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Electrolytes And Fluid Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What is the chemical formula for water?

A

H2O

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2
Q

What shape do water molecules have?

A

‘V’ shape

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3
Q

What is the bond angle in a water molecule?

A

104.45°

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4
Q

What is the bond length of the hydrogen-oxygen bond in water?

A

95.84 pm

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5
Q

What is the electronegativity of oxygen and nitrogen?

A

High

Electronegativity refers to the attraction of electrons by an atom.

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6
Q

What is the electronegativity of hydrogen and carbon?

A

Low

Electronegativity indicates how strongly an atom can attract electrons.

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7
Q

What charge does oxygen carry in a molecule?

A

Partial negative charge

This indicates that oxygen attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen.

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8
Q

What charge do hydrogen atoms carry in a molecule?

A

Partial positive charge

This indicates that hydrogen atoms have a weaker attraction for electrons compared to oxygen.

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9
Q

Electrons are pulled toward which element in a water molecule?

A

Oxygen

This results in a polar covalent bond where oxygen is partially negative and hydrogen is partially positive.

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10
Q

What type of attraction occurs between polar molecules?

A

Hydrogen bonds

Polar molecules attract through oppositely charged poles.

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11
Q

What is the non-covalent attraction between polar water molecules called?

A

Hydrogen Bonding

This describes the interaction that occurs due to the polarity of water.

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12
Q

What is the charge distribution in water molecules?

A

Water molecules have a slight negative charge around the oxygen atom and a slight positive charge around the hydrogen atoms.

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13
Q

What type of bonding occurs between water molecules due to their charge distribution?

A

Hydrogen bonding.

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14
Q

Why do water molecules organize themselves in a specific way?

A

Because of the slight charges and the attraction between opposites.

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: Water molecules have a slight _______ charge around the oxygen atom.

A

negative

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: Water molecules have a slight _______ charge around the hydrogen atoms.

A

positive

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17
Q

True or False: Opposite charges in water molecules repel each other.

A

False

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18
Q

What is the dissociation equation of a water molecule?

A

H2O → H+ + OH-

This equation represents the process by which water molecules split into hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions.

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19
Q

How often do water molecules dissociate?

A

One in every 10 million water molecules

This indicates a very low rate of dissociation in pure water.

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20
Q

What is the concentration of H+ ions in neutral water?

A

1 x 10^-7

This concentration corresponds to a neutral pH level of 7.

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21
Q

What is the pH level of pure water?

A

7

A pH of 7 indicates that the solution is neutral, neither acidic nor basic.

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: The ions produced from the dissociation of water are _______ and _______.

A

H+ and OH-

These ions are crucial for understanding acid-base chemistry in solutions.

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23
Q

What percentage of a 160-lb man is made up of water?

A

45-75 percent

This range indicates that water constitutes a significant portion of body weight.

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24
Q

How much water is in a 160-lb man?

A

99 lbs

This is the approximate amount of water in a typical male of this weight.

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25
Q

What factors influence water levels in the human body?

A

Multiple factors including age, sex, body composition, and physical activity

These factors can affect hydration status and overall fluid balance.

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26
Q

How much protein is in a 160-lb man?

A

27 lbs

Protein is a crucial component of body mass and contributes to various physiological functions.

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27
Q

How much fat is in a 160-lb man?

A

24 lbs

This amount reflects the energy storage and insulation functions of fat in the body.

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28
Q

How much do minerals and glycogen weigh in a 160-lb man?

A

70 lbs

Minerals and glycogen are essential for metabolic processes and maintaining fluid balance.

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29
Q

What percentage of the body composition is water?

A

60%

Water is the primary component of body composition.

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30
Q

What are the main components of body composition and their percentages?

A
  • 60% water
  • 20% lipids
  • 15% proteins
  • 5% glucose and minerals

These percentages indicate the distribution of different substances in the body.

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31
Q

What percentage of fat is comprised of water?

A

Around 10%

This indicates that fat tissue contains a small amount of water.

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32
Q

What is the water content of well-hydrated muscles?

A

75% H2O

Well-hydrated muscles have a high percentage of water, which is crucial for their function.

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33
Q

What percentage of bones is made up of water?

A

32% H2O

Bones also contain a significant amount of water, contributing to their structure.

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34
Q

What is the water content of blood?

A

93% H2O

Blood has a very high water content, essential for its function in the body.

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35
Q

True or False: Higher muscle mass correlates with lower water contribution to total body mass.

A

False

Higher muscle mass and lower fat mass lead to a higher contribution of water to total body mass.

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36
Q

What are the major fluid compartments in the body?

A

2/3 Intracellular fluid (ICF) and 1/3 Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Extracellular fluid (ECF) includes interstitial fluid, plasma, and digestive juices.

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37
Q

What percentage of body fluid is intracellular fluid (ICF)?

A

2/3

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38
Q

What percentage of body fluid is extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

1/3

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39
Q

Name the components of extracellular fluid (ECF).

A
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Plasma
  • Digestive juices
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40
Q

Fill in the blank: The major fluid compartment that accounts for 2/3 of body fluid is _______.

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

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41
Q

Fill in the blank: The major fluid compartment that accounts for 1/3 of body fluid is _______.

A

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

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42
Q

What is the role of electrolytes in fluid balance?

A

Electrolytes help maintain a delicate equilibrium in fluid balance.

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43
Q

Define cation.

A

Cation is a positively charged ion.

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44
Q

Define anion.

A

Anion is a negatively charged ion.

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45
Q

What happens when salts like NaCl dissolve in water?

A

They come apart and form free electrically charged ions.

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46
Q

Fill in the blank: Chloride ion is represented as _______.

A

Cl⁻

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47
Q

Fill in the blank: Sodium ion is represented as _______.

A

Na⁺

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48
Q

True or False: Sodium ions are negatively charged.

A

False

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49
Q

True or False: Anions are positively charged ions.

A

False

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50
Q

What is the chemical formula for table salt?

