Dietary Intake Flashcards
1
Q
What is one reason for assessing dietary intake?
A
Assessment of health and nutritional status
This is crucial for understanding individual and population health.
2
Q
What is an important aspect of epidemiological research related to diet?
A
Relationships between diet and disease
This research helps identify risk factors associated with dietary patterns.
3
Q
Why is it important to identify nutrition education and health promotion needs?
A
To tailor interventions that improve dietary habits
This can lead to better health outcomes in populations.
4
Q
What is the purpose of monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of public health campaigns?
A
To meet dietary guidelines
This ensures that campaigns are achieving their intended health objectives.
5
Q
What can be identified through dietary intake assessment regarding food?
A
Food allergens
This is essential for preventing allergic reactions and promoting food safety.
6
Q
What aspect of economic analysis can dietary intake assessment inform?
A
Assessing food expenditure
Understanding food costs can influence budgeting and policy decisions.
7
Q
How can dietary intake assessment help in shaping future policies?
A
To inform food and agricultural policies and action for future food supply
This can help ensure food security and sustainability.
8
Q
What is the primary purpose of dietary intake assessment?
A
To evaluate the food consumption patterns of individuals or groups
This can help in understanding nutritional status and making dietary recommendations.
9
Q
What type of records are maintained for dietary assessment?
A
Food purchases and quantities brought into the household
This includes expenditure on food items.
10
Q
At what level is dietary intake assessment typically undertaken?
A
Household level
This allows for a comprehensive view of food availability and consumption.
11
Q
Fill in the blank: Dietary intake assessment involves keeping a record of _______.
A
[food purchases and quantities]
12
Q
True or False: Dietary intake assessment only focuses on food expenditure.
A
False
It also includes quantities of food brought into the household.
13
Q
What is one strength of accounting methods in dietary surveys?
A
Suitable for large scale surveys
14
Q
What is a key purpose of accounting methods in monitoring dietary intake?
A
Designed for monitoring diet trends at the population level
15
Q
Name one example of a dietary survey that utilizes accounting methods.
A
National Food Survey (NFS)
16
Q
What type of data do accounting methods provide?
A
Data on dietary patterns of groups
17
Q
True or False: Accounting methods are likely to alter participants’ diets.
A
False
18
Q
Fill in the blank: The National Food Survey (NFS) ran from ______ to ______.
A
1940 to 2000
19
Q
What was the original purpose of the National Food Survey (NFS)?
A
To monitor the adequacy of the diet of urban ‘working class’ households in wartime
20
Q
In what year was the NFS extended to represent households throughout Great Britain?
A
1950
21
Q
What organization conducted the NFS in later years?
A
Office for National Statistics (ONS)
22
Q
What survey replaced the National Food Survey (NFS) in 2001?
A
Expenditure and Food Survey (EFS)
23
Q
What is the current name of the survey that evolved from the Expenditure and Food Survey (EFS)?
A
Living Costs and Food Survey (LCF)
24
Q
What unique aspect does the National Food Survey (NFS) hold in terms of duration?
A
It was the longest-running continuous survey of household food consumption and expenditure in the world
25
What type of diary was used in the NFS to record food and expenditure?
7-day diary
26
Fill in the blank: The UK Data Archive holds NFS data from ______ to ______.
1974 to 2000
27
What was the last year the NFS was conducted?
2000
28
List three surveys that have been conducted in the UK related to dietary intake.
* National Food Survey (NFS)
* Expenditure and Food Survey (EFS)
* Living Costs and Food Survey (LCF)
29
What is a financial advantage of using accounting methods in dietary surveys?
Cheap
30
What is a limitation of accounting methods for dietary intake?
Data not collected at individual level
31
What is required from respondents when using accounting methods for dietary intake?
Respondents need to be literate
32
What does accounting methods for dietary intake reflect?
Reflects foods purchased but does not allow for food waste or leftovers on plate
33
In accounting methods, what is the relationship between food purchased and dietary intake?
Food purchased # Dietary Intake
34
What strong association did Ransley et al. (2001) find?
Between estimates of fat and kcal intakes and 28 days of receipts
35
What type of food purchasing was involved in Ransley et al.'s study?
Populations who mainly use supermarkets for food purchases
36
Fill in the blank: Accounting methods for dietary intake do not account for _______.
food waste or leftovers on plate
37
True or False: Accounting methods allow for individual-level dietary data collection.
False
38
What is the purpose of the DEFRA Family Food survey?
To collect detailed quantity and expenditure information on food and drinks household purchases
## Footnote
Sourced from The Living Costs and Food Survey (LCF) by the National Office of Statistics (ONS)
39
What type of information does the DEFRA Family Food survey collect?
Itemised lists of food and drink eating out purchases
## Footnote
It includes diaries kept for two weeks recording food expenditure and quantities of food purchased and eaten.
40
How long do participants keep food diaries in the DEFRA Family Food survey?
Two weeks
## Footnote
The diaries record food expenditure and quantities of food purchased and eaten outside the home, including take-away foods.
41
What happens where quantities in the DEFRA Family Food survey are not recorded?
They are estimated using standard portion sizes.
42
What is the source of the DEFRA Family Food survey data?
The Living Costs and Food Survey (LCF) by the National Office of Statistics (ONS).
43
Fill in the blank: The DEFRA Family Food survey collects detailed quantity and expenditure information on _______.
[food and drinks household purchases]
44
True or False: The DEFRA Family Food survey includes data on food and drink purchased for consumption outside the home.
True
45
What are retrospective methods in dietary assessment?
Methods undertaken at household or individual level, such as recall of foods recently eaten or on a regular basis
## Footnote
Retrospective methods rely on the ability of respondents to remember their food intake.
46
What is a 24-hour recall?
A method of dietary assessment where individuals report all foods and beverages consumed in the previous 24 hours
## Footnote
This method is commonly used for its relative simplicity and quick data collection.
47
What does dietary history refer to?
A comprehensive method that gathers information on an individual's dietary habits over a specified period
## Footnote
It often includes details on frequency, quantity, and types of foods consumed.
48
What is a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ)?
A dietary assessment tool that asks respondents how often they consume specific foods over a defined period
## Footnote
FFQs are useful for assessing habitual dietary intake.
