Dietary Intake Flashcards
What is one reason for assessing dietary intake?
Assessment of health and nutritional status
This is crucial for understanding individual and population health.
What is an important aspect of epidemiological research related to diet?
Relationships between diet and disease
This research helps identify risk factors associated with dietary patterns.
Why is it important to identify nutrition education and health promotion needs?
To tailor interventions that improve dietary habits
This can lead to better health outcomes in populations.
What is the purpose of monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of public health campaigns?
To meet dietary guidelines
This ensures that campaigns are achieving their intended health objectives.
What can be identified through dietary intake assessment regarding food?
Food allergens
This is essential for preventing allergic reactions and promoting food safety.
What aspect of economic analysis can dietary intake assessment inform?
Assessing food expenditure
Understanding food costs can influence budgeting and policy decisions.
How can dietary intake assessment help in shaping future policies?
To inform food and agricultural policies and action for future food supply
This can help ensure food security and sustainability.
What is the primary purpose of dietary intake assessment?
To evaluate the food consumption patterns of individuals or groups
This can help in understanding nutritional status and making dietary recommendations.
What type of records are maintained for dietary assessment?
Food purchases and quantities brought into the household
This includes expenditure on food items.
At what level is dietary intake assessment typically undertaken?
Household level
This allows for a comprehensive view of food availability and consumption.
Fill in the blank: Dietary intake assessment involves keeping a record of _______.
[food purchases and quantities]
True or False: Dietary intake assessment only focuses on food expenditure.
False
It also includes quantities of food brought into the household.
What is one strength of accounting methods in dietary surveys?
Suitable for large scale surveys
What is a key purpose of accounting methods in monitoring dietary intake?
Designed for monitoring diet trends at the population level
Name one example of a dietary survey that utilizes accounting methods.
National Food Survey (NFS)
What type of data do accounting methods provide?
Data on dietary patterns of groups
True or False: Accounting methods are likely to alter participants’ diets.
False
Fill in the blank: The National Food Survey (NFS) ran from ______ to ______.
1940 to 2000
What was the original purpose of the National Food Survey (NFS)?
To monitor the adequacy of the diet of urban ‘working class’ households in wartime
In what year was the NFS extended to represent households throughout Great Britain?
1950
What organization conducted the NFS in later years?
Office for National Statistics (ONS)
What survey replaced the National Food Survey (NFS) in 2001?
Expenditure and Food Survey (EFS)
What is the current name of the survey that evolved from the Expenditure and Food Survey (EFS)?
Living Costs and Food Survey (LCF)
What unique aspect does the National Food Survey (NFS) hold in terms of duration?
It was the longest-running continuous survey of household food consumption and expenditure in the world
What type of diary was used in the NFS to record food and expenditure?
7-day diary
Fill in the blank: The UK Data Archive holds NFS data from ______ to ______.
1974 to 2000
What was the last year the NFS was conducted?
2000
List three surveys that have been conducted in the UK related to dietary intake.
- National Food Survey (NFS)
- Expenditure and Food Survey (EFS)
- Living Costs and Food Survey (LCF)
What is a financial advantage of using accounting methods in dietary surveys?
Cheap
What is a limitation of accounting methods for dietary intake?
Data not collected at individual level
What is required from respondents when using accounting methods for dietary intake?
Respondents need to be literate
What does accounting methods for dietary intake reflect?
Reflects foods purchased but does not allow for food waste or leftovers on plate
In accounting methods, what is the relationship between food purchased and dietary intake?
Food purchased # Dietary Intake
What strong association did Ransley et al. (2001) find?
Between estimates of fat and kcal intakes and 28 days of receipts
What type of food purchasing was involved in Ransley et al.’s study?
Populations who mainly use supermarkets for food purchases
Fill in the blank: Accounting methods for dietary intake do not account for _______.
food waste or leftovers on plate
True or False: Accounting methods allow for individual-level dietary data collection.
False
What is the purpose of the DEFRA Family Food survey?
To collect detailed quantity and expenditure information on food and drinks household purchases
Sourced from The Living Costs and Food Survey (LCF) by the National Office of Statistics (ONS)
What type of information does the DEFRA Family Food survey collect?
Itemised lists of food and drink eating out purchases
It includes diaries kept for two weeks recording food expenditure and quantities of food purchased and eaten.
How long do participants keep food diaries in the DEFRA Family Food survey?
Two weeks
The diaries record food expenditure and quantities of food purchased and eaten outside the home, including take-away foods.
What happens where quantities in the DEFRA Family Food survey are not recorded?
They are estimated using standard portion sizes.
What is the source of the DEFRA Family Food survey data?
The Living Costs and Food Survey (LCF) by the National Office of Statistics (ONS).
Fill in the blank: The DEFRA Family Food survey collects detailed quantity and expenditure information on _______.
[food and drinks household purchases]
True or False: The DEFRA Family Food survey includes data on food and drink purchased for consumption outside the home.
True
What are retrospective methods in dietary assessment?
Methods undertaken at household or individual level, such as recall of foods recently eaten or on a regular basis
Retrospective methods rely on the ability of respondents to remember their food intake.
What is a 24-hour recall?
A method of dietary assessment where individuals report all foods and beverages consumed in the previous 24 hours
This method is commonly used for its relative simplicity and quick data collection.
What does dietary history refer to?
A comprehensive method that gathers information on an individual’s dietary habits over a specified period
It often includes details on frequency, quantity, and types of foods consumed.
What is a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ)?
A dietary assessment tool that asks respondents how often they consume specific foods over a defined period
FFQs are useful for assessing habitual dietary intake.
Fill in the blank: Retrospective methods include recall of foods recently eaten, ________, and Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ).
dietary history
What is the 24-hour recall method?
Individual or interviewer records all food and drink consumed over the past 24 hours
This includes supplements.
What type of portion sizes are recorded in the 24-hour recall method?
Portion sizes recorded in household measures (cups, spoons)
This ensures that the data reflects typical consumption amounts.
What are the three steps involved in the 24-hour recall method?
- Quick list of foods consumed
- Detailed description of foods consumed
- Review of any additional food items
The detailed description includes preparation methods and specific types of ingredients.