A

NaCl

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51
Q

What are the two main components that maintain fluid balance in the body?

A

Electrolytes and water

Electrolytes are minerals that carry an electric charge and are essential for various bodily functions.

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52
Q

What does ECF stand for?

A

Extracellular Fluid

ECF is the fluid found outside of cells, which includes interstitial fluid and blood plasma.

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53
Q

Which electrolyte is represented by the symbol Na+?

A

Sodium

Sodium is crucial for maintaining fluid balance and is primarily found in extracellular fluid.

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54
Q

Which electrolyte is represented by the symbol K+?

A

Potassium

Potassium is essential for cellular function and is predominantly found in intracellular fluid.

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55
Q

Which electrolyte is represented by the symbol Ca2+?

A

Calcium

Calcium plays a vital role in muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and blood clotting.

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56
Q

Which electrolyte is represented by the symbol Mg2+?

A

Magnesium

Magnesium is involved in numerous biochemical reactions in the body, including energy production.

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57
Q

Which electrolyte is represented by the symbol Cl-?

A

Chloride

Chloride helps maintain osmotic pressure and is a component of gastric acid.

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58
Q

Which electrolyte is represented by the symbol HCO3-?

A

Bicarbonate

Bicarbonate acts as a buffer to maintain pH balance in the body.

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59
Q

Which electrolyte is represented by the symbol HPO4?

A

Phosphate

Phosphate is important for energy transfer and is a component of DNA and RNA.

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60
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from low solute to high solute concentration until concentrations on both sides are the same

This process is essential for maintaining fluid balance in cells.

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61
Q

What happens when the concentrations of solute particles are the same on both sides of a cell membrane?

A

Water flows equally both into and out of the cell

This condition is known as isotonic equilibrium.

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62
Q

What occurs when the concentration inside the cell is greater than outside the cell?

A

Water flows into the cell to equalize the concentration

This can lead to cell swelling.

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63
Q

What happens when the concentration outside the cell is greater than inside the cell?

A

Water flows out of the cell to equalize the concentration

This can lead to cell shrinkage.

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64
Q

What is the role of Na+ in cellular fluid balance?

A

As Na+ moves out of the cell, it increases extracellular Na+ concentration.

This process causes water to move out of the cell to equalize Na+ concentrations.

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65
Q

What happens when a cell begins to swell?

A

It activates the Na+-K+ pump, moving Na+ out of the cell.

This is a response mechanism to maintain osmotic balance.

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66
Q

Describe the function of the sodium-potassium pump.

A

Na+ binds to a receptor site on the protein pump, ATP energy changes the protein’s shape, expelling Na+ outside, while K+ binds to another site, causing K+ to be expelled into the cell.

This mechanism is crucial for maintaining the electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane.

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67
Q

Fill in the blank: Water moves out of the cell to equalize _______ concentrations.

A

Na+

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68
Q

What initiates the movement of Na+ out of the cell?

A

The activation of the Na+-K+ pump due to cell swelling.

This process helps prevent excessive swelling and maintains homeostasis.

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69
Q

True or False: The sodium-potassium pump requires energy from ATP.

A

True

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70
Q

What does osmotic pressure refer to in relation to cell function?

A

The pressure that drives water movement across the cell membrane to balance solute concentrations.

It is a critical factor in maintaining cell shape and function.

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71
Q

What are the key ions involved in the sodium-potassium pump?

A
  • Na+
  • K+

These ions are essential for various cellular processes, including nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.

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72
Q

Fill in the blank: Na+ is expelled to the _______ of the cell during the pump’s action.

A

outside

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73
Q

What triggers the shape change in the sodium-potassium pump?

A

The binding of Na+ and K+ ions.

This shape change is essential for the transport of these ions across the membrane.

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74
Q

What is heat capacity?

A

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature by 1 degree Celsius

Heat capacity is a critical property in understanding how substances respond to heat.

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75
Q

How does the heat capacity of water compare to that of iron?

A

Water has 3X the heat capacity of iron

This means water can store more heat energy without a significant change in temperature.

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76
Q

What does a high heat capacity imply for substances?

A

More energy is required to cool substances with high heat capacity

This property is crucial for regulating temperature in biological systems.

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77
Q

What is a significant implication of water’s high heat capacity for the human body?

A

It takes a lot of heat to change the temperature of the body

This helps maintain stable internal body temperatures despite external changes.

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78
Q

What triggers the body’s cooling system?

A

Rise in body temperature

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79
Q

What happens to blood vessels when the body cools down?

A

Blood vessels dilate

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80
Q

What process begins to help cool the body?

A

Sweating

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81
Q

What happens to perspiration to aid in cooling?

A

Perspiration evaporates

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82
Q

What factor affects the body’s cooling ability?

A

Humidity

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83
Q

What is the pH scale range?

A

0 - 14

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84
Q

What does maintaining pH balance do?

A

It maintains pH balance in the body.

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85
Q

What happens if pH balance is not maintained?

A

Disruption of bodily functions.

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86
Q

What are the components involved in pH balance?

A
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Water
  • Carbonic acid
  • Bicarbonate
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87
Q

What is one function of water related to nutrients?

A

Dissolves Nutrients: ions, sugars, amino acids, water soluble vitamins

Water is essential for the absorption and transport of essential nutrients in the body.

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88
Q

How does water contribute to nutrient transportation?

A

Transports Nutrients: Delivers glucose to cells for energy / transports waste product (urea in urine)

Water plays a crucial role in the circulatory system by helping to deliver nutrients and remove waste.

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89
Q

What is one function of water in metabolism?

A

Provides aqueous environment for metabolism

Water is essential for various metabolic processes to occur effectively.

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90
Q

How does water participate in metabolic reactions?

A

As a substrate and a product

Water can be involved as a reactant in biochemical reactions and can also be produced as a byproduct.

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91
Q

What is one function of water related to body tissues?