49
Fill in the blank: Retrospective methods include recall of foods recently eaten, ________, and Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ).
dietary history
50
What is the 24-hour recall method?
Individual or interviewer records all food and drink consumed over the past 24 hours
## Footnote
This includes supplements.
51
What type of portion sizes are recorded in the 24-hour recall method?
Portion sizes recorded in household measures (cups, spoons)
## Footnote
This ensures that the data reflects typical consumption amounts.
52
What are the three steps involved in the 24-hour recall method?
* Quick list of foods consumed
* Detailed description of foods consumed
* Review of any additional food items
## Footnote
The detailed description includes preparation methods and specific types of ingredients.
53
In the detailed description of foods consumed, what additional information is emphasized?
Preparation methods and specific details, such as whether milk was in tea and the type of milk used
## Footnote
This helps in understanding the nutritional context.
54
True or False: The 24-hour recall method includes a step for clarifying portion sizes and brands.
True
## Footnote
This step is crucial for accuracy in dietary assessments.
55
What is the main advantage of using a 24-hour recall method in dietary assessment?
Cheap and easy to administer
## Footnote
The 24-hour recall method has a high response rate and requires only short-term memory.
56
What is a key characteristic of the 24-hour recall method?
Useful to establish usual food consumption
## Footnote
It helps identify aspects warranting further investigation.
57
What is a benefit of the 24-hour recall regarding respondent burden?
Low respondent burden
## Footnote
This characteristic makes it easier for participants to provide accurate dietary information.
58
True or False: The 24-hour recall method alters the usual diet of respondents.
False
## Footnote
The method does not alter usual diet, allowing for more accurate data collection.
59
Fill in the blank: The 24-hour recall method requires _______.
short-term memory
## Footnote
This requirement allows respondents to easily recall their food intake for the previous day.
60
What is a major limitation of the 24-hour recall method?
Relies on subject's memory
## Footnote
This method depends heavily on the participant's ability to accurately remember everything consumed in the past 24 hours.
61
What might an interviewer need to do during a 24-hour recall?
Make a few prompts to establish whether any gaps in record
## Footnote
Interviewers often need to encourage participants to remember all items consumed.
62
What types of reporting issues can occur with the 24-hour recall?
Under/over reporting might occur
## Footnote
Participants may forget items or misestimate quantities, leading to inaccurate dietary data.
63
What are potential omissions when using the 24-hour recall?
Omissions (e.g. salad dressings) might occur
## Footnote
Certain items, especially condiments or small additions, may be overlooked.
64
What variability can affect the reliability of 24-hour recall data?
Intervariability between researchers
## Footnote
Different researchers may interpret responses differently, impacting data consistency.
65
What is a challenge related to data entry in the 24-hour recall method?
Data entry might be labour intensive for administrator
## Footnote
The process of entering and verifying data can require significant time and effort.
66
What does the 24-hour recall method potentially fail to represent?
Might not reflect individual's usual intake due to day-to-day or intra-individual variability
## Footnote
Dietary habits can vary significantly from day to day.
67
What type of foods might be missed in the 24-hour recall?
Consumption of infrequently eaten foods might be missed
## Footnote
Foods that are not consumed regularly may be forgotten during recall.
68
How many 24-hour recall interviews may be necessary for accuracy?
Multiple 24-hour recall interviews over several months/seasons might be necessary
## Footnote
To get a more accurate picture of dietary intake, multiple recalls can help account for variability.
69
What does NHANES stand for?
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
## Footnote
NHANES is a program designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States.
70
What are the 5 steps in the NHANES interview process?
* Quick List
* Forgotten Foods
* Time & Occasion
* Detail Cycle
* Final Probe
## Footnote
These steps are used to gather comprehensive dietary information from participants.
71
What does the 'Quick List' step involve?
Reporting foods consumed in the last 24 hours
## Footnote
This step aims to capture an initial list of foods eaten by the participant.
72
What is the purpose of the 'Forgotten Foods' step?
To elicit any additional foods not initially reported
## Footnote
This step helps to ensure that all foods consumed are accounted for.
73
In the NHANES interview process, what does 'Time & Occasion' refer to?
Details about when and during what occasion the food was consumed
## Footnote
This information helps contextualize the dietary intake.
74
What is the focus of the 'Detail Cycle' step?
To probe for detailed information about the amount and type of food
## Footnote
This step ensures accuracy in reporting dietary intake.
75
What is the purpose of the 'Final Probe' in the NHANES interview?
To confirm and clarify any remaining details about food consumption
## Footnote
This step aims to finalize the dietary data collected.
76
What is the 24-hours Recall method used for?
Assessment of dietary intake
## Footnote
This method involves recording all foods and beverages consumed in the previous 24 hours.
77
Name one study that utilized the 24-hours Recall method.
UK European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC)
## Footnote
This study focuses on dietary patterns and cancer incidence.
78
What does NHANES stand for?
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
## Footnote
NHANES assesses the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States.
79
What is the focus of the UK Low Income Diet and Nutrition Study (LIDNS)?
Diet and nutrition among low-income populations
## Footnote
Conducted in 2007, this study investigates dietary habits and nutritional intake in low-income groups.
80
What was the Newcastle 85+ Study?
The first stage of the biggest population-based longitudinal study of health and ageing in the over-85s
## Footnote
This study provided insights into health factors affecting older populations.
81
True or False: The Newcastle 85+ Study is the most developed study of its kind in the world.
True
## Footnote
It is recognized for its extensive research on health and ageing in individuals over 85.
82
Fill in the blank: The Newcastle 85+ Study was a flagship programme for the _______.
University
## Footnote
The study was associated with Newcastle University.
83
What year was the UK Low Income Diet and Nutrition Study conducted?
2007
## Footnote
This study provided valuable data on dietary intake in low-income populations.
84
List two studies that focus on dietary intake assessment.
* UK European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC)
* US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
## Footnote
These studies utilize various methods to assess dietary habits and their health implications.
85
What is the purpose of the 24-hour recall method in dietary assessment?
To collect data on all food and drink intake, including snacks, over the previous day.
86
How many participants completed the 24-hour recall in the study mentioned?
