietary means or resorption of bone
152
True or False: Osteoporosis is associated with increased bone density.
False
153
Fill in the blank: Osteoporosis involves _______ bone density.
reduced
154
What is osteoporosis?
A condition characterized by 'porous bone' and a decline in bone mass/density.
155
What happens to bone quality in osteoporosis?
Bone quality deteriorates.
156
What is a major cause of bone fractures in older adults?
Osteoporosis.
157
Fill in the blank: Osteoporosis is characterized by _______.
'porous bone'.
158
True or False: Osteoporosis only affects young adults.
False.
159
What happens to bone mass/density in osteoporosis?
It declines.
160
What is the primary function of phosphorus in the body?
Stored in bones and involved in energy metabolism through phosphate bonds ## Footnote Phosphorus is crucial for energy transfer and storage in the form of ATP.
161
Where is most of the phosphorus in the body stored?
In bones ## Footnote This storage is essential for maintaining bone health and structure.
162
What ion represents phosphorus in the body?
Phosphate ion ## Footnote The phosphate ion plays a critical role in various biological processes.
163
What are the components of an ATP molecule?
Adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups ## Footnote ATP is the primary energy carrier in cells.
164
Fill in the blank: Creatine kinase is an enzyme that facilitates the conversion of _______ to ATP.
Phosphocreatine ## Footnote This reaction is vital for energy production during high-intensity exercise.
165
What is creatine used for in the body?
Energy metabolism ## Footnote Creatine helps replenish ATP levels during short bursts of intense activity.
166
True or False: Phosphorus is not widely available in the food supply.
False ## Footnote Phosphorus is abundant in many foods, including meats, dairy, and nuts.
167
What is the critical role of phosphorus?
Phosphorus plays a critical role in bone structure. ## Footnote Phosphorus is essential for maintaining bone health and integrity.
168
List three food sources of phosphorus.
* Meat * Milk * Eggs ## Footnote These foods are commonly rich in phosphorus.
169
True or False: Phosphorus is only found in plant-based foods.
False ## Footnote Phosphorus is primarily found in animal products like meat, milk, and eggs.
170
Fill in the blank: Phosphorus is often added to food as a _______.
[food additive] ## Footnote Food additives containing phosphorus are used for various purposes in food processing.
171
What is hypophosphatemia?
Low blood phosphate ## Footnote Typically caused by underlying disorder
172
What are common causes of hypophosphatemia?
* Hyperparathyroidism * Vitamin D deficiency * Overuse of antacids that bind phosphate
173
What is hyperphosphatemia?
High blood phosphate ## Footnote Commonly a consequence of kidney disease
174
Where is the majority of magnesium stored in the body?
In bone
175
What molecule does magnesium stabilize?
ATP molecule
176
How many enzymatic reactions does magnesium participate in?
Over 300
177
What metabolic process is magnesium involved in?
Glycolysis
178
What type of properties does magnesium have?
Anti-inflammatory
179
What is magnesium essential for regarding parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Secretion and activation of vitamin D in liver
180
Fill in the blank: Magnesium stabilizes the _______ molecule.
ATP
181
True or False: Magnesium participates in less than 300 enzymatic reactions.
False
182
What is the primary function of magnesium in the body?
Participates in more than 300 types of enzyme-driven reactions ## Footnote Magnesium is crucial for numerous biochemical processes.
183
What are the main dietary sources of magnesium?
Ubiquitous in foods including: * Whole grains * Vegetables * Legumes * Tofu * Seafood * Chocolate ## Footnote These foods are rich in magnesium and contribute to daily intake.
184
What percentage of dietary magnesium is typically absorbed by the body?
About 50 percent ## Footnote This absorption rate can vary based on dietary factors.
185
What is hypomagnesemia?
Low blood magnesium ## Footnote Rarely occurs on its own and is often associated with alcoholism and chronically poor diets.
186
What is hypermagnesemia?
High blood magnesium ## Footnote Typically linked to kidney disease.
187
What conditions are associated with hypomagnesemia?
* Alcoholism * Chronically poor diets
188
What condition is typically linked to hypermagnesemia?
Kidney disease
189
True or False: Hypomagnesemia commonly occurs on its own.
False
190
Fill in the blank: Hypermagnesemia is typically linked to _______.
kidney disease
191
What is the primary function of Sulphur?
Primarily a component of organic nutrients ## Footnote Sulphur plays a critical role in the structure of proteins and enzymes.
192
What do typical diets contain regarding Sulphur?