In the detailed description of foods consumed, what additional information is emphasized?
Preparation methods and specific details, such as whether milk was in tea and the type of milk used
This helps in understanding the nutritional context.
True or False: The 24-hour recall method includes a step for clarifying portion sizes and brands.
True
This step is crucial for accuracy in dietary assessments.
What is the main advantage of using a 24-hour recall method in dietary assessment?
Cheap and easy to administer
The 24-hour recall method has a high response rate and requires only short-term memory.
What is a key characteristic of the 24-hour recall method?
Useful to establish usual food consumption
It helps identify aspects warranting further investigation.
What is a benefit of the 24-hour recall regarding respondent burden?
Low respondent burden
This characteristic makes it easier for participants to provide accurate dietary information.
True or False: The 24-hour recall method alters the usual diet of respondents.
False
The method does not alter usual diet, allowing for more accurate data collection.
Fill in the blank: The 24-hour recall method requires _______.
short-term memory
This requirement allows respondents to easily recall their food intake for the previous day.
What is a major limitation of the 24-hour recall method?
Relies on subject’s memory
This method depends heavily on the participant’s ability to accurately remember everything consumed in the past 24 hours.
What might an interviewer need to do during a 24-hour recall?
Make a few prompts to establish whether any gaps in record
Interviewers often need to encourage participants to remember all items consumed.
What types of reporting issues can occur with the 24-hour recall?
Under/over reporting might occur
Participants may forget items or misestimate quantities, leading to inaccurate dietary data.
What are potential omissions when using the 24-hour recall?
Omissions (e.g. salad dressings) might occur
Certain items, especially condiments or small additions, may be overlooked.
What variability can affect the reliability of 24-hour recall data?
Intervariability between researchers
Different researchers may interpret responses differently, impacting data consistency.
What is a challenge related to data entry in the 24-hour recall method?
Data entry might be labour intensive for administrator
The process of entering and verifying data can require significant time and effort.
What does the 24-hour recall method potentially fail to represent?
Might not reflect individual’s usual intake due to day-to-day or intra-individual variability
Dietary habits can vary significantly from day to day.
What type of foods might be missed in the 24-hour recall?
Consumption of infrequently eaten foods might be missed
Foods that are not consumed regularly may be forgotten during recall.
How many 24-hour recall interviews may be necessary for accuracy?
Multiple 24-hour recall interviews over several months/seasons might be necessary
To get a more accurate picture of dietary intake, multiple recalls can help account for variability.
What does NHANES stand for?
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
NHANES is a program designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States.
What are the 5 steps in the NHANES interview process?
- Quick List
- Forgotten Foods
- Time & Occasion
- Detail Cycle
- Final Probe
These steps are used to gather comprehensive dietary information from participants.
What does the ‘Quick List’ step involve?
Reporting foods consumed in the last 24 hours
This step aims to capture an initial list of foods eaten by the participant.
What is the purpose of the ‘Forgotten Foods’ step?
To elicit any additional foods not initially reported
This step helps to ensure that all foods consumed are accounted for.
In the NHANES interview process, what does ‘Time & Occasion’ refer to?
Details about when and during what occasion the food was consumed
This information helps contextualize the dietary intake.
What is the focus of the ‘Detail Cycle’ step?
To probe for detailed information about the amount and type of food
This step ensures accuracy in reporting dietary intake.
What is the purpose of the ‘Final Probe’ in the NHANES interview?
To confirm and clarify any remaining details about food consumption
This step aims to finalize the dietary data collected.
What is the 24-hours Recall method used for?
Assessment of dietary intake
This method involves recording all foods and beverages consumed in the previous 24 hours.
Name one study that utilized the 24-hours Recall method.
UK European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC)
This study focuses on dietary patterns and cancer incidence.
What does NHANES stand for?
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
NHANES assesses the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States.
What is the focus of the UK Low Income Diet and Nutrition Study (LIDNS)?
Diet and nutrition among low-income populations
Conducted in 2007, this study investigates dietary habits and nutritional intake in low-income groups.
What was the Newcastle 85+ Study?
The first stage of the biggest population-based longitudinal study of health and ageing in the over-85s
This study provided insights into health factors affecting older populations.
True or False: The Newcastle 85+ Study is the most developed study of its kind in the world.
True
It is recognized for its extensive research on health and ageing in individuals over 85.
Fill in the blank: The Newcastle 85+ Study was a flagship programme for the _______.
University
The study was associated with Newcastle University.
What year was the UK Low Income Diet and Nutrition Study conducted?
2007
This study provided valuable data on dietary intake in low-income populations.
List two studies that focus on dietary intake assessment.
- UK European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC)
- US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
These studies utilize various methods to assess dietary habits and their health implications.
What is the purpose of the 24-hour recall method in dietary assessment?
To collect data on all food and drink intake, including snacks, over the previous day.
How many participants completed the 24-hour recall in the study mentioned?
Over 30,000 participants.
What method was used for participants to return their 24-hour recall data?
By post.
Fill in the blank: The 24-hour recall method assesses dietary intake by collecting data from the previous _______.
day.
What does NHANES stand for?
US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Before 2002, how many 24-hour recalls were collected for NHANES participants?
Two 24-hour recalls only collected for a subset of participants
Since 2002, how many 24-hour recalls are collected for each NHANES participant?
Two 24-hour recalls collected for every participant
What is the timing of the 1st 24-hour recall interview in NHANES?
Conducted/self-administered during medical, dental and anthropometric examinations
When is the 2nd 24-hour recall interview conducted in NHANES?
3-10 days after via telephone
What type of information is collected regarding food and beverage consumed on a recall day?
Information specific to each food and beverage consumed
This includes details on the food’s type, form, brand name, and more.
What is included in the detailed description of food consumed?
Type, form, brand name, additions to the food, amount consumed, combination of foods, time of eating occasion, name of eating occasion, food source, whether eaten at home
This provides a comprehensive insight into the specifics of food intake.
What types of nutrient data are calculated during the food recall?
Amounts of food energy and more than 60 nutrients/food components
This includes daily total intakes calculated for accurate dietary assessments.
What information is gathered about water consumption on the recall day?