Over 30,000 participants.
87
What method was used for participants to return their 24-hour recall data?
By post.
88
Fill in the blank: The 24-hour recall method assesses dietary intake by collecting data from the previous _______.
day.
89
What does NHANES stand for?
US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
90
Before 2002, how many 24-hour recalls were collected for NHANES participants?
Two 24-hour recalls only collected for a subset of participants
91
Since 2002, how many 24-hour recalls are collected for each NHANES participant?
Two 24-hour recalls collected for every participant
92
What is the timing of the 1st 24-hour recall interview in NHANES?
Conducted/self-administered during medical, dental and anthropometric examinations
93
When is the 2nd 24-hour recall interview conducted in NHANES?
3-10 days after via telephone
94
What type of information is collected regarding food and beverage consumed on a recall day?
Information specific to each food and beverage consumed
## Footnote
This includes details on the food's type, form, brand name, and more.
95
What is included in the detailed description of food consumed?
Type, form, brand name, additions to the food, amount consumed, combination of foods, time of eating occasion, name of eating occasion, food source, whether eaten at home
## Footnote
This provides a comprehensive insight into the specifics of food intake.
96
What types of nutrient data are calculated during the food recall?
Amounts of food energy and more than 60 nutrients/food components
## Footnote
This includes daily total intakes calculated for accurate dietary assessments.
97
What information is gathered about water consumption on the recall day?
Amount and type of water consumed, including total plain water, tap water, and plain carbonated water
## Footnote
Water intake is an essential part of dietary assessment.
98
What day-related information is collected during the recall?
Day of the week (recall day)
## Footnote
Knowing the specific day helps in understanding dietary patterns.
99
What is compared to assess dietary intake during the recall?
Recall day's consumption amount compared to typical diet
## Footnote
This comparison helps identify deviations in dietary habits.
100
What additional details are collected regarding salt usage?
Frequency and type of salt added at the table and when preparing food
## Footnote
Salt intake is critical for evaluating dietary health.
101
What dietary preferences are assessed during the recall?
Whether on a special diet and type of diet, frequency of fish and shellfish consumption (past 30 days)
## Footnote
Understanding dietary restrictions and preferences is vital for comprehensive dietary analysis.
102
What is the first step in the dietary intake assessment process?
Quick list of foods (including beverages) consumed over past 24 hours
## Footnote
This step involves compiling a list to initiate dietary recall.
103
What additional details are respondents asked to provide for each item in the quick list?
Respondents provide:
* Time of consumption
* Full description of food/drink
* Foods likely eaten in combination
* Recipes and combinations
* Quantity consumed
* Leftovers or second helpings
## Footnote
The detailed information helps to accurately assess dietary intake.
104
What is the purpose of the recall interview in dietary assessments?
To review all foods in chronological order and clarify any additional consumption occasions
## Footnote
The recall interview helps ensure accuracy in reporting.
105
Fill in the blank: The recall interview prompts for clarification regarding _______.
[types of foods and portion sizes]
## Footnote
This is critical for accurate dietary assessment.
106
True or False: The dietary intake assessment includes asking for the brand name of foods consumed.
True
## Footnote
Brand names help in identifying food products for accurate dietary recall.
107
What methods can be used to determine the quantity of food consumed?
Quantities can be determined based on:
* Household measures
* Photographs of portion sizes
* Actual weights from labels or packets
## Footnote
These methods enhance the precision of dietary assessments.
108
What is the purpose of a dietary history?
Assesses individual's total daily food intake and usual meal patterns over a period of time.
109
Who developed the dietary history method?
Burke in 1947.
110
What are the three parts of the dietary history?
* Interview about daily food intake patterns including portion sizes
* Cross-check using a detailed list of foods
* 3-day food diary
111
Which steps of the dietary history are considered essential today?
Step 1 and Step 2.
112
Which step is often omitted in the dietary history process?
Step 3, the 3-day food diary.
113
Fill in the blank: The dietary history was developed by _______.
Burke.
114
True or False: The 3-day food diary is considered essential in the dietary history method today.
False.
115
What does dietary history evaluate?
Long-term dietary patterns/habits
116
What is a strength of dietary history regarding literacy?
Literacy is not required if the individual is interviewed by a researcher
117
What is a limitation of dietary history assessment?
Higher burden on subject
## Footnote
This can lead to inaccurate reporting of dietary habits.
118
Why might the length of the period investigated in dietary history be problematic?
It might be difficult to conceptualise and remember
## Footnote
Subjects may struggle to recall their dietary intake over long periods.
119
How can present consumption influence dietary history assessments?
It may influence perception of overall consumption
## Footnote
Individuals might focus on recent meals rather than their typical diet.
120
What skills are necessary for interviewers conducting dietary history assessments?
Highly trained and well-developed social skills
## Footnote
Interviewers need these skills to effectively gather accurate information.
121
What issue can arise from the nature of interviews in dietary history assessments?
Interview liable to evoke socially desirable answers
## Footnote
Respondents may provide answers they think are more acceptable rather than their true habits.
122
Is there a standardised technique for conducting dietary history assessments?
No standardised technique
## Footnote
This can lead to inconsistencies in data collection across studies.
123
What is one consequence of variations between studies in dietary history assessments?
Inconsistent results
## Footnote
Variations can lead to difficulties in comparing findings across different research.
124
What does the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) determine?
How frequently a person consumes a limited number of foods that are major sources of nutrients or a particular dietary component
## Footnote
FFQ was first developed for large epidemiological studies to examine the relation between diet and chronic disease.
125
What are the typical frequency classes used in a Food Frequency Questionnaire?
Range from 'more than once a day' through 'one a week' to 'never'
## Footnote
This allows for a standardized approach to assess dietary intake.
126
In what context is the Food Frequency Questionnaire used?
To verify other methods of dietary recall
## Footnote
It serves as a complementary tool for assessing dietary habits.
127
What is a crucial consideration when using the Food Frequency Questionnaire?
It has to be appropriate for the population investigated or for the food nutrient investigated
## Footnote
This ensures the relevance and accuracy of the dietary assessment.
128
What are the three types of Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ)?