A

Protection and lubrication of body tissues

Water serves multiple roles in the body, including acting as a lubricant in various fluids.

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92
Q

What fluid protects the brain and spinal cord from shock?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

This fluid acts as a cushion for the central nervous system.

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93
Q

What is the purpose of amniotic fluid?

A

Shock absorber surrounding the growing foetus

Amniotic fluid provides a protective environment for the developing fetus.

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94
Q

What type of fluid is found around joints to facilitate movement?

A

Synovial fluid

Synovial fluid reduces friction between joint surfaces.

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95
Q

Which body fluid lubricates food during digestion?

A

Saliva

Saliva contains enzymes that aid in the digestion process.

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96
Q

What is the function of tears in the body?

A

Lubricate and cleanse the eyes

Tears help maintain eye health by providing moisture and removing debris.

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97
Q

What is included in adequate water intake?

A

Drinking water, beverages, and food

Adequate water intake encompasses all sources of hydration.

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98
Q

What is the daily fluid intake recommendation for women?

A

2.0 litres of fluid/day (8 glasses)

This is the general guideline for women’s hydration needs.

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99
Q

What is the daily fluid intake recommendation for men?

A

2.5 litres fluid/day (10 glasses)

This reflects the higher hydration needs of men compared to women.

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100
Q

How much additional fluid is recommended for pregnant women?

A

+300 ml/day

This increase accounts for the hydration needs during pregnancy.

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101
Q

How much additional fluid is recommended for lactating women?

A

+700 ml/day

This increase is necessary to support milk production during lactation.

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102
Q

Who has higher fluid intake recommendations?

A

Pregnant women, lactating women, athletes and active people

These groups require more hydration due to increased physical demands or physiological changes.

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103
Q

What is the total fluid daily turnover?

A

2500ml

This includes both fluid intake and output.

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104
Q

What is the fluid intake from metabolic processes?

A

350ml

This refers to the water produced from metabolic reactions.

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105
Q

What is the fluid intake from fluids consumed?

A

1200ml

This includes all liquids ingested throughout the day.

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106
Q

What is the water content of foods contributing to fluid intake?

A

1000ml

This encompasses water obtained from solid food sources.

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107
Q

What is the total fluid output?

A

2500ml

This includes all forms of fluid loss from the body.

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108
Q

How much fluid is lost through expired air?

A

350ml

This is the water vapor lost during respiration.

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109
Q

What is the amount of fluid lost through skin/sweat?

A

850ml

This includes both insensible loss and sweat.

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110
Q

What is the faecal loss of fluid?

A

100ml

This is the amount of water lost in solid waste.

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111
Q

What is the urine output in terms of fluid loss?

A

1200ml

This is the volume of water excreted via urine.

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112
Q

What is the moisture content range of raw pork?

A

53-60%

Moisture content varies based on the cut and preparation of the pork.

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113
Q

What is the moisture content range of cherries?

A

50-70%

Cherries are high in water content, making them hydrating fruits.

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114
Q

What is the moisture content of avocados?

A

74%

Avocados are known for their healthy fats but also contain significant water.

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115
Q

What is the moisture content range of chicken?

A

65-81%

The moisture content can differ depending on the part of the chicken and whether the skin is included.

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116
Q

What is the moisture content range for asparagus?

A

90-95%

Asparagus has one of the highest water contents among vegetables.

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117
Q

What is the moisture content range of broccoli?

A

85-90%

Broccoli is both nutritious and hydrating due to its high water content.

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118
Q

What is the moisture content range for bananas?

A

90-95%

Bananas are a popular fruit with a high water percentage.

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119
Q

What is the moisture content range for fish?

A

74-80%

Fish muscle proteins have a considerable water content, contributing to their texture.

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120
Q

What is the moisture content range for raw retail cuts of beef?

A

85-90%

Moisture content can vary based on the cut and preparation method.

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121
Q

What is the moisture content range for lettuce?

A

90-95%

Lettuce is often used in salads due to its crisp texture and high water content.

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122
Q

Fill in the blank: The moisture content of _______ is 80-85%.

A

chicken, all classes, raw meat without skin

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123
Q

Fill in the blank: The moisture content of _______ is 50-70%.

A

cherries

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124
Q

True or False: Avocados have a moisture content of 74%.

A

True

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125
Q

True or False: Broccoli has a lower moisture content than chicken.

A

False

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126
Q

What are the main components of the kidney?

A

Cortex, Medulla, Renal pelvis

These structures play essential roles in kidney function.

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127
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

Excrete waste products

Waste products include ammonia, uric acid, urea, and creatinine.

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128
Q

What waste products do the kidneys excrete?

A
  • Ammonia
  • Uric acid
  • Urea
  • Creatinine

These substances are filtered out of the blood.

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129
Q

How do the kidneys filter waste products?

A

Via filtration

This process occurs in the nephrons.

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130
Q

What is the role of nephrons in the kidneys?

A

Filter waste products

Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney.

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131
Q

What is the renal artery’s function?

A

Carry blood to the kidneys

It supplies oxygenated blood to the renal tissues.

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132
Q

What is the role of the renal vein?

A

Carry blood away from the kidneys

It transports deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

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133
Q

What is the purpose of the ureter?

A

Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Each kidney has one ureter.

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134
Q

Fill in the blank: The renal _______ collects urine from the kidney.

A

pelvis

The renal pelvis is the funnel-like structure at the center of the kidney.

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135
Q

What is Bowman’s capsule?

A

A structure in the nephron that encases the glomerulus

It is involved in the filtration of blood to form urine.

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136
Q

What is the function of the nephron?

A

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and forming urine

Each kidney contains about a million nephrons.

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137
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

A network of capillaries located within Bowman’s capsule

It plays a crucial role in the filtration of blood.

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138
Q

What is the role of the afferent arteriole?

A

It carries blood into the glomerulus

The afferent arteriole is responsible for supplying blood for filtration.

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139
Q

What does the efferent arteriole do?