Amount and type of water consumed, including total plain water, tap water, and plain carbonated water
Water intake is an essential part of dietary assessment.
What day-related information is collected during the recall?
Day of the week (recall day)
Knowing the specific day helps in understanding dietary patterns.
What is compared to assess dietary intake during the recall?
Recall day’s consumption amount compared to typical diet
This comparison helps identify deviations in dietary habits.
What additional details are collected regarding salt usage?
Frequency and type of salt added at the table and when preparing food
Salt intake is critical for evaluating dietary health.
What dietary preferences are assessed during the recall?
Whether on a special diet and type of diet, frequency of fish and shellfish consumption (past 30 days)
Understanding dietary restrictions and preferences is vital for comprehensive dietary analysis.
What is the first step in the dietary intake assessment process?
Quick list of foods (including beverages) consumed over past 24 hours
This step involves compiling a list to initiate dietary recall.
What additional details are respondents asked to provide for each item in the quick list?
Respondents provide:
* Time of consumption
* Full description of food/drink
* Foods likely eaten in combination
* Recipes and combinations
* Quantity consumed
* Leftovers or second helpings
The detailed information helps to accurately assess dietary intake.
What is the purpose of the recall interview in dietary assessments?
To review all foods in chronological order and clarify any additional consumption occasions
The recall interview helps ensure accuracy in reporting.
Fill in the blank: The recall interview prompts for clarification regarding _______.
[types of foods and portion sizes]
This is critical for accurate dietary assessment.
True or False: The dietary intake assessment includes asking for the brand name of foods consumed.
True
Brand names help in identifying food products for accurate dietary recall.
What methods can be used to determine the quantity of food consumed?
Quantities can be determined based on:
* Household measures
* Photographs of portion sizes
* Actual weights from labels or packets
These methods enhance the precision of dietary assessments.
What is the purpose of a dietary history?
Assesses individual’s total daily food intake and usual meal patterns over a period of time.
Who developed the dietary history method?
Burke in 1947.
What are the three parts of the dietary history?
- Interview about daily food intake patterns including portion sizes
- Cross-check using a detailed list of foods
- 3-day food diary
Which steps of the dietary history are considered essential today?
Step 1 and Step 2.
Which step is often omitted in the dietary history process?
Step 3, the 3-day food diary.
Fill in the blank: The dietary history was developed by _______.
Burke.
True or False: The 3-day food diary is considered essential in the dietary history method today.
False.
What does dietary history evaluate?
Long-term dietary patterns/habits
What is a strength of dietary history regarding literacy?
Literacy is not required if the individual is interviewed by a researcher
What is a limitation of dietary history assessment?
Higher burden on subject
This can lead to inaccurate reporting of dietary habits.
Why might the length of the period investigated in dietary history be problematic?
It might be difficult to conceptualise and remember
Subjects may struggle to recall their dietary intake over long periods.
How can present consumption influence dietary history assessments?
It may influence perception of overall consumption
Individuals might focus on recent meals rather than their typical diet.
What skills are necessary for interviewers conducting dietary history assessments?
Highly trained and well-developed social skills
Interviewers need these skills to effectively gather accurate information.
What issue can arise from the nature of interviews in dietary history assessments?
Interview liable to evoke socially desirable answers
Respondents may provide answers they think are more acceptable rather than their true habits.
Is there a standardised technique for conducting dietary history assessments?
No standardised technique
This can lead to inconsistencies in data collection across studies.
What is one consequence of variations between studies in dietary history assessments?
Inconsistent results
Variations can lead to difficulties in comparing findings across different research.
What does the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) determine?
How frequently a person consumes a limited number of foods that are major sources of nutrients or a particular dietary component
FFQ was first developed for large epidemiological studies to examine the relation between diet and chronic disease.
What are the typical frequency classes used in a Food Frequency Questionnaire?
Range from ‘more than once a day’ through ‘one a week’ to ‘never’
This allows for a standardized approach to assess dietary intake.
In what context is the Food Frequency Questionnaire used?
To verify other methods of dietary recall
It serves as a complementary tool for assessing dietary habits.
What is a crucial consideration when using the Food Frequency Questionnaire?
It has to be appropriate for the population investigated or for the food nutrient investigated
This ensures the relevance and accuracy of the dietary assessment.
What are the three types of Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ)?
- Simple or non-quantitative FFQ
- Semi-quantitative FFQ
- Quantitative FFQ
These types differ in the detail and specificity of dietary intake they assess.
What does a Simple or non-quantitative FFQ assess?
Frequency of food items consumed
Example: How often do you consume white bread?
What additional information does a Semi-quantitative FFQ request?
Frequency of specified portions of food items consumed
Example: How often do you consume a slice of white bread?
What key detail does a Quantitative FFQ collect?
Size of usual portion of food items (small, medium, large)
This adds a dimension of portion size to the frequency of consumption.
What is one strength of the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ)?
May pick up items eaten infrequently that might not be picked up in 24-hour recall
FFQs are beneficial for identifying foods that are not regularly consumed but are still important for dietary assessments.
What is a key advantage of using FFQs related to response burden?
Low response burden
This means that participants find it easier and less time-consuming to complete FFQs compared to other dietary assessment methods.
How do FFQs perform in terms of response rates?
High response rates
FFQs generally yield better participation and completion rates among respondents.
What type of dietary patterns can FFQs help identify?
General patterns of food intake
FFQs are useful for capturing the overall dietary habits of individuals over a longer time frame.
What aspect of FFQs allows for standardization?
Food list can be standardized
A standardized food list helps ensure consistency in data collection across different studies and populations.
What is a benefit of FFQs regarding interview techniques?
Non variations between interview techniques/individual researchers
This reduces potential biases introduced by different interviewers.
How can FFQs be automated?
Easily automated
Automation allows for efficient data collection and analysis, making it easier to handle large datasets.
What is the cost-effectiveness of FFQs?
Cheap
FFQs are less expensive to administer compared to other dietary assessment methods.
What type of studies can FFQs be used for?
Large population studies
FFQs are particularly suited for studies involving large groups, making them practical for epidemiological research.
What does FFQ stand for in dietary assessments?
Food Frequency Questionnaire
FFQs are commonly used to assess dietary intake over a specific period.