1. Simple or non-quantitative FFQ
2. Semi-quantitative FFQ
3. Quantitative FFQ
## Footnote
These types differ in the detail and specificity of dietary intake they assess.
129
What does a Simple or non-quantitative FFQ assess?
Frequency of food items consumed
## Footnote
Example: How often do you consume white bread?
130
What additional information does a Semi-quantitative FFQ request?
Frequency of specified portions of food items consumed
## Footnote
Example: How often do you consume a slice of white bread?
131
What key detail does a Quantitative FFQ collect?
Size of usual portion of food items (small, medium, large)
## Footnote
This adds a dimension of portion size to the frequency of consumption.
132
What is one strength of the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ)?
May pick up items eaten infrequently that might not be picked up in 24-hour recall
## Footnote
FFQs are beneficial for identifying foods that are not regularly consumed but are still important for dietary assessments.
133
What is a key advantage of using FFQs related to response burden?
Low response burden
## Footnote
This means that participants find it easier and less time-consuming to complete FFQs compared to other dietary assessment methods.
134
How do FFQs perform in terms of response rates?
High response rates
## Footnote
FFQs generally yield better participation and completion rates among respondents.
135
What type of dietary patterns can FFQs help identify?
General patterns of food intake
## Footnote
FFQs are useful for capturing the overall dietary habits of individuals over a longer time frame.
136
What aspect of FFQs allows for standardization?
Food list can be standardized
## Footnote
A standardized food list helps ensure consistency in data collection across different studies and populations.
137
What is a benefit of FFQs regarding interview techniques?
Non variations between interview techniques/individual researchers
## Footnote
This reduces potential biases introduced by different interviewers.
138
How can FFQs be automated?
Easily automated
## Footnote
Automation allows for efficient data collection and analysis, making it easier to handle large datasets.
139
What is the cost-effectiveness of FFQs?
Cheap
## Footnote
FFQs are less expensive to administer compared to other dietary assessment methods.
140
What type of studies can FFQs be used for?
Large population studies
## Footnote
FFQs are particularly suited for studies involving large groups, making them practical for epidemiological research.
141
What does FFQ stand for in dietary assessments?
Food Frequency Questionnaire
## Footnote
FFQs are commonly used to assess dietary intake over a specific period.
142
What is a limitation of the Food Frequency Questionnaire?
Reliant on memory
## Footnote
Respondents must recall their food intake over time, which can introduce errors.
143
Why might a large number of items displayed in an FFQ be problematic?
Daunting to some people
## Footnote
A long list may overwhelm respondents, affecting their accuracy in reporting.
144
What can the length, number, and complexity of food items in an FFQ lead to?
Inaccuracies and overestimation
## Footnote
Complex questions may confuse respondents, leading to incorrect data.
145
How may quantification of portion sizes be affected in an FFQ?
Less accurate if asked
## Footnote
Respondents may struggle to estimate portion sizes correctly.
146
What is a potential issue with the foods reported in an FFQ?
May not represent usual foods or portion sizes
## Footnote
Respondents might report atypical foods or inaccurate portion sizes.
147
Is the FFQ suitable for measuring nutrient intake accurately?
May not be suitable
## Footnote
FFQs often lack the detail necessary for precise nutrient analysis.
148
What is a challenge in developing and validating food lists for an FFQ?
Can take a lot of time
## Footnote
Creating comprehensive and accurate food lists requires significant effort and resources.
149
What does FFQ stand for in dietary studies?
Food Frequency Questionnaire
## Footnote
FFQs are used to assess dietary intake by asking participants how often they consume various foods.
150
What is the main purpose of the EPIC study?
To assess dietary intake and its relationship with health outcomes
## Footnote
The EPIC study focuses on the link between diet and chronic diseases.
151
How many food items are listed in the EPIC study questionnaire?
130 food items
## Footnote
The questionnaire consists of a list of foods categorized by frequency of consumption.
152
What are the nine frequency categories used in the EPIC study questionnaire?
From 'never or less than once/month' to '6 times per day'
## Footnote
These categories help quantify how often participants consume specific foods.
153
How are servings specified in the EPIC study questionnaire?
In terms of units or common portions and household measures
## Footnote
Examples include one apple or one slice of bread.
154
What additional information is collected in the EPIC study questionnaire?
Type and brand of food items, cooking method, amount of visible fat on meat, type and quantity of milk consumed
## Footnote
This information helps to provide a more detailed understanding of dietary intake.
155
What is the format of the EPIC study questionnaire?
A 10-page A4 document consisting of two parts
## Footnote
The first part lists foods and their consumption frequency, while the second part includes additional dietary questions.
156
True or False: The EPIC study questionnaire includes questions about the cooking method of food items.
True
## Footnote
Information about cooking methods can influence the nutritional quality of the foods consumed.
157
Fill in the blank: The average portion size is assigned to each ______ in the EPIC study questionnaire.
questionnaire item
## Footnote
This helps standardize the assessment of dietary intake.
158
What is the purpose of the Willett Questionnaire?
To investigate the epidemiological relationship between nutrient and food intake and risk of chronic disease
## Footnote
Developed by Walter Willett at Harvard University.
159
When was the Willett Questionnaire originally developed?
1979
160
How many food items were included in the original Willett Questionnaire?
61 food items
161
How many food items does the current Willett Questionnaire contain?
Over 150 food items
162
What type of questionnaire is the Willett Questionnaire?
Self-administered semi-quantitative FFQ
163
What feature allows participants to specify brands of food consumed in the Willett Questionnaire?
Open-ended questions
164
How many frequency options can respondents choose from for each item in the Willett Questionnaire?
9 frequencies
165
What are the frequency options available in the Willett Questionnaire?
From less than once/month to 6 or more times/day
166
In which studies has the Willett Questionnaire been used?
Nurses Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study
167
What adaptation has been made to the Willett Questionnaire for younger populations?
Adapted for use with children aged 9 to 18 years (Youth/Adolescent Questionnaire - YAQ)
168
What is the purpose of the Willett Questionnaire?
To investigate the epidemiological relationship between nutrient and food intake and risk of chronic disease
## Footnote
Developed by Walter Willett at Harvard University.
169
When was the Willett Questionnaire originally developed?