Ample sulphur ## Footnote Most diets provide sufficient sulphur through various food sources.
193
Is Sulphur deficiency known in humans?
No, deficiency is unknown in humans ## Footnote This indicates that the body usually obtains enough sulphur from dietary sources.
194
What is the process by which bone material is constantly changing?
Remodelling ## Footnote Bone remodelling involves the resorption of old bone and the formation of new bone.
195
Which minerals are regulated through exchanges between the skeleton, intestines, and kidneys?
Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium ## Footnote These minerals are essential for maintaining bone health and are regulated by hormones.
196
What factors influence calcium absorption?
Dietary factors ## Footnote Factors such as vitamin D levels and dietary intake of calcium can affect how well calcium is absorbed.
197
True or False: Magnesium and phosphorus are not important for bone health.
False ## Footnote Both magnesium and phosphorus play crucial roles in maintaining healthy bone structure.
198
Fill in the blank: _______ is necessary for the regulation of bone minerals.
[Hormones] ## Footnote Hormones such as parathyroid hormone and calcitonin regulate calcium and phosphate levels.
199
What is the average requirement for minerals?
Average physiologic requirement and average absorption
200
What is the chemical symbol for Sodium?
Na
201
What is the chemical symbol for Chlorine?
Cl
202
What is Halite commonly known as?
Salt
203
What is the chemical formula for Halite?
NaCl
204
Fill in the blank: The average requirement for minerals includes average _______ and average absorption.
physiologic requirement
205
What is the effect of similar molecular weights and charges of minerals?
They can compete with each other for absorption mechanisms.
206
Which minerals can exist in the divalent state?
Mg, Ca, Fe, and Cu.
207
How do similar size and charge of minerals affect each other?
They affect each other's bioavailability and metabolism.
208
True or False: Competing minerals enhance each other's absorption.
False.
209
Fill in the blank: Minerals with similar molecular weights and charges can affect each other's _______.
[bioavailability and metabolism]
210
What role does acidity play in mineral absorption?
Acidity in the gastrointestinal tract can affect mineral absorption.
211
Which vitamins can improve mineral absorption?
Some vitamins improve mineral absorption, such as: * Vitamin C (improves iron absorption) * Vitamin D (1,25-(OH) vitamin D improves calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium absorption)
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Fill in the blank: Vitamin C can improve _______ absorption.
iron
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Fill in the blank: Vitamin D (1,25-(OH) vitamin D) improves absorption of _______.
calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium
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True or False: All vitamins improve mineral absorption.
False
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What are the minerals that Vitamin D improves absorption of?
Vitamin D improves absorption of: * Calcium * Phosphorus * Magnesium
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What is the definition of bioavailability?
Bioavailability = capacity to absorb and use the nutrient ## Footnote Bioavailability refers to the degree to which the amount of an ingested nutrient is absorbed and is available to the body.
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True or False: The amount of a mineral listed in a food composition table reflects the amount that can be absorbed by the body.
False ## Footnote The amount listed does not necessarily indicate the bioavailability of that mineral.
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What greatly influences mineral bioavailability?
Non-mineral substances in the diet ## Footnote Various dietary components can enhance or inhibit the absorption of minerals.
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Fill in the blank: Minerals may be present in foods, but they are not bioavailable unless the body can _______.
absorb them
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What is the relationship between bioavailability and nutrient absorption?
Bioavailability refers to the degree to which the amount of an ingested nutrient is absorbed and is available to the body ## Footnote This concept indicates that not all nutrients consumed are necessarily beneficial due to absorption issues.
221
What is phytic acid?
A component of fibre that can limit absorption of some minerals by binding to them. ## Footnote Phytic acid is particularly found in wheat grain fibre.
222
How does phytic acid affect mineral absorption?
It chemically binds to minerals and prevents their release during digestion. ## Footnote This binding can limit the bioavailability of essential minerals.
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What effect does leavening with yeast have on phytic acid?
Enzymes produced by yeast can break some of the chemical bonds between phytic acid and minerals. ## Footnote This process reduces the negative effect of phytate on mineral absorption.
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True or False: Phytic acid enhances mineral absorption.
False ## Footnote Phytic acid actually limits the absorption of certain minerals.
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Fill in the blank: The enzymes produced by yeast can reduce the effect of _______ on mineral absorption.
phytate
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What is the role of oxalic acid in plants?
Oxalic acid binds minerals and makes them less available to the body ## Footnote For example, spinach contains calcium, but only about 5% can be absorbed due to its high concentration of oxalic acid.