What is a limitation of the Food Frequency Questionnaire?
Reliant on memory
Respondents must recall their food intake over time, which can introduce errors.
Why might a large number of items displayed in an FFQ be problematic?
Daunting to some people
A long list may overwhelm respondents, affecting their accuracy in reporting.
What can the length, number, and complexity of food items in an FFQ lead to?
Inaccuracies and overestimation
Complex questions may confuse respondents, leading to incorrect data.
How may quantification of portion sizes be affected in an FFQ?
Less accurate if asked
Respondents may struggle to estimate portion sizes correctly.
What is a potential issue with the foods reported in an FFQ?
May not represent usual foods or portion sizes
Respondents might report atypical foods or inaccurate portion sizes.
Is the FFQ suitable for measuring nutrient intake accurately?
May not be suitable
FFQs often lack the detail necessary for precise nutrient analysis.
What is a challenge in developing and validating food lists for an FFQ?
Can take a lot of time
Creating comprehensive and accurate food lists requires significant effort and resources.
What does FFQ stand for in dietary studies?
Food Frequency Questionnaire
FFQs are used to assess dietary intake by asking participants how often they consume various foods.
What is the main purpose of the EPIC study?
To assess dietary intake and its relationship with health outcomes
The EPIC study focuses on the link between diet and chronic diseases.
How many food items are listed in the EPIC study questionnaire?
130 food items
The questionnaire consists of a list of foods categorized by frequency of consumption.
What are the nine frequency categories used in the EPIC study questionnaire?
From ‘never or less than once/month’ to ‘6 times per day’
These categories help quantify how often participants consume specific foods.
How are servings specified in the EPIC study questionnaire?
In terms of units or common portions and household measures
Examples include one apple or one slice of bread.
What additional information is collected in the EPIC study questionnaire?
Type and brand of food items, cooking method, amount of visible fat on meat, type and quantity of milk consumed
This information helps to provide a more detailed understanding of dietary intake.
What is the format of the EPIC study questionnaire?
A 10-page A4 document consisting of two parts
The first part lists foods and their consumption frequency, while the second part includes additional dietary questions.
True or False: The EPIC study questionnaire includes questions about the cooking method of food items.
True
Information about cooking methods can influence the nutritional quality of the foods consumed.
Fill in the blank: The average portion size is assigned to each ______ in the EPIC study questionnaire.
questionnaire item
This helps standardize the assessment of dietary intake.
What is the purpose of the Willett Questionnaire?
To investigate the epidemiological relationship between nutrient and food intake and risk of chronic disease
Developed by Walter Willett at Harvard University.
When was the Willett Questionnaire originally developed?
1979
How many food items were included in the original Willett Questionnaire?
61 food items
How many food items does the current Willett Questionnaire contain?
Over 150 food items
What type of questionnaire is the Willett Questionnaire?
Self-administered semi-quantitative FFQ
What feature allows participants to specify brands of food consumed in the Willett Questionnaire?
Open-ended questions
How many frequency options can respondents choose from for each item in the Willett Questionnaire?
9 frequencies
What are the frequency options available in the Willett Questionnaire?
From less than once/month to 6 or more times/day
In which studies has the Willett Questionnaire been used?
Nurses Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study
What adaptation has been made to the Willett Questionnaire for younger populations?
Adapted for use with children aged 9 to 18 years (Youth/Adolescent Questionnaire - YAQ)
What is the purpose of the Willett Questionnaire?
To investigate the epidemiological relationship between nutrient and food intake and risk of chronic disease
Developed by Walter Willett at Harvard University.
When was the Willett Questionnaire originally developed?
1979
How many food items were included in the original Willett Questionnaire?
61 food items
How many food items does the current Willett Questionnaire contain?
Over 150 food items
What type of questionnaire is the Willett Questionnaire?
Self-administered semi-quantitative FFQ
What feature allows participants to specify brands of food consumed in the Willett Questionnaire?
Open-ended questions
How many frequency options can respondents choose from for each item in the Willett Questionnaire?
9 frequencies
What are the frequency options available in the Willett Questionnaire?
From less than once/month to 6 or more times/day
In which studies has the Willett Questionnaire been used?
Nurses Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study
What adaptation has been made to the Willett Questionnaire for younger populations?
Adapted for use with children aged 9 to 18 years (Youth/Adolescent Questionnaire - YAQ)
What are prospective methods in dietary assessment?
Methods undertaken at household or individual level where foods are recorded at time of consumption
What is an Estimated Food Record?
A method where individuals estimate the amounts of food consumed over a specific period
What is a Weighed Food Record?
A method involving the weighing of food items consumed to provide accurate dietary intake data
What are Duplicate Diets?
Direct analysis methods where duplicate portions of foods consumed are collected for analysis
What are prospective methods in dietary assessment?
Methods undertaken at household or individual level where foods are recorded at time of consumption
What is an Estimated Food Record?
A method where individuals estimate the amounts of food consumed over a specific period
What is a Weighed Food Record?
A method involving the weighing of food items consumed to provide accurate dietary intake data
What are Duplicate Diets?
Direct analysis methods where duplicate portions of foods consumed are collected for analysis
What is the typical duration for estimated food records?
Usually over 3 - 7 days
Estimated food records, also known as food diaries, typically cover a short period to provide an accurate reflection of dietary intake.
Who is recommended to complete food records for children under 10 years?
Parents
It is suggested that parents complete food records for children under 10 years of age to ensure accuracy.
What method can be used to clarify portion sizes in food diaries?
Using household measures
Household measures can help estimate or clarify portion sizes recorded in food diaries.
What can be deduced by the administrator from food records?
Volume and weight
The administrator can deduce the volume and weight of the foods and beverages consumed based on the records.
What potential issues can food diaries help identify?
Potential allergens/food intolerances
Food diaries can be a useful tool in identifying potential allergens or food intolerances in dietary intake.
What is a strength of estimated food records?
Does not depend on memory
This allows for more accurate dietary assessments.
What advantage do multiple-day food records provide?
More representative of usual intake
This helps to account for daily variations in diet.
What type of data can estimated food records provide?