A

It carries blood away from the glomerulus

This helps regulate blood flow and pressure within the nephron.

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140
Q

What is the descending limb of the loop of Henle?

A

The part of the loop of Henle that descends into the medulla

It is permeable to water but not to solutes.

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141
Q

What is the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

A

The part of the loop of Henle that ascends back towards the cortex

It is impermeable to water and actively transports sodium and chloride ions.

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142
Q

What is the proximal tubule?

A

The segment of the nephron that reabsorbs most of the filtrate

It reabsorbs water, ions, and nutrients.

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143
Q

What is the distal tubule?

A

The segment of the nephron that further modifies the filtrate

It plays a role in the regulation of potassium, sodium, and pH.

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144
Q

What is the collecting duct?

A

The structure that collects urine from multiple nephrons

It is involved in the final concentration of urine.

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145
Q

What are the main components of filtrate?

A

H2O, Salts (NaCl, etc.), HCO3- (bicarbonate), Urea, Glucose, amino acids, Some drugs

Filtrate is the fluid that passes through the glomerular capsule and contains various substances that are reabsorbed or secreted in the nephron.

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146
Q

What is the process by which substances are moved from the blood into the filtrate?

A

Secretion (active transport)

Secretion is an important process in the kidneys that helps to eliminate waste products and maintain electrolyte balance.

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147
Q

Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for reabsorption?

A

Proximal tubule

The proximal tubule reabsorbs a significant amount of water, glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes.

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148
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is responsible for the concentration of urine.

A

Loop of Henle

The Loop of Henle plays a critical role in creating a concentration gradient in the medulla, which is essential for water reabsorption.

149
Q

What ions are primarily reabsorbed in the distal tubule?

A

NaCl, HCO3-

The distal tubule adjusts the composition of urine by reabsorbing sodium chloride and bicarbonate.

150
Q

True or False: The collecting duct is involved in the secretion of H+ and K+.

A

True

The collecting duct fine-tunes the composition of urine and helps regulate acid-base balance.

151
Q

What substances are primarily excreted in urine?

A

H2O, Urea, NaCl

Urine is composed of waste products filtered and processed by the kidneys, including excess water and salts.

152
Q

What mechanism allows for the movement of water in the nephron?

A

Passive transport

Water follows osmotic gradients and is reabsorbed through passive transport mechanisms in various parts of the nephron.

153
Q

What types of transport are involved in the reabsorption process?

A

Active transport, Passive transport

Both active and passive transport mechanisms are essential for the reabsorption of vital substances in the nephron.

154
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ collects urine before it moves to the renal pelvis.

A

Collecting duct

The collecting duct is the final segment of the nephron that collects urine from multiple nephrons.

155
Q

What is the role of HCO3- in the nephron?

A

Buffering blood pH

Bicarbonate ions play a crucial role in maintaining the acid-base balance in the body.

156
Q

What is water balance?

A

Water balance is achieved through:
* Regulation of fluid excretion
* Regulation of blood volume and pressure
* Thirst
* Water reabsorption in the GI tract

Water balance is crucial for maintaining homeostasis in the body.

157
Q

Which factors are involved in achieving water balance?

A

Water balance is achieved through:
* Regulation of fluid excretion
* Regulation of blood volume and pressure
* Thirst
* Water reabsorption in the GI tract

Each factor plays a significant role in maintaining hydration and overall health.

158
Q

What detects too little water in the blood?

A

Hypothalamus

159
Q

What hormone does the pituitary gland release when there is too little water in the blood?

160
Q

What is the effect of ADH on blood water levels?

A

Blood water level returns to normal

161
Q

How do kidneys respond to maintain blood water levels?

A

Less water is lost in urine

162
Q

What is the concentration of urine when the kidneys retain more water?

A

Urine is more concentrated

163
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ maintains blood water level.

164
Q

True or False: The hypothalamus is responsible for detecting too much water in the blood.

165
Q

What happens when there is too much water in the blood?

A

Not specified in the text

166
Q

What is another name for Antidiuretic hormone?

A

Vasopressin

167
Q

What type of physiological effect does Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have?

A

Vasoconstrictor

168
Q

Is Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) more sensitive to blood volume or plasma osmolarity?

A

Plasma osmolarity

169
Q

What triggers the release of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A

Large loss of blood

170
Q

Name one factor that can trigger the release of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

171
Q

Name another factor that can trigger the release of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

172
Q

True or False: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is less sensitive to plasma osmolarity than blood volume.

173
Q

What system regulates blood volume and pressure?

A

Renin-angiotensin system

The renin-angiotensin system is crucial for maintaining blood pressure and fluid balance.

174
Q

What triggers the renin-angiotensin system?

A

Drop in blood pressure and drop in fluid volume

These drops signal the kidneys to release renin.

175
Q

Where is angiotensinogen produced?

A

Liver

Angiotensinogen is the precursor to angiotensin I.

176
Q

What enzyme is released from the lungs to convert angiotensin I?

A

ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme)

ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II.

177
Q

What effect does angiotensin II have on blood vessels?

A

Stimulates vasoconstriction (narrowing)

This action increases blood pressure.

178
Q

What does angiotensin II stimulate in the adrenal gland?

A

Release of aldosterone

Aldosterone plays a key role in sodium and water balance.

179
Q

What does aldosterone do in the kidneys?

A

Stimulates reabsorption of salt (NaCl) and water (H2O)

This reabsorption helps to increase blood volume and pressure.

180
Q

Fill in the blank: Renin acts on angiotensinogen to form _______.

A

angiotensin I

This is the first step in the renin-angiotensin system.

181
Q

True or False: Angiotensin II decreases blood pressure.

A

False

Angiotensin II actually increases blood pressure through vasoconstriction.

182
Q

What are the four major stimuli for thirst?

A
  • Increased osmolarity of fluid surrounding osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
  • Reduced blood volume and pressure
  • Increased angiotensin 2
  • Dryness of the mouth and mucous membranes lining the oesophagus

These stimuli trigger the thirst mechanism in the body, indicating a need for fluid intake.