1979
170
How many food items were included in the original Willett Questionnaire?
61 food items
171
How many food items does the current Willett Questionnaire contain?
Over 150 food items
172
What type of questionnaire is the Willett Questionnaire?
Self-administered semi-quantitative FFQ
173
What feature allows participants to specify brands of food consumed in the Willett Questionnaire?
Open-ended questions
174
How many frequency options can respondents choose from for each item in the Willett Questionnaire?
9 frequencies
175
What are the frequency options available in the Willett Questionnaire?
From less than once/month to 6 or more times/day
176
In which studies has the Willett Questionnaire been used?
Nurses Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study
177
What adaptation has been made to the Willett Questionnaire for younger populations?
Adapted for use with children aged 9 to 18 years (Youth/Adolescent Questionnaire - YAQ)
178
What are prospective methods in dietary assessment?
Methods undertaken at household or individual level where foods are recorded at time of consumption
179
What is an Estimated Food Record?
A method where individuals estimate the amounts of food consumed over a specific period
180
What is a Weighed Food Record?
A method involving the weighing of food items consumed to provide accurate dietary intake data
181
What are Duplicate Diets?
Direct analysis methods where duplicate portions of foods consumed are collected for analysis
182
What are prospective methods in dietary assessment?
Methods undertaken at household or individual level where foods are recorded at time of consumption
183
What is an Estimated Food Record?
A method where individuals estimate the amounts of food consumed over a specific period
184
What is a Weighed Food Record?
A method involving the weighing of food items consumed to provide accurate dietary intake data
185
What are Duplicate Diets?
Direct analysis methods where duplicate portions of foods consumed are collected for analysis
186
What is the typical duration for estimated food records?
Usually over 3 - 7 days
## Footnote
Estimated food records, also known as food diaries, typically cover a short period to provide an accurate reflection of dietary intake.
187
Who is recommended to complete food records for children under 10 years?
Parents
## Footnote
It is suggested that parents complete food records for children under 10 years of age to ensure accuracy.
188
What method can be used to clarify portion sizes in food diaries?
Using household measures
## Footnote
Household measures can help estimate or clarify portion sizes recorded in food diaries.
189
What can be deduced by the administrator from food records?
Volume and weight
## Footnote
The administrator can deduce the volume and weight of the foods and beverages consumed based on the records.
190
What potential issues can food diaries help identify?
Potential allergens/food intolerances
## Footnote
Food diaries can be a useful tool in identifying potential allergens or food intolerances in dietary intake.
191
What is a strength of estimated food records?
Does not depend on memory
## Footnote
This allows for more accurate dietary assessments.
192
What advantage do multiple-day food records provide?
More representative of usual intake
## Footnote
This helps to account for daily variations in diet.
193
What type of data can estimated food records provide?
More detailed intake data
## Footnote
This includes specific quantities and types of foods consumed.
194
True or False: Estimated food records rely heavily on an individual's memory.
False
## Footnote
They are designed to minimize reliance on memory.
195
What is a weakness of estimated food records regarding participant burden?
Bigger burden on participant
## Footnote
This can lead to lower participation rates.
196
What is required from participants when using estimated food records?
High degree of cooperation by participant
## Footnote
Cooperation is crucial for accurate data collection.
197
How might participant burden affect response rates in dietary assessments?
Burden might result in low response rate
## Footnote
Participants may choose not to participate if the burden is too high.
198
What literacy requirement exists for participants in estimated food records?
Subject must be literate
## Footnote
Literacy is essential for accurately recording dietary intake.
199
What is a time-related drawback of estimated food records?
Takes more time to obtain data
## Footnote
Collecting detailed food records can be time-consuming.
200
What potential effect does recording dietary intake have on participants' eating habits?
Act of recording may alter diet
## Footnote
Participants might change their eating behavior when they know they are being studied.
201
What is a social factor that can influence dietary reporting accuracy?
Social desirability
## Footnote
Participants may alter their responses to align with perceived social norms.
202
What is a challenge in analyzing data from estimated food records?
Analysis is labour intensive and expensive
## Footnote
Costs can be reduced if the analysis is computerized.
203
What does EPIC UK stand for?
European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
## Footnote
EPIC UK is a large-scale study focusing on the relationships between diet, lifestyle, and health.
204
What is the Avon Longitudinal Study commonly referred to as?
ALSPAC
## Footnote
ALSPAC stands for the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.
205
What type of studies are included in Food Records?
Dietary intake studies
## Footnote
These studies assess dietary intake through various methodologies.
206
Fill in the blank: The _____ study focuses on the growth of babies in Cambridge.
Cambridge Baby Growth Study
## Footnote
This study tracks the growth patterns and health outcomes of infants.
207
What does NDNS stand for?
National Diet and Nutrition Survey
## Footnote
NDNS encompasses dietary assessments of adults, toddlers, and children.
208
True or False: The studies listed are only focused on adult populations.
False
## Footnote
The studies include assessments for toddlers and children as well.
209
What is the primary objective of the studies mentioned in Food Records?
Assessment of dietary intake
## Footnote
These studies aim to evaluate how dietary habits affect health.
210
List three types of studies mentioned in the content.
* EPIC UK
* Avon Longitudinal Study
* Cambridge Baby Growth Study
## Footnote
These studies contribute to understanding dietary intake and health outcomes.
211
What does EPIC UK stand for?
European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
## Footnote
EPIC UK is a large-scale study focusing on the relationships between diet, lifestyle, and health.
212
What is the Avon Longitudinal Study commonly referred to as?
ALSPAC
## Footnote
ALSPAC stands for the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.
213
What type of studies are included in Food Records?
Dietary intake studies
## Footnote
These studies assess dietary intake through various methodologies.
214
Fill in the blank: The _____ study focuses on the growth of babies in Cambridge.
Cambridge Baby Growth Study
## Footnote
This study tracks the growth patterns and health outcomes of infants.
215
What does NDNS stand for?
National Diet and Nutrition Survey
## Footnote
NDNS encompasses dietary assessments of adults, toddlers, and children.
216
True or False: The studies listed are only focused on adult populations.
False
## Footnote
The studies include assessments for toddlers and children as well.