More detailed intake data
This includes specific quantities and types of foods consumed.
True or False: Estimated food records rely heavily on an individual’s memory.
False
They are designed to minimize reliance on memory.
What is a weakness of estimated food records regarding participant burden?
Bigger burden on participant
This can lead to lower participation rates.
What is required from participants when using estimated food records?
High degree of cooperation by participant
Cooperation is crucial for accurate data collection.
How might participant burden affect response rates in dietary assessments?
Burden might result in low response rate
Participants may choose not to participate if the burden is too high.
What literacy requirement exists for participants in estimated food records?
Subject must be literate
Literacy is essential for accurately recording dietary intake.
What is a time-related drawback of estimated food records?
Takes more time to obtain data
Collecting detailed food records can be time-consuming.
What potential effect does recording dietary intake have on participants’ eating habits?
Act of recording may alter diet
Participants might change their eating behavior when they know they are being studied.
What is a social factor that can influence dietary reporting accuracy?
Social desirability
Participants may alter their responses to align with perceived social norms.
What is a challenge in analyzing data from estimated food records?
Analysis is labour intensive and expensive
Costs can be reduced if the analysis is computerized.
What does EPIC UK stand for?
European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
EPIC UK is a large-scale study focusing on the relationships between diet, lifestyle, and health.
What is the Avon Longitudinal Study commonly referred to as?
ALSPAC
ALSPAC stands for the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.
What type of studies are included in Food Records?
Dietary intake studies
These studies assess dietary intake through various methodologies.
Fill in the blank: The _____ study focuses on the growth of babies in Cambridge.
Cambridge Baby Growth Study
This study tracks the growth patterns and health outcomes of infants.
What does NDNS stand for?
National Diet and Nutrition Survey
NDNS encompasses dietary assessments of adults, toddlers, and children.
True or False: The studies listed are only focused on adult populations.
False
The studies include assessments for toddlers and children as well.
What is the primary objective of the studies mentioned in Food Records?
Assessment of dietary intake
These studies aim to evaluate how dietary habits affect health.
List three types of studies mentioned in the content.
- EPIC UK
- Avon Longitudinal Study
- Cambridge Baby Growth Study
These studies contribute to understanding dietary intake and health outcomes.
What does EPIC UK stand for?
European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
EPIC UK is a large-scale study focusing on the relationships between diet, lifestyle, and health.
What is the Avon Longitudinal Study commonly referred to as?
ALSPAC
ALSPAC stands for the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.
What type of studies are included in Food Records?
Dietary intake studies
These studies assess dietary intake through various methodologies.
Fill in the blank: The _____ study focuses on the growth of babies in Cambridge.
Cambridge Baby Growth Study
This study tracks the growth patterns and health outcomes of infants.
What does NDNS stand for?
National Diet and Nutrition Survey
NDNS encompasses dietary assessments of adults, toddlers, and children.
True or False: The studies listed are only focused on adult populations.
False
The studies include assessments for toddlers and children as well.
What is the primary objective of the studies mentioned in Food Records?
Assessment of dietary intake
These studies aim to evaluate how dietary habits affect health.
List three types of studies mentioned in the content.
- EPIC UK
- Avon Longitudinal Study
- Cambridge Baby Growth Study
These studies contribute to understanding dietary intake and health outcomes.
What is the duration of food records in dietary assessment?
3 - 7 days
Food records are maintained for a period of 3 to 7 days to capture dietary intake accurately.
What types of items are included in food records?
All foods and beverages consumed, and left-overs
This includes everything that is consumed, ensuring comprehensive dietary assessment.
How are food records maintained in dietary assessment?
Using scales or computerized techniques supplied by researcher
Weighing foods and beverages accurately is crucial for reliable dietary data.
What is considered the ‘gold standard’ for assessing dietary intake?
Food records
Food records are regarded as the most accurate method for dietary assessment.
What are the strengths of weighed food records?
More accurate and detailed
* Less ‘guess work’ for researcher
* Does not depend on memory
* Suitable to capture foods eaten on a regular basis
* Excellent estimates for energy, nutrients, foods and food groups
Weighed food records provide a systematic approach to dietary assessment, minimizing biases associated with memory recall.
What are the limitations of weighed food records?
Burden on participant, requires greater cooperation from participant, might lead to change in eating habits, cost of equipment (scales) if not supplied, subject must be literate and numerate, food eaten less than twice a week may not be captured by 3-4 days diet diary
Weighed food records can be challenging for participants and may not accurately represent infrequent foods.
True or False: Weighed food records require the subject to be literate and numerate.
True
Literacy and numeracy are essential for accurately recording dietary intake.
Fill in the blank: Food eaten less than twice a week may not be captured by _______.
3-4 days diet diary
Short-term dietary assessments may miss infrequent food consumption.
What is a potential impact of weighed food records on eating habits?
Might lead to change in eating habits
Participants may alter their food intake behavior when they know they are being monitored.
What is a requirement for participants using weighed food records?
Greater cooperation from participant
Active engagement is necessary for accurate data collection.
What is a limitation of weighed food records?
Burden on participant
Weighed food records can be cumbersome for participants, potentially affecting their compliance.
What is required from participants when using weighed food records?
Greater cooperation from participant
Participants must be willing to accurately record their food intake.
What might using weighed food records lead to in terms of eating habits?
Change in eating habits
The awareness of being monitored can influence how participants choose to eat.
What is a cost-related limitation of weighed food records?
Cost of equipment (scales) if not supplied
Participants may need to purchase scales if not provided, which can be a barrier.
What literacy skills must a subject possess for weighed food records?
Subject must be literate and numerate
Participants need to read instructions and accurately measure their food.
What is a limitation regarding food intake frequency in diet diaries?
Food eaten less than twice a week may not be captured by 3-4 days diet diary
Short-term diary methods may miss infrequent food items.
What are Weighed Food Records used for?
Assessment of dietary intakes in national surveys
Specifically used in the United Kingdom.
Which method is commonly used in the United States for dietary assessment?
24-hour recall
This method differs from the Weighed Food Records used in the UK.
Who conducted studies referenced regarding dietary intake assessments?
Gregory et al, 1990 and Henderson et al, 2002
These studies analyze the traditional methods of dietary assessment.