183
Q

What is the primary function of water reabsorption in the GI tract?

A

Manages many litres of fluid each day

Water reabsorption is crucial to prevent rapid dehydration.

184
Q

What would happen if all fluids from the GI tract were excreted?

A

Would dehydrate rapidly

This highlights the importance of fluid balance in the body.

185
Q

Which parts of the intestine are responsible for reabsorbing most of the water?

A

Small and large intestines

These structures play a key role in maintaining hydration.

186
Q

What effect do excess water intake and diuretics have on antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion?

A

They decrease the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Diuretics include substances like alcohol and caffeine.

187
Q

What happens to ADH levels when there is a fall in ADH?

A

The kidneys concentrate solutes in extracellular fluid by excreting water.

188
Q

What are the two main actions of the kidneys in response to decreased ADH levels?

A
  • Decrease permeability so collecting ducts and tubules retain water for excretion
  • Excrete large volumes of dilute urine
189
Q

True or False: Alcohol and caffeine increase the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

190
Q

Fill in the blank: A fall in ADH levels signals the kidney to _______.

A

[excrete water]

191
Q

How do the kidneys correct the initial decreased concentration of solutes in extracellular fluid?

A

By concentrating solutes through water excretion.

192
Q

What is a major killer worldwide?

A

Dehydration

Dehydration contributes significantly to mortality rates globally.

193
Q

Which infections are linked to dehydration?

A

Gastrointestinal infections

These infections can exacerbate dehydration.

194
Q

What physical condition increases the risk of dehydration?

A

Burns

Burns can lead to fluid loss and higher dehydration risk.

195
Q

Which populations are more at risk for dehydration?

A
  • Older adults
  • Infants

These groups have a higher susceptibility to dehydration.

196
Q

What is the first effect of progressive dehydration at 1% body weight loss?

A

Increased thirst, loss of appetite, discomfort

These are initial signs of dehydration.

197
Q

What happens at 3% body weight loss due to dehydration?

A

Impatience, decreased blood volume

Decreased blood volume can affect overall health.

198
Q

What are the effects of 4% body weight loss from dehydration?

A

Nausea, slowing of physical work

Physical performance begins to decline at this stage.

199
Q

At what percentage of body weight loss does difficulty concentrating occur?

A

5%

Cognitive functions can be impaired by dehydration.

200
Q

What symptoms are observed at 6% body weight loss?

A

Increasing body temperature, pulse and respiration rate

These are signs of severe dehydration.

201
Q

What happens at 7% body weight loss due to dehydration?

A

Stumbling, headache

Neurological effects become prominent.

202
Q

At 8% body weight loss, what symptoms are present?

A

Dizziness, labored breathing

Respiratory function may be compromised.

203
Q

What is the consequence of 9% body weight loss from dehydration?

A

Weakness, mental confusion

Severe cognitive and physical impairment occurs.

204
Q

What severe condition can occur at 10% body weight loss?

A

Muscle spasms, indistinct speech

This indicates critical dehydration and potential emergency.

205
Q

What are the critical outcomes of 11% body weight loss due to dehydration?

A

Kidney failure, poor circulation due to decreased blood volume

These are life-threatening conditions.

206
Q

What are the initial symptoms of water intoxication?

A

Headaches and confusion

Water intoxication occurs when there is an imbalance in the body’s electrolytes due to excessive water intake.

207
Q

What severe conditions can water intoxication lead to?

A

Seizures and death

These severe outcomes are the result of disrupted electrolyte balance.

208
Q

What typically causes water intoxication?

A

Rapid consumption of water

This often happens when replacing fluid losses with plain water during prolonged exercise.

209
Q

What glandular disorders can lead to water intoxication?

A

Untreated glandular disorders

These disorders may affect the body’s ability to regulate water balance.

210
Q

How common is water intoxication?

A

Rare

The kidneys can excrete many liters of fluid per day, making water intoxication uncommon.

211
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic elemental atoms or ions

Minerals are essential for various bodily functions and are not easily destroyed.

212
Q

What is the daily intake requirement for major minerals?

A

> 100mg/day

Major minerals are required in larger quantities compared to trace minerals.

213
Q

What is the daily intake requirement for trace minerals?

A

<100mg/day

Trace minerals are needed in smaller amounts but are still crucial for health.

214
Q

What roles do minerals play in the body?

A

Essential roles in the body

Minerals are involved in a variety of functions including structural, regulatory, and metabolic processes.

215
Q

What is the approximate amount of selected minerals in a 70 kg (154 lb) man?

A

1,200 grams

This amount varies based on individual dietary intake and physiological needs.

216
Q

What are the two categories of minerals?

A
  • Major minerals
  • Trace minerals

These categories are based on the required daily intake amounts.

217
Q

Fill in the blank: Major minerals are required in quantities greater than _______.

218
Q

Fill in the blank: Trace minerals are required in quantities less than _______.

219
Q

What are the primary electrolytes involved in fluid balance?

A

Sodium, calcium, potassium, chlorine, phosphate, and magnesium

These minerals play essential roles in maintaining various physiological functions.

220
Q

What is one key function of electrolytes?

A

Maintain fluid balance

Electrolytes help regulate the amount of water in the body.

221
Q

What is another important function of electrolytes?

A

Maintain blood pH

Electrolytes help to buffer acids and bases to keep blood pH within a narrow range.

222
Q

What role do electrolytes play in the nervous system?

A

Maintain nerve transmission

Electrolytes are crucial for the generation and conduction of electrical impulses in nerves.

223
Q

How do electrolytes affect muscle function?

A

They maintain muscle function

Electrolytes are essential for muscle contraction and relaxation.

224
Q

What are the two primary sources of minerals in foods?

A

Both plants and animal sources

225
Q

What does bioavailability refer to in the context of minerals?

A

Body adjusts mineral absorption to our needs

226
Q

What is megadosing?