217
What is the primary objective of the studies mentioned in Food Records?
Assessment of dietary intake
## Footnote
These studies aim to evaluate how dietary habits affect health.
218
List three types of studies mentioned in the content.
* EPIC UK
* Avon Longitudinal Study
* Cambridge Baby Growth Study
## Footnote
These studies contribute to understanding dietary intake and health outcomes.
219
What is the duration of food records in dietary assessment?
3 - 7 days
## Footnote
Food records are maintained for a period of 3 to 7 days to capture dietary intake accurately.
220
What types of items are included in food records?
All foods and beverages consumed, and left-overs
## Footnote
This includes everything that is consumed, ensuring comprehensive dietary assessment.
221
How are food records maintained in dietary assessment?
Using scales or computerized techniques supplied by researcher
## Footnote
Weighing foods and beverages accurately is crucial for reliable dietary data.
222
What is considered the 'gold standard' for assessing dietary intake?
Food records
## Footnote
Food records are regarded as the most accurate method for dietary assessment.
223
What are the strengths of weighed food records?
More accurate and detailed
* Less 'guess work' for researcher
* Does not depend on memory
* Suitable to capture foods eaten on a regular basis
* Excellent estimates for energy, nutrients, foods and food groups
## Footnote
Weighed food records provide a systematic approach to dietary assessment, minimizing biases associated with memory recall.
224
What are the limitations of weighed food records?
Burden on participant, requires greater cooperation from participant, might lead to change in eating habits, cost of equipment (scales) if not supplied, subject must be literate and numerate, food eaten less than twice a week may not be captured by 3-4 days diet diary
## Footnote
Weighed food records can be challenging for participants and may not accurately represent infrequent foods.
225
True or False: Weighed food records require the subject to be literate and numerate.
True
## Footnote
Literacy and numeracy are essential for accurately recording dietary intake.
226
Fill in the blank: Food eaten less than twice a week may not be captured by _______.
3-4 days diet diary
## Footnote
Short-term dietary assessments may miss infrequent food consumption.
227
What is a potential impact of weighed food records on eating habits?
Might lead to change in eating habits
## Footnote
Participants may alter their food intake behavior when they know they are being monitored.
228
What is a requirement for participants using weighed food records?
Greater cooperation from participant
## Footnote
Active engagement is necessary for accurate data collection.
229
What is a limitation of weighed food records?
Burden on participant
## Footnote
Weighed food records can be cumbersome for participants, potentially affecting their compliance.
230
What is required from participants when using weighed food records?
Greater cooperation from participant
## Footnote
Participants must be willing to accurately record their food intake.
231
What might using weighed food records lead to in terms of eating habits?
Change in eating habits
## Footnote
The awareness of being monitored can influence how participants choose to eat.
232
What is a cost-related limitation of weighed food records?
Cost of equipment (scales) if not supplied
## Footnote
Participants may need to purchase scales if not provided, which can be a barrier.
233
What literacy skills must a subject possess for weighed food records?
Subject must be literate and numerate
## Footnote
Participants need to read instructions and accurately measure their food.
234
What is a limitation regarding food intake frequency in diet diaries?
Food eaten less than twice a week may not be captured by 3-4 days diet diary
## Footnote
Short-term diary methods may miss infrequent food items.
235
What are Weighed Food Records used for?
Assessment of dietary intakes in national surveys
## Footnote
Specifically used in the United Kingdom.
236
Which method is commonly used in the United States for dietary assessment?
24-hour recall
## Footnote
This method differs from the Weighed Food Records used in the UK.
237
Who conducted studies referenced regarding dietary intake assessments?
Gregory et al, 1990 and Henderson et al, 2002
## Footnote
These studies analyze the traditional methods of dietary assessment.
238
Fill in the blank: In the UK, Weighed Food Records are used for assessing dietary intakes in _______.
national surveys
## Footnote
This contrasts with the methods used in other countries.
239
True or False: The 24-hour recall method is used in the UK for dietary assessments.
False
## Footnote
The UK primarily uses Weighed Food Records.
240
What is the Duplicate Method in dietary intake assessment?
A duplicate portion of all food and drink consumed throughout the day is weighed and retained
## Footnote
This method allows for accurate measurement and analysis of dietary intake.
241
What does the Equivalent Composite Technique involve?
The subject keeps a weighed food diary, from which the researcher recreates the diet for this time period
## Footnote
This technique helps in understanding dietary habits over time.
242
Define the Aliquot Method in dietary assessment.
The subject keeps a weighed record and puts aside aliquot samples of food as consumed for later analysis
## Footnote
Aliquot samples allow for detailed nutrient analysis of specific portions consumed.
243
What are Direct Analysis Methods used for?
Used when the food is also chemically analysed
## Footnote
These methods ensure that both quantity and quality of food intake are assessed.
244
What is an aliquot sample?
A portion of a total amount
## Footnote
Aliquot samples are crucial for accurate food analysis in dietary studies.
245
What are direct analysis methods considered in dietary intake assessment?
Gold standard method
## Footnote
Direct analysis methods are highly regarded for accurately assessing individual nutrient intakes.
246
What type of data do direct analysis methods provide?
Accurate nutrient intake data
## Footnote
These methods yield precise information about the amounts of nutrients consumed.
247
What is a key characteristic of direct analysis methods in dietary assessment?
Objective measure
## Footnote
These methods provide an unbiased evaluation of dietary intake.
248
What unique capability do direct analysis methods have?
Measure dietary exposure to some contaminants
## Footnote
This is a critical function not available with other dietary assessment methods.
249
In what type of studies are direct analysis methods suitable?
Metabolic or energy balance studies
## Footnote
These methods can effectively support research focused on metabolism and energy expenditure.
250
What are the limitations of direct analysis methods?
* Expensive
* High individual burden
* Requires literacy, numeracy, and motivation
* Unsuitable for large-scale studies
* High chance of altered food intake
* Relies on complete duplicate of consumption
## Footnote
Direct analysis methods are often criticized for their high costs and the demands they place on individuals, which can skew data accuracy.
251
True or False: Direct analysis methods are suitable for large-scale studies.
False
## Footnote
Direct analysis methods have limitations that make them impractical for large-scale studies.