Fill in the blank: In the UK, Weighed Food Records are used for assessing dietary intakes in _______.
national surveys
This contrasts with the methods used in other countries.
True or False: The 24-hour recall method is used in the UK for dietary assessments.
False
The UK primarily uses Weighed Food Records.
What is the Duplicate Method in dietary intake assessment?
A duplicate portion of all food and drink consumed throughout the day is weighed and retained
This method allows for accurate measurement and analysis of dietary intake.
What does the Equivalent Composite Technique involve?
The subject keeps a weighed food diary, from which the researcher recreates the diet for this time period
This technique helps in understanding dietary habits over time.
Define the Aliquot Method in dietary assessment.
The subject keeps a weighed record and puts aside aliquot samples of food as consumed for later analysis
Aliquot samples allow for detailed nutrient analysis of specific portions consumed.
What are Direct Analysis Methods used for?
Used when the food is also chemically analysed
These methods ensure that both quantity and quality of food intake are assessed.
What is an aliquot sample?
A portion of a total amount
Aliquot samples are crucial for accurate food analysis in dietary studies.
What are direct analysis methods considered in dietary intake assessment?
Gold standard method
Direct analysis methods are highly regarded for accurately assessing individual nutrient intakes.
What type of data do direct analysis methods provide?
Accurate nutrient intake data
These methods yield precise information about the amounts of nutrients consumed.
What is a key characteristic of direct analysis methods in dietary assessment?
Objective measure
These methods provide an unbiased evaluation of dietary intake.
What unique capability do direct analysis methods have?
Measure dietary exposure to some contaminants
This is a critical function not available with other dietary assessment methods.
In what type of studies are direct analysis methods suitable?
Metabolic or energy balance studies
These methods can effectively support research focused on metabolism and energy expenditure.
What are the limitations of direct analysis methods?
- Expensive
- High individual burden
- Requires literacy, numeracy, and motivation
- Unsuitable for large-scale studies
- High chance of altered food intake
- Relies on complete duplicate of consumption
Direct analysis methods are often criticized for their high costs and the demands they place on individuals, which can skew data accuracy.
True or False: Direct analysis methods are suitable for large-scale studies.
False
Direct analysis methods have limitations that make them impractical for large-scale studies.
Individuals participating in direct analysis methods must be _______.
[literate, numerate, and highly motivated]
The success of direct analysis methods heavily depends on the participants’ ability to understand and accurately report their dietary intake.
What is a significant risk associated with direct analysis methods?
High chance that food intake is altered to ease the burden
Participants may change their eating habits or reporting due to the complexity or burden of the analysis.
What is a requirement for respondents in direct analysis methods?
Must provide a complete duplicate of consumption
Accurate reporting is crucial for the validity of direct analysis methods.
What are direct analysis methods used for in dietary studies?
To assess dietary intake and nutrient status
These methods involve directly analyzing food samples to determine their composition.
What did the European Institute of Oncology (EIO) validate?
The Italian Food composition database (FODB)
Validation was done using equivalent composite and duplicate techniques.
What techniques were used to validate the Italian Food composition database?
Equivalent composite and duplicate techniques
These techniques help ensure the accuracy and reliability of food composition data.
What specific nutrient status was assessed using duplicate diets?
Iodine status
This assessment was particularly focused on vegans.
True or False: Duplicate diets have only been used for assessing the nutrient status of omnivores.
False
Duplicate diets have been used specifically to assess the nutrient status of vegans.
Fill in the blank: The Italian Food composition database was validated by the _______.
European Institute of Oncology (EIO)
This organization conducted the validation as part of their research.
What are some new technologies used to assess dietary intake?
Digital photography, mobile phones, automatic recognition software
These technologies enhance the accuracy and efficiency of dietary assessments.
Fill in the blank: __________ software is used for automatic recognition in dietary intake assessment.
Automatic recognition
True or False: Mobile phones are not utilized in the assessment of dietary intake.
False
Which technology can provide visual records of dietary intake?
Digital photography
Digital photography allows for the documentation of meals, aiding in dietary analysis.
What role do mobile phones play in dietary intake assessment?
They are used for recording and tracking dietary intake
Mobile apps can help users log their food consumption easily.
List the three technologies mentioned for assessing dietary intake.
- Digital photography
- Mobile phones
- Automatic recognition software
Fill in the blank: New technologies in dietary assessment aim to improve __________ and efficiency.
accuracy
What does RFPM stand for?
Remote Food Photography Method
What is the primary function of RFPM?
Participants capture images of food selection and leftovers using a Smartphone
How are images transmitted in RFPM?
Images are wirelessly transmitted in near real-time to a server for analysis
What feedback does RFPM provide to participants?
Participants quickly receive feedback about their food intake behaviour and dietary recommendations
What goals does RFPM help participants achieve?
Weight loss and health promotion goals
What additional feature does RFPM include for image confirmation?
Image labeled with food & beverage names for the user to confirm or correct
True or False: RFPM allows for real-time feedback on dietary intake.
True
What is a strength of using food photographs in dietary assessment?
Enhances self-report by revealing unreported foods and identifies misreporting errors not captured by traditional methods alone
This method can provide a more accurate picture of dietary intake.
How can food photographs improve dietary assessment methods?
Potential to improve methods such as 24-hour recall and Food D
These methods often rely on participant memory, which can be flawed.
Who benefits from using food photographs for dietary assessment?
Useful for participants with lower literacy levels
Visual aids can help overcome communication barriers related to literacy.
What is an advantage of collecting dietary intake data from large groups?
Quick and minimal disruption and impact on the eating behaviour of participants
This allows for efficient data collection without altering participants’ normal eating habits.
What is a strength of using food photographs in dietary assessment?
Enhances self-report by revealing unreported foods and identifies misreporting errors not captured by traditional methods alone
This method can provide a more accurate picture of dietary intake.
How can food photographs improve dietary assessment methods?
Potential to improve methods such as 24-hour recall and Food D
These methods often rely on participant memory, which can be flawed.
Who benefits from using food photographs for dietary assessment?
Useful for participants with lower literacy levels
Visual aids can help overcome communication barriers related to literacy.