A

Taking excessively high doses of minerals

227
Q

What is one factor that affects the bioavailability of minerals?

A

Person’s need

228
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ of the intestinal environment can affect mineral absorption.

229
Q

Name two substances that can affect mineral absorption.

A
  • Phytate
  • Oxalate
230
Q

What are polyphenols in relation to mineral absorption?

A

Substances that can hinder mineral absorption

231
Q

What can compete with minerals for absorption in the body?

A

Other minerals

232
Q

What is sodium classified as?

A

Essential nutrient

233
Q

What is the chemical formula for table salt?

234
Q

What is the major cation in extracellular fluid (ECF)?

235
Q

List three functions of sodium.

A
  • Fluid balance
  • Blood pressure
  • Nerve impulse transmission
236
Q

What is the recommended maximum intake of salt per day?

A

Not more than 6g (or 2.4g Na)

237
Q

What types of foods are significant sources of sodium?

A
  • Salt
  • Processed foods
  • Convenience foods
238
Q

What is the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of sodium for adults?

239
Q

What is sodium classified as?

A

Essential nutrient

240
Q

What is the chemical formula for table salt?

241
Q

What is the major cation in extracellular fluid (ECF)?

242
Q

List three functions of sodium.

A
  • Fluid balance
  • Blood pressure
  • Nerve impulse transmission
243
Q

What is the recommended maximum intake of salt per day?

A

Not more than 6g (or 2.4g Na)

244
Q

What types of foods are significant sources of sodium?

A
  • Salt
  • Processed foods
  • Convenience foods
245
Q

What is the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of sodium for adults?

246
Q

What percentage of dietary sodium is added during food processing?

A

75%

This highlights the significant role of food processing in sodium intake.

247
Q

What percentage of dietary sodium occurs naturally in food?

A

10%

This indicates that only a small portion of sodium is naturally present in foods.

248
Q

What percentage of dietary sodium is used in cooking and at the table?

A

15%

This shows the contribution of cooking and table use to overall sodium intake.

249
Q

What is hyponatremia?

A

Condition of low blood sodium concentrations

Hyponatremia can lead to serious health issues if not addressed properly.

250
Q

What are the causes of hyponatremia?

A
  • Severe diarrhoea
  • Vomiting
  • Intense prolonged sweating with replacement of water but not sodium

These causes lead to a significant loss of sodium in the body.

251
Q

What symptoms are similar to dehydration in hyponatremia?

A

Symptoms similar to dehydration

Symptoms can include thirst, dry mouth, and fatigue.

252
Q

What happens to cells in severe hyponatremia?

A

Extracellular fluid moves into cells, causing them to swell

This swelling can lead to seizures and coma if untreated.

253
Q

What is the treatment for hyponatremia?

A

Replacement of minerals & fluid

This can be achieved through food and intravenous solutions.

254
Q

What is hypernatremia?

A

High concentration of sodium in the blood

255
Q

What can cause hypernatremia?

A

Rapid intake of large amount of sodium (e.g. drinking seawater)

256
Q

What is a consequence of hypernatremia?

A

Hypervolemia - abnormal increase in blood volume

257
Q

What are the symptoms of hypernatremia?

A
  • Edema (swelling)
  • Rising in BP
258
Q

In which patients is hypernatremia usually seen?

A
  • Patients with congestive heart failure
  • Patients with kidney disease
259
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Persistent high blood pressure

Hypertension is often a chronic condition that can lead to serious health issues.

260
Q

What dietary factors are associated with hypertension?

A
  • High intake of sodium
  • High intakes of fat (especially saturated fat)

These dietary factors can contribute significantly to the development of hypertension.

261
Q

What does DASH stand for?

A

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension

The DASH diet is designed to help prevent and manage high blood pressure.

262
Q

What are the key recommendations of the DASH studies for managing hypertension?

A
  • Limit your sodium, fat, and cholesterol
  • Increase fruit and vegetable intake
  • Consume low-fat dairy foods

Following these recommendations has been shown to significantly lower blood pressure in hypertensive individuals.

263
Q

What is the ideal blood pressure range?

A

Below 120/80 mmHg

Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) with two numbers: systolic (top number) and diastolic (bottom number).

264
Q

Fill in the blank: A high intake of _______ is associated with hypertension.

265
Q

True or False: Increasing fruit and vegetable intake can help lower blood pressure.

266
Q

What is a significant dietary change recommended for hypertensive individuals?

A

Increasing fruit and vegetable intake

This change is part of the DASH diet recommendations.

267
Q

What is the key cation in intracellular fluid (ICF)?

A

Potassium

Potassium plays a crucial role in various physiological functions.

268
Q

List three functions of potassium.

A
  • Muscle contraction
  • Nerve impulse transmission
  • Regulates blood pressure

These functions are essential for maintaining overall health and bodily functions.

269
Q

What is the recommended dietary intake (RNI) of potassium?

A

3500 kg/d

This recommendation may vary based on individual health needs.

270
Q

Name three food sources of potassium.

A
  • Unprocessed foods: fruits, vegetables, grains
  • Meat
  • Fish

These foods are generally rich in potassium.

271
Q

What are some examples of less processed foods that contain potassium?

A
  • Whole milk
  • Roast beef
  • Fresh corn
  • Fresh cucumber
  • Fresh peaches
  • Wheat flour

These foods provide essential nutrients with lower levels of processing.

272
Q

What are some examples of more processed foods that contain potassium?

A
  • Chocolate pudding
  • Corned beef
  • Canned corn
  • Dill pickle
  • Canned peaches
  • Whole wheat bread

While these foods provide potassium, they may also contain higher levels of sodium and preservatives.

273
Q

What is the chemical symbol for Potassium?

274
Q

What is the atomic weight of Potassium?

275
Q

What is hypokalemia?

A

Low blood potassium

276
Q

What is a likely risk factor associated with hypokalemia?