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What percentage of dietary calcium is typically absorbed by adults?
On average, about 25% ## Footnote The highest percentage of absorbed calcium comes from dairy products.
228
Define bioavailability.
Capacity to absorb and use the nutrient ## Footnote Specifically, it refers to the degree to which the amount of an ingested nutrient is absorbed and is available to the body.
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True or False: The bioavailability of a nutrient is the same for all food sources.
False ## Footnote Different food sources have varying levels of nutrient absorption.
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Fill in the blank: Bioavailability is the degree to which the amount of an ingested nutrient is _______.
absorbed and is available to the body
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How do minerals travel in the blood after absorption?
Minerals travel either in a free form or bound to proteins.
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What is an example of a mineral that can be found in the blood bound to a protein?
Calcium ions (Ca) can be bound to the blood protein albumin.
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What is the role of specific binding proteins in mineral metabolism?
They transport trace minerals in the bloodstream.
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Why can trace minerals in their free form be problematic?
They are often highly reactive and can be toxic if not bound.
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True or False: All minerals travel in the blood in their free form.
False
236
Fill in the blank: Many trace minerals have specific _______ that transport them in the bloodstream.
[binding proteins]
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What happens to trace minerals that are not bound in the bloodstream?
They can sometimes be toxic.
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How do minerals travel in the blood after absorption?
Minerals travel either in a free form or bound to proteins.
239
What is an example of a mineral that can be found in the blood bound to a protein?
Calcium ions (Ca) can be bound to the blood protein albumin.
240
What is the role of specific binding proteins in mineral metabolism?
They transport trace minerals in the bloodstream.
241
Why can trace minerals in their free form be problematic?
They are often highly reactive and can be toxic if not bound.
242
True or False: All minerals travel in the blood in their free form.
False
243
Fill in the blank: Many trace minerals have specific _______ that transport them in the bloodstream.
[binding proteins]
244
What happens to trace minerals that are not bound in the bloodstream?
They can sometimes be toxic.
245
What happens to many trace minerals once taken up by cells?
They are bound by specific cellular proteins ## Footnote This binding helps in the utilization and transport of minerals within the cell.
246
Where does mineral excretion primarily take place?
Through the urine ## Footnote While urine is the primary route, it is not the only pathway for mineral excretion.
247
What must be controlled when kidney function fails to avoid mineral toxicity?
Mineral intake ## Footnote Key minerals to monitor include phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg).
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Which minerals are discharged through the bile into the intestinal tract?
Copper (Cu) ## Footnote This process allows for excretion through the feces.
249
What is one function of minerals in the body?
Function as cofactors, enabling enzymes to carry out a chemical reaction (e.g. Cu & Se) ## Footnote Cofactors are non-protein chemical compounds that are required for the biological activity of a protein, often enzymes.
250
What is an example of a mineral that is a component of body compounds?
Fe is a component of hemoglobin in red blood cells ## Footnote Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body.
251
Which minerals aid in the transmission of nerve impulses?
Na, P, Ca ## Footnote Sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca) play crucial roles in nerve signal transmission.
252
What minerals are essential for body growth and development?
Ca, P & Zn ## Footnote Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn) are vital for the growth and development of the body.
253
Which minerals are required for water balance in the body?
Na, P, K, Ca ## Footnote Sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) help maintain water balance in the body.
254
At what levels do minerals play important roles in maintaining body functions?
Cellular, tissue, organ, and whole body ## Footnote Minerals are essential at all biological levels for maintaining various physiological functions.
255
What is the definition of the requirement of an individual for a mineral?
The amount of that mineral required to prevent clinical signs of deficiency ## Footnote This definition emphasizes the importance of adequate mineral intake for health.
256
What is an important element in defining the requirement for minerals?
Criteria of adequacy
257
True or False: Societies should only expect the basic need to avoid deficiency in minerals.
False
258
What should societies allow for in terms of mineral storage?
A degree of storage of the minerals to allow for periods of low intake or high demand
259
Fill in the blank: Societies should expect more than the basic need to avoid _______.
[deficiency]
260
What is the purpose of allowing for a degree of storage of minerals?
To allow for periods of low intake or high demand with detriment to health
261
What is the definition of nutrient intake to maintain a given circulating level?
The intakes of a nutrient to maintain a given circulating level or degree of enzyme saturation or tissue concentration. ## Footnote This defines the minimum intake necessary to sustain physiological functions.