What is an advantage of collecting dietary intake data from large groups?
Quick and minimal disruption and impact on the eating behaviour of participants
This allows for efficient data collection without altering participants’ normal eating habits.
What are some limitations of food photographs in nutrition studies?
Limitations include:
* Problems with photo quality and angle
* Missing food photographs
* Inadequate descriptive information for foods contained within photographs
* Dependence on nutritionist’s knowledge of foods (ethnic groups)
These limitations can impact the accuracy and reliability of nutritional assessments.
What might participants be required to provide alongside food photographs?
Participants might be required to provide extensive descriptive information to accompany food photographs.
This descriptive information is essential for understanding the context and content of the food items.
True or False: The quality of food photographs can affect nutritional assessments.
True
Poor quality photographs can lead to misinterpretation of the food items.
Fill in the blank: Food photographs are dependent on the nutritionist’s knowledge of _______.
[ethnic groups]
Knowledge of different ethnic foods is crucial for accurate assessments.
What are some issues caused by inadequate descriptive information in food photographs?
Issues include:
* Difficulty in identifying food items
* Misinterpretation of portion sizes
* Challenges in assessing nutritional quality
Accurate descriptions are necessary for effective dietary analysis.
What percentage of UK adults had a mobile phone in 2021?
95%
Name one dietary recording method validated on mobile phone platforms.
Electronic food diary
Other methods include food photograph assisted self-administered 24 h recall, food photograph analysis by trained nutritionist, and automated food photograph analysis.
Fill in the blank: Several dietary recording methods had been _______ on mobile phone platforms.
validated
True or False: Food photograph analysis requires a trained nutritionist.
True
List two dietary recording methods mentioned.
- Food photograph assisted self-administered, 24 h recall
- Automated food photograph analysis
What percentage of UK adults had a mobile phone in 2021?
95%
Name one dietary recording method validated on mobile phone platforms.
Electronic food diary
Other methods include food photograph assisted self-administered 24 h recall, food photograph analysis by trained nutritionist, and automated food photograph analysis.
Fill in the blank: Several dietary recording methods had been _______ on mobile phone platforms.
validated
True or False: Food photograph analysis requires a trained nutritionist.
True
List two dietary recording methods mentioned.
- Food photograph assisted self-administered, 24 h recall
- Automated food photograph analysis
What was the validity and reliability of mobile phone dietary assessment methods compared to conventional methods?
Similar, but not superior
Mobile phone methods did not show superior validity or reliability.
How did participants’ satisfaction with mobile phone dietary assessment methods compare to conventional methods?
Higher satisfaction and preferences
Participants preferred mobile phone methods over conventional ones.
What benefits do mobile phone dietary assessment methods provide to researchers?
Reduce researcher burden and research costs
They provide automated and standardized real-time data coding.
What is one way real-time communication can be utilized in dietary assessment methods?
Prompt participants for information
It can also correct erroneous entries or provide individualized dietary advice.
True or False: Mobile phone dietary assessment methods are superior to conventional methods in terms of validity.
False
They showed similar validity but not superior.
Fill in the blank: Mobile phone dietary assessment methods showed _______ satisfaction among participants than conventional methods.
higher
Participants preferred mobile phone methods.
What was the validity and reliability of mobile phone dietary assessment methods compared to conventional methods?
Similar, but not superior
Mobile phone methods did not show superior validity or reliability.
How did participants’ satisfaction with mobile phone dietary assessment methods compare to conventional methods?
Higher satisfaction and preferences
Participants preferred mobile phone methods over conventional ones.
What benefits do mobile phone dietary assessment methods provide to researchers?
Reduce researcher burden and research costs
They provide automated and standardized real-time data coding.
What is one way real-time communication can be utilized in dietary assessment methods?
Prompt participants for information
It can also correct erroneous entries or provide individualized dietary advice.
True or False: Mobile phone dietary assessment methods are superior to conventional methods in terms of validity.
False
They showed similar validity but not superior.
Fill in the blank: Mobile phone dietary assessment methods showed _______ satisfaction among participants than conventional methods.
higher
Participants preferred mobile phone methods.
What is a limitation of mobile phones in data collection?
Time-consuming for participants
This indicates that using mobile phones for data collection can lead to participant fatigue or disengagement.
What is a potential issue with estimating portion sizes?
Portion sizes can be estimated wrong
Incorrect estimation can lead to inaccurate data on food intake.
What might happen to food intake reporting?
Food intake might be underreported
This can occur due to the omission of food items by participants.
Fill in the blank: One limitation of mobile phones in research is that they can be _______.
time-consuming for participants
True or False: Mobile phones ensure accurate reporting of food intake.
False
Participants may omit food items, leading to underreporting.
What is the MyMealMate (MMM) tool?
A smartphone electronic food diary application with imaging capability
In what year was the MyMealMate (MMM) tool validated?
2012
What type of items can be recorded using the MyMealMate (MMM) tool?
Food and drink items
How many generic and branded food items are in the MyMealMate (MMM) food database?
40,000
What feature does the MyMealMate (MMM) tool have to assist with dietary recall?
Ability to capture photographs
What are the benefits of using MyMealMate (MMM) compared to a conventional pen-and-paper food diary?
Superior adherence, usage, convenience, social usability, and overall satisfaction
Over what period was the comparison between MyMealMate (MMM) and conventional food diaries conducted?
6 months
What is the purpose of dietary assessment tools?
To determine intake of micronutrients and other nutrients
Dietary assessment tools are essential for evaluating nutrient consumption.
Name three micronutrients that dietary assessment tools help evaluate.
- Zinc
- Calcium
- Iron
Other micronutrients can also be assessed, such as Iodine and Vitamin K.
What is an acceptable method for dietary assessment?
Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs)
FFQs are commonly used but may not accurately reflect real intake.
True or False: Food Frequency Questionnaires are always good at reflecting real intake.
False
While FFQs are acceptable, they have limitations in accuracy.
Fill in the blank: The preferred assessment method for dietary intake is _______.
Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs)
FFQs are widely used for assessing dietary intake.
List two antioxidants that may be assessed through dietary intake tools.