A

Hypertension risk

277
Q

How can hypokalemia affect acid-base balance?

A

Can disrupt acid-base balance

278
Q

Who is at risk for Potassium deficiency?

A

Individuals such as alcoholics, those with eating disorders, strong laxative use, diuretic hypertension medications

279
Q

What are common symptoms of hypokalemia?

A
  • Muscle weakness
  • Loss of appetite
  • Confusion
280
Q

What is the atomic number of Potassium?

281
Q

What is the atomic weight of Potassium?

282
Q

What is Hyperkalemia?

A

High blood potassium

283
Q

Is Hyperkalemia common or rare?

284
Q

What can cause Hyperkalemia?

A
  • Malfunctioning kidney
  • Excess intravenous potassium
285
Q

What can severe Hyperkalemia affect?

A

Can slow heart

286
Q

What is hyperkalemia?

A

High blood potassium

Hyperkalemia is a condition characterized by elevated levels of potassium in the blood.

287
Q

What are the common causes of hyperkalemia?

A
  • Malfunctioning kidney
  • Excess intravenous potassium

These factors can lead to an accumulation of potassium in the bloodstream, resulting in hyperkalemia.

288
Q

What is a potential consequence of severe hyperkalemia?

A

It can slow heart

Severe hyperkalemia can lead to dangerous heart rhythms and may require immediate medical intervention.

289
Q

Is hyperkalemia a common condition?

A

Rare

While hyperkalemia can occur, it is not frequently encountered in the general population.

290
Q

What is the atomic symbol for potassium?

A

K

The letter ‘K’ is derived from the Latin word ‘kalium.’

291
Q

What is the atomic mass of potassium?

A

39.098

This value represents the average atomic mass of potassium isotopes.

292
Q

What is the daily value of potassium?

A

Daily Value = 3500 mg

293
Q

Name three food sources of potassium that provide 20% DV or more.

A
  • White beans
  • Dates
  • Raisins, seedless
294
Q

What is a food source of potassium that is classified as ‘high’?

A

White beans

295
Q

What are some examples of food sources of potassium that provide 10-19% DV?

A
  • Potato, baked
  • Yogurt, plain, nonfat
  • Tomato juice
  • Clams, cooked
  • Halibut, cooked
  • Banana
  • Spinach, raw
  • Orange juice, chilled
  • Lima beans, cooked
  • Milk, 1% milkfat
  • Baked beans, canned
  • Cantaloupe
  • Acorn squash, cooked
  • Apricot, fresh
296
Q

Fill in the blank: A medium banana contains ______ mg of potassium.

297
Q

How much potassium is in 240 ml (1 cup) of tomato juice?

298
Q

True or False: Sweet potatoes are a food source of potassium.

299
Q

What is the potassium content in 140 g (½ medium melon)?

300
Q

What is the potassium content in 85 g (3 oz) of spinach, raw?

301
Q

How much potassium is found in 225 g (1 8-oz container) of yogurt, plain, nonfat?

302
Q

List two food sources of potassium that are legumes.

A
  • Lentils
  • Baked beans, canned
303
Q

What is chloride not the same as?

A

‘Chlorine’

Chloride is a distinct chemical ion, different from chlorine gas.

304
Q

What is chloride’s role in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

Major anion

Chloride is a key negatively charged ion in the extracellular fluid.

305
Q

What is one of the functions of chloride in the body?

A

Moves in and out of red blood cells

This movement is essential for maintaining acid-base balance.

306
Q

What is hydrochloric acid commonly known as?

A

Stomach acid

Hydrochloric acid is crucial for digestion in the stomach.

307
Q

What is the dietary recommendation for chloride intake?

A

2500 mg/d

This recommendation supports various bodily functions.

308
Q

Name a common food source of chloride.

A

Table salt

Table salt (sodium chloride) is the primary source of chloride in the diet.

309
Q

What is hypochloremia?

A

Low chloride levels in the blood

Hypochloremia can lead to various health issues.

310
Q

What condition can frequent vomiting lead to regarding chloride levels?

A

Hypochloremia

Conditions like bulimia nervosa can cause frequent vomiting, affecting chloride levels.

311
Q

What metabolic condition is associated with hypochloremia?

A

Metabolic alkalosis

Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by elevated blood pH and bicarbonate levels.

312
Q

What is the atomic number of Calcium?

313
Q

What is the atomic weight of Calcium?

314
Q

What role does Calcium play in the bone structure?

A

Bone matrix

315
Q

List three functions of Calcium in the human body.

A
  • Nerve function
  • Blood clotting
  • Muscle contraction
316
Q

Calcium is important for _______ metabolism.

A

[cellular]

317
Q

What percentage of calcium is found in bones and teeth?

A

99%

Calcium is crucial for bone structure and health.

318
Q

What is the plasma calcium concentration range in mg/100ml?

A

9-10.4 mg/100ml

This concentration is vital for various physiological functions.

319
Q

What are the two types of cells involved in bone remodeling?

A
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteoclasts

Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation, while osteoclasts are involved in bone resorption.

320
Q

Why is adequate calcium intake necessary?

A

To maintain living tissue and bone structure

Insufficient calcium can lead to weakened bones and other health issues.

321
Q

What process do osteoclasts perform?

A

Bone resorption

This process is essential for the maintenance and remodeling of bone.

322
Q

What process do osteoblasts perform?

A

Bone formation

Osteoblasts help in building new bone tissue.

323
Q

Fill in the blank: Calcium is essential for _______.

A

bone structure

Calcium is a critical mineral for maintaining bone integrity.

324
Q

What is one of the primary functions of calcium in the body?

A

Nerve function

Calcium is essential for the normal transmission of nerve impulses.

325
Q

How does calcium contribute to muscle contraction?

A

Flow of calcium inside muscle cells allows them to contract and relax

Calcium facilitates the interaction of myosin and actin for muscle contraction.

326
Q

What triggers the release of neurotransmitters?