252
Individuals participating in direct analysis methods must be _______.
[literate, numerate, and highly motivated]
## Footnote
The success of direct analysis methods heavily depends on the participants' ability to understand and accurately report their dietary intake.
253
What is a significant risk associated with direct analysis methods?
High chance that food intake is altered to ease the burden
## Footnote
Participants may change their eating habits or reporting due to the complexity or burden of the analysis.
254
What is a requirement for respondents in direct analysis methods?
Must provide a complete duplicate of consumption
## Footnote
Accurate reporting is crucial for the validity of direct analysis methods.
255
What are direct analysis methods used for in dietary studies?
To assess dietary intake and nutrient status
## Footnote
These methods involve directly analyzing food samples to determine their composition.
256
What did the European Institute of Oncology (EIO) validate?
The Italian Food composition database (FODB)
## Footnote
Validation was done using equivalent composite and duplicate techniques.
257
What techniques were used to validate the Italian Food composition database?
Equivalent composite and duplicate techniques
## Footnote
These techniques help ensure the accuracy and reliability of food composition data.
258
What specific nutrient status was assessed using duplicate diets?
Iodine status
## Footnote
This assessment was particularly focused on vegans.
259
True or False: Duplicate diets have only been used for assessing the nutrient status of omnivores.
False
## Footnote
Duplicate diets have been used specifically to assess the nutrient status of vegans.
260
Fill in the blank: The Italian Food composition database was validated by the _______.
European Institute of Oncology (EIO)
## Footnote
This organization conducted the validation as part of their research.
261
What are some new technologies used to assess dietary intake?
Digital photography, mobile phones, automatic recognition software
## Footnote
These technologies enhance the accuracy and efficiency of dietary assessments.
262
Fill in the blank: __________ software is used for automatic recognition in dietary intake assessment.
Automatic recognition
263
True or False: Mobile phones are not utilized in the assessment of dietary intake.
False
264
Which technology can provide visual records of dietary intake?
Digital photography
## Footnote
Digital photography allows for the documentation of meals, aiding in dietary analysis.
265
What role do mobile phones play in dietary intake assessment?
They are used for recording and tracking dietary intake
## Footnote
Mobile apps can help users log their food consumption easily.
266
List the three technologies mentioned for assessing dietary intake.
* Digital photography
* Mobile phones
* Automatic recognition software
267
Fill in the blank: New technologies in dietary assessment aim to improve __________ and efficiency.
accuracy
268
What does RFPM stand for?
Remote Food Photography Method
269
What is the primary function of RFPM?
Participants capture images of food selection and leftovers using a Smartphone
270
How are images transmitted in RFPM?
Images are wirelessly transmitted in near real-time to a server for analysis
271
What feedback does RFPM provide to participants?
Participants quickly receive feedback about their food intake behaviour and dietary recommendations
272
What goals does RFPM help participants achieve?
Weight loss and health promotion goals
273
What additional feature does RFPM include for image confirmation?
Image labeled with food & beverage names for the user to confirm or correct
274
True or False: RFPM allows for real-time feedback on dietary intake.
True
275
What is a strength of using food photographs in dietary assessment?
Enhances self-report by revealing unreported foods and identifies misreporting errors not captured by traditional methods alone
## Footnote
This method can provide a more accurate picture of dietary intake.
276
How can food photographs improve dietary assessment methods?
Potential to improve methods such as 24-hour recall and Food D
## Footnote
These methods often rely on participant memory, which can be flawed.
277
Who benefits from using food photographs for dietary assessment?
Useful for participants with lower literacy levels
## Footnote
Visual aids can help overcome communication barriers related to literacy.
278
What is an advantage of collecting dietary intake data from large groups?
Quick and minimal disruption and impact on the eating behaviour of participants
## Footnote
This allows for efficient data collection without altering participants' normal eating habits.
279
What is a strength of using food photographs in dietary assessment?
Enhances self-report by revealing unreported foods and identifies misreporting errors not captured by traditional methods alone
## Footnote
This method can provide a more accurate picture of dietary intake.
280
How can food photographs improve dietary assessment methods?
Potential to improve methods such as 24-hour recall and Food D
## Footnote
These methods often rely on participant memory, which can be flawed.
281
Who benefits from using food photographs for dietary assessment?
Useful for participants with lower literacy levels
## Footnote
Visual aids can help overcome communication barriers related to literacy.
282
What is an advantage of collecting dietary intake data from large groups?
Quick and minimal disruption and impact on the eating behaviour of participants
## Footnote
This allows for efficient data collection without altering participants' normal eating habits.
283
What are some limitations of food photographs in nutrition studies?
Limitations include:
* Problems with photo quality and angle
* Missing food photographs
* Inadequate descriptive information for foods contained within photographs
* Dependence on nutritionist's knowledge of foods (ethnic groups)
## Footnote
These limitations can impact the accuracy and reliability of nutritional assessments.
284
What might participants be required to provide alongside food photographs?
Participants might be required to provide extensive descriptive information to accompany food photographs.
## Footnote
This descriptive information is essential for understanding the context and content of the food items.
285
True or False: The quality of food photographs can affect nutritional assessments.
True
## Footnote
Poor quality photographs can lead to misinterpretation of the food items.
286
Fill in the blank: Food photographs are dependent on the nutritionist's knowledge of _______.
[ethnic groups]
## Footnote
Knowledge of different ethnic foods is crucial for accurate assessments.
287
What are some issues caused by inadequate descriptive information in food photographs?
Issues include:
* Difficulty in identifying food items
* Misinterpretation of portion sizes
* Challenges in assessing nutritional quality
## Footnote
Accurate descriptions are necessary for effective dietary analysis.
288
What percentage of UK adults had a mobile phone in 2021?
95%
289
Name one dietary recording method validated on mobile phone platforms.
Electronic food diary
## Footnote
Other methods include food photograph assisted self-administered 24 h recall, food photograph analysis by trained nutritionist, and automated food photograph analysis.
290
Fill in the blank: Several dietary recording methods had been _______ on mobile phone platforms.
validated
291
True or False: Food photograph analysis requires a trained nutritionist.
True
292
List two dietary recording methods mentioned.