- Vitamin K
- Other antioxidants
Antioxidants play a key role in health and can be evaluated in dietary assessments.
What is the limitation of using Food Frequency Questionnaires?
Not always good at reflecting real intake
FFQs may lead to inaccurate assessments of actual nutrient consumption.
What is preferable when assessing dietary intake in specific populations?
Involve a researcher/interviewer of similar cultural background
This helps in appreciating the food and food customs of the particular group.
What factors must be taken into account when assessing dietary intake for specific ethnic groups?
Foods specific to the group, recipes, and consumption patterns
These factors ensure a comprehensive understanding of dietary habits.
Where can examples of studies or questionnaires for dietary assessment be found?
Register of Validated Short Dietary Assessment Instruments (NCI)
This register provides validated tools for dietary assessment.
What is preferable when assessing dietary intake in specific populations?
Involve a researcher/interviewer of similar cultural background
This helps in appreciating the food and food customs of the particular group.
What factors must be taken into account when assessing dietary intake for specific ethnic groups?
Foods specific to the group, recipes, and consumption patterns
These factors ensure a comprehensive understanding of dietary habits.
Where can examples of studies or questionnaires for dietary assessment be found?
Register of Validated Short Dietary Assessment Instruments (NCI)
This register provides validated tools for dietary assessment.
Why is dietary assessment in children challenging?
Diets tend to be highly variable from day-to-day
Children’s food habits can change rapidly, making it difficult to assess their dietary intake accurately.
What is a significant factor affecting younger children’s dietary assessments?
Younger children less able to recall, estimate and cooperate in usual dietary assessment procedures
This limitation necessitates the involvement of surrogate reporters.
Who needs to be involved in dietary assessments of children?
Surrogate reporters (e.g. Parents)
Parents or guardians can provide necessary information about a child’s dietary intake.
What must be considered when assessing children’s dietary intake?
Portion sizes and different food items
Accurate assessment requires careful consideration of the amounts and types of food consumed.
Why is dietary assessment in children challenging?
Diets tend to be highly variable from day-to-day
Children’s food habits can change rapidly, making it difficult to assess their dietary intake accurately.
What is a significant factor affecting younger children’s dietary assessments?
Younger children less able to recall, estimate and cooperate in usual dietary assessment procedures
This limitation necessitates the involvement of surrogate reporters.
Who needs to be involved in dietary assessments of children?
Surrogate reporters (e.g. Parents)
Parents or guardians can provide necessary information about a child’s dietary intake.
What must be considered when assessing children’s dietary intake?
Portion sizes and different food items
Accurate assessment requires careful consideration of the amounts and types of food consumed.
What is the most accurate method of assessing dietary intake for children aged 0.5-4 years?
Weighed food records
This method provides precise measurements of food consumption.
What dietary assessment method is most accurate for children aged 4-11 years?
24-hour multiple pass recall over at least a 3-day period with parents as proxy reporters
This method includes both weekdays and weekend days for a comprehensive assessment.
For adolescents aged 12-16 years, what is the most accurate method of assessing dietary intake?
Dietary history
This method involves detailed accounts of food consumed over a specific period.
Fill in the blank: For children aged 0.5-4 years, the most accurate method of assessing dietary intake is _______.
weighed food records
True or False: The 24-hour multiple pass recall method is suitable for children aged 0.5-4 years.
False
This method is most accurate for children aged 4-11 years.
What age range does the dietary history method apply to?
12-16 years
This age range is crucial for understanding dietary patterns in adolescents.
What is the most accurate method of assessing dietary intake for children aged 0.5-4 years?
Weighed food records
This method provides precise measurements of food consumption.
What dietary assessment method is most accurate for children aged 4-11 years?
24-hour multiple pass recall over at least a 3-day period with parents as proxy reporters
This method includes both weekdays and weekend days for a comprehensive assessment.
For adolescents aged 12-16 years, what is the most accurate method of assessing dietary intake?
Dietary history
This method involves detailed accounts of food consumed over a specific period.
Fill in the blank: For children aged 0.5-4 years, the most accurate method of assessing dietary intake is _______.
weighed food records
True or False: The 24-hour multiple pass recall method is suitable for children aged 0.5-4 years.
False
This method is most accurate for children aged 4-11 years.
What age range does the dietary history method apply to?
12-16 years
This age range is crucial for understanding dietary patterns in adolescents.
What dietary assessment methods are unsuitable for elderly populations with cognitive impairments?
24-hour recall and FFQs
These methods may not yield accurate results if cognitive functioning is impaired.
Why are self-administered dietary tools unsuitable for some elderly individuals?
Due to physical disabilities such as poor vision
Self-administered tools require the ability to read and interpret questions.
What challenges are faced when administering dietary assessments to elderly individuals with hearing problems?
Interviewer administration is difficult
Effective communication is crucial for accurate dietary reporting.
What alternative method can be used for dietary assessment in institutional care facilities?
Direct observation
This method allows for a more accurate assessment of dietary intake.
How might specific dietary recommendations affect reported dietary intake?
Reporting might reflect recommendations rather than actual intake
This can lead to discrepancies between reported and true dietary habits.
When might a dietary history be more useful than other assessment methods?
If long-term memory is better than short-term memory
Individuals may recall past dietary habits more effectively.
What can written records of intake be analyzed to determine?
Nutrient content
This analysis helps assess the nutritional adequacy of dietary intake.
What needs to be estimated if weights are not included in the food intake records?
Weights of foods
Estimating weights is crucial for accurate nutrient content analysis.
Which book assists in translating standard portions into weights?
Food Portion Sizes book
This resource is cited by Crawley (2003).
What can be used to estimate nutrient content once weights of foods are known?
Food composition data
This data can be accessed through various means.
Name a method to estimate nutrient content manually.
Using food composition tables
An example is McCance & Widdowson’s The Composition of Foods (2014).
What is one example of nutritional analysis software?
Microdiet
Other examples include Myfood24, Dietpland, CompEat, and Nutritics.
Fill in the blank: If weights of foods are not available, nutrient content can be estimated by _______.
estimating weights
True or False: Nutritional analysis can only be performed manually using food composition tables.
False
Nutritional analysis can also be done electronically using software.