A

Calcium

Calcium plays a crucial role in the process of neurotransmitter release in nerve function.

327
Q

Fill in the blank: Calcium facilitates the interaction of _______ and actin.

A

myosin

Myosin and actin are proteins that interact during muscle contraction.

328
Q

True or False: Calcium is not involved in nerve function.

A

False

Calcium is essential for the normal transmission of nerve impulses.

329
Q

What are the functions of calcium in the body?

A
  • Blood clotting
  • Cellular metabolism
330
Q

What is the role of calcium in blood clotting?

A
  • Formation of fibrin
  • Blood-clotting cascade
  • Blood will not clot in the absence of calcium
331
Q

How does calcium contribute to cellular metabolism?

A
  • Binds to and activates calmodulin
  • Cell secretions
  • Cell division
  • Cell proliferation
332
Q

What is the dietary recommendation for calcium intake?

A

700 mg/d

This is the general recommendation for daily calcium intake for adults.

333
Q

Name three food sources of calcium.

A
  • Milk and dairy products
  • Green vegetables
  • Tofu
  • Fortified foods

These foods are rich in calcium and contribute to meeting dietary recommendations.

334
Q

What is hypocalcemia?

A

Low levels of calcium in the blood

Hypocalcemia can lead to various health issues, including muscle spasms and seizures.

335
Q

What is hypercalcemia?

A

High levels of calcium in the blood

Hypercalcemia can cause symptoms such as fatigue, nausea, and confusion.

336
Q

What condition is characterized by weak and brittle bones due to low calcium?

A

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis increases the risk of fractures and is often related to inadequate calcium intake.

337
Q

Fill in the blank: The recommended dietary intake for calcium is _______.

A

700 mg/d

This recommendation is crucial for maintaining bone health.

338
Q

List two potential health issues related to calcium imbalance.

A
  • Hypocalcemia
  • Hypercalcemia

Both conditions can have significant health impacts and require management.

339
Q

True or False: Tofu is a good source of calcium.

A

True

Tofu, especially when fortified, is an excellent plant-based source of calcium.

340
Q

Name one vegetable that is a source of calcium.

A

Green vegetables

Examples include kale and broccoli, which provide calcium along with other nutrients.

341
Q

What is the Daily Value of calcium?

342
Q

What qualifies as a high source of calcium?

A

20% DV or more

343
Q

What qualifies as a good source of calcium?

344
Q

List three high-calcium foods.

A
  • Tofu, calcium processed
  • Yogurt, plain, lowfat
  • Milk, nonfat
345
Q

True or False: Spinach is a good source of calcium.

346
Q

Fill in the blank: In spinach, oxalate binds calcium and prevents absorption of all but about ______ percent of the plant’s calcium.

347
Q

List two vegetables that are good sources of calcium.

A
  • Collards, cooked
  • Turnip greens, cooked
348
Q

What is the atomic number of Phosphorus?

349
Q

What are the functions of Phosphorus?

A
  • Bone structure
  • Enzymes - phosphorylation
  • Component of ATP, DNA, RNA, phospholipids
350
Q

What is the dietary recommendation for Phosphorus intake?

351
Q

What are some food sources of Phosphorus?

A
  • Meat
  • Milk
  • Eggs
  • Processed foods
352
Q

What condition is characterized by low levels of Phosphorus?

A

Hypophosphatemia

353
Q

What condition is characterized by high levels of Phosphorus?

A

Hyperphosphatemia

354
Q

What is the Daily Value (DV) for phosphorus?

A

1,000 mg

The Daily Value is a reference amount used for nutrition labeling.

355
Q

What food sources of phosphorus are considered high in phosphorus content?

A
  • Cheese, provolone
  • Beef liver, cooked
  • Yogurt, plain, nonfat
  • Sunflower seeds
  • Herring, cooked
  • Milk, nonfat
  • Milk, 1% milkfat
  • Milk, 2% milkfat
  • Chicken, white meat, cooked
  • Beef, ground, extra lean, cooked
  • Oysters, cooked
  • Lentils, cooked
  • Tofu, calcium processed
  • Chicken, dark meat, cooked
  • All Bran cereal
  • Almonds
  • Soy milk
  • Black beans, cooked
  • Peanut butter

Foods providing 20% DV or more are classified as high in phosphorus.

356
Q

True or False: Lentils are a good source of phosphorus.

A

True

Lentils provide a significant amount of phosphorus.

357
Q

List three food sources that provide a good amount of phosphorus (10-19% DV).

A
  • Chicken, dark meat, cooked
  • Soy milk
  • Peanut butter

Foods providing 10-19% DV are classified as good sources of phosphorus.

358
Q

What is the atomic symbol for Magnesium?

359
Q

What is the atomic weight of Magnesium?

360
Q

List three functions of Magnesium.

A
  • DNA and protein synthesis
  • ATP production
  • Blood clotting, muscle contraction
361
Q

What is the dietary recommendation for Magnesium intake?

362
Q

Name four food sources rich in Magnesium.

A
  • Whole grains
  • Vegetables
  • Legumes
  • Tofu
  • Seafood
363
Q

What condition is characterized by low levels of Magnesium?

A

Hypomagnesemia

364
Q

What condition is characterized by high levels of Magnesium?

A

Hypermagnesemia

365
Q

What is sulfur a component of?

A

Organic compounds

Sulfur is essential in forming various organic molecules.

366
Q

What role does sulfur play in protein structure?

A

Forms disulfide bridges between amino acids

These bridges are critical for the stability and function of proteins.

367
Q

What function does sulfur serve in the liver?

A

Drug-detoxifying pathways

Sulfur contributes to the metabolic processes that detoxify harmful substances.

368
Q

Is sulfur deficiency common?

A

Unknown

There is plenty of sulfur supplied from protein consumption, making deficiency rare.

369
Q

How is sulfur primarily obtained in the diet?

A

From protein consumption

Foods rich in protein provide adequate sulfur for bodily functions.

Nutrition (17 decks)

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