262
What does nutrient intake associated with the absence of deficiency diseases refer to?
The intakes of a nutrient by individuals & by groups which are associated with the absence of any signs of deficiency diseases. ## Footnote Ensures that individuals are consuming enough nutrients to avoid visible health issues.
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What is meant by nutrient intake needed to maintain balance?
The intakes of a nutrient needed to maintain balance noting that the period over which such balance needs to be measured differs for different nutrients, and between individuals. ## Footnote Highlights the variability in nutrient requirements based on time and individual needs.
264
What is the nutrient intake needed to cure clinical signs of deficiency?
The intakes of a nutrient needed to cure clinical signs of deficiency. ## Footnote This refers to the level of nutrient intake necessary to reverse deficiency-related health issues.
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What does nutrient intake associated with an appropriate biological marker signify?
The intakes of a nutrient associated with an appropriate biological marker of nutritional adequacy. ## Footnote Indicates that certain biological markers can reflect the sufficiency of nutrient intake.
266
What is the first stage in the scheme for the development of nutritional deficiency?
Depletion stage ## Footnote This stage includes decreased levels of nutrients in the body.
267
What method is used to assess dietary inadequacy?
Dietary methods ## Footnote This involves evaluating the intake of nutrients against recommended levels.
268
What occurs during the depletion stage regarding reserve tissue stores?
Decreased level in reserve tissue store ## Footnote This indicates that the body's stored nutrients are being utilized.
269
What is measured to assess biochemical changes in nutritional deficiency?
Decreased level in body fluids ## Footnote This includes testing blood or urine for nutrient levels.
270
What indicates decreased functional levels in tissues?
Anthropometric/biochemical assessments ## Footnote These assessments involve measuring physical body dimensions and biochemical markers.
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What type of techniques are used to identify decreased activity in nutrient-dependent enzymes?
Biochemical/Molecular techniques ## Footnote These techniques can include enzyme activity assays and mRNA analysis.
272
What are the clinical symptoms of nutritional deficiency?
Functional change ## Footnote These changes can manifest as fatigue, weakness, or other health issues.
273
What type of sign is identified through anatomical assessment in nutritional deficiency?
Anatomical sign ## Footnote This can include physical manifestations such as swelling, deformities, or other visible changes.
274
What behavioral aspect is assessed in clinical evaluations of nutritional deficiency?
Behavioural/physiological changes ## Footnote These changes may include alterations in appetite, mood, or physical performance.
275
True or False: The depletion stage includes clinical symptoms.
False ## Footnote Clinical symptoms are typically assessed in later stages, not during the depletion stage.
276
What are minerals essential for?
Humans ## Footnote Minerals are crucial for various physiological functions.
277
List some critical functions of minerals in the human body.
* Components of body compounds * Cofactors of enzymes * Transmitters of neural messages * Involved in homeostasis, growth, development, and metabolism ## Footnote Minerals play diverse roles in maintaining health.
278
What factors influence the dietary requirements of minerals?
* Physiologic requirements * Bioavailability * Absorption efficacy ## Footnote Different individuals may have varying mineral needs based on these factors.
279
How can the average requirement of minerals be estimated?
By considering the sum of minerals excreted from the body in relation to the proportion of mineral absorbed ## Footnote This process can be costly and requires laboratory expertise.
280
True or False: Minerals only play a role in metabolism.
False ## Footnote Minerals are involved in multiple physiological functions beyond just metabolism.
281
What are the EAR of minerals?
The EAR of minerals are the basis of the current criteria of adequacy & inadequacy.
282
Are the criteria for mineral adequacy and inadequacy absolute?
No, these criteria are only notional.
283
Does a low intake of a mineral indicate deficiency?
Having a low intake of a mineral does not necessarily mean that an individual/population is deficient in that mineral.
284
What does a low intake of a mineral indicate?
It would give an indication of the risk.
285
How can an individual's mineral status be confirmed?
By analysis of blood, urine, or stool samples for biochemical indices of the levels of the minerals available in the body.
286
What is necessary for assessing nutritional status alongside mineral levels?
Other methods of assessment of nutritional status.
287
Is there a globally accepted biomarker for all minerals?
For some minerals, there is no globally accepted biomarker known.
288
What do the current DRVs & FBDGs address regarding minerals?
They do not necessarily address the mineral requirements, especially in clinical conditions & vulnerable groups.
289
What should be given care to in dietary interventions?
Adequacy of mineral content.

Nutrition (24 decks)

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