* Food photograph assisted self-administered, 24 h recall
* Automated food photograph analysis
293
What percentage of UK adults had a mobile phone in 2021?
95%
294
Name one dietary recording method validated on mobile phone platforms.
Electronic food diary
## Footnote
Other methods include food photograph assisted self-administered 24 h recall, food photograph analysis by trained nutritionist, and automated food photograph analysis.
295
Fill in the blank: Several dietary recording methods had been _______ on mobile phone platforms.
validated
296
True or False: Food photograph analysis requires a trained nutritionist.
True
297
List two dietary recording methods mentioned.
* Food photograph assisted self-administered, 24 h recall
* Automated food photograph analysis
298
What was the validity and reliability of mobile phone dietary assessment methods compared to conventional methods?
Similar, but not superior
## Footnote
Mobile phone methods did not show superior validity or reliability.
299
How did participants' satisfaction with mobile phone dietary assessment methods compare to conventional methods?
Higher satisfaction and preferences
## Footnote
Participants preferred mobile phone methods over conventional ones.
300
What benefits do mobile phone dietary assessment methods provide to researchers?
Reduce researcher burden and research costs
## Footnote
They provide automated and standardized real-time data coding.
301
What is one way real-time communication can be utilized in dietary assessment methods?
Prompt participants for information
## Footnote
It can also correct erroneous entries or provide individualized dietary advice.
302
True or False: Mobile phone dietary assessment methods are superior to conventional methods in terms of validity.
False
## Footnote
They showed similar validity but not superior.
303
Fill in the blank: Mobile phone dietary assessment methods showed _______ satisfaction among participants than conventional methods.
higher
## Footnote
Participants preferred mobile phone methods.
304
What was the validity and reliability of mobile phone dietary assessment methods compared to conventional methods?
Similar, but not superior
## Footnote
Mobile phone methods did not show superior validity or reliability.
305
How did participants' satisfaction with mobile phone dietary assessment methods compare to conventional methods?
Higher satisfaction and preferences
## Footnote
Participants preferred mobile phone methods over conventional ones.
306
What benefits do mobile phone dietary assessment methods provide to researchers?
Reduce researcher burden and research costs
## Footnote
They provide automated and standardized real-time data coding.
307
What is one way real-time communication can be utilized in dietary assessment methods?
Prompt participants for information
## Footnote
It can also correct erroneous entries or provide individualized dietary advice.
308
True or False: Mobile phone dietary assessment methods are superior to conventional methods in terms of validity.
False
## Footnote
They showed similar validity but not superior.
309
Fill in the blank: Mobile phone dietary assessment methods showed _______ satisfaction among participants than conventional methods.
higher
## Footnote
Participants preferred mobile phone methods.
310
What is a limitation of mobile phones in data collection?
Time-consuming for participants
## Footnote
This indicates that using mobile phones for data collection can lead to participant fatigue or disengagement.
311
What is a potential issue with estimating portion sizes?
Portion sizes can be estimated wrong
## Footnote
Incorrect estimation can lead to inaccurate data on food intake.
312
What might happen to food intake reporting?
Food intake might be underreported
## Footnote
This can occur due to the omission of food items by participants.
313
Fill in the blank: One limitation of mobile phones in research is that they can be _______.
time-consuming for participants
314
True or False: Mobile phones ensure accurate reporting of food intake.
False
## Footnote
Participants may omit food items, leading to underreporting.
315
What is the MyMealMate (MMM) tool?
A smartphone electronic food diary application with imaging capability
316
In what year was the MyMealMate (MMM) tool validated?
2012
317
What type of items can be recorded using the MyMealMate (MMM) tool?
Food and drink items
318
How many generic and branded food items are in the MyMealMate (MMM) food database?
40,000
319
What feature does the MyMealMate (MMM) tool have to assist with dietary recall?
Ability to capture photographs
320
What are the benefits of using MyMealMate (MMM) compared to a conventional pen-and-paper food diary?
Superior adherence, usage, convenience, social usability, and overall satisfaction
321
Over what period was the comparison between MyMealMate (MMM) and conventional food diaries conducted?
6 months
322
What is the purpose of dietary assessment tools?
To determine intake of micronutrients and other nutrients
## Footnote
Dietary assessment tools are essential for evaluating nutrient consumption.
323
Name three micronutrients that dietary assessment tools help evaluate.
* Zinc
* Calcium
* Iron
## Footnote
Other micronutrients can also be assessed, such as Iodine and Vitamin K.
324
What is an acceptable method for dietary assessment?
Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs)
## Footnote
FFQs are commonly used but may not accurately reflect real intake.
325
True or False: Food Frequency Questionnaires are always good at reflecting real intake.
False
## Footnote
While FFQs are acceptable, they have limitations in accuracy.
326
Fill in the blank: The preferred assessment method for dietary intake is _______.
Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs)
## Footnote
FFQs are widely used for assessing dietary intake.
327
List two antioxidants that may be assessed through dietary intake tools.
* Vitamin K
* Other antioxidants
## Footnote
Antioxidants play a key role in health and can be evaluated in dietary assessments.
328
What is the limitation of using Food Frequency Questionnaires?
Not always good at reflecting real intake
## Footnote
FFQs may lead to inaccurate assessments of actual nutrient consumption.
329
What is preferable when assessing dietary intake in specific populations?
Involve a researcher/interviewer of similar cultural background
## Footnote
This helps in appreciating the food and food customs of the particular group.
330
What factors must be taken into account when assessing dietary intake for specific ethnic groups?
Foods specific to the group, recipes, and consumption patterns
## Footnote
These factors ensure a comprehensive understanding of dietary habits.
331
Where can examples of studies or questionnaires for dietary assessment be found?
Register of Validated Short Dietary Assessment Instruments (NCI)
## Footnote
This register provides validated tools for dietary assessment.
332
What is preferable when assessing dietary intake in specific populations?
Involve a researcher/interviewer of similar cultural background
## Footnote
This helps in appreciating the food and food customs of the particular group.
333
What factors must be taken into account when assessing dietary intake for specific ethnic groups?
Foods specific to the group, recipes, and consumption patterns
## Footnote
These factors ensure a comprehensive understanding of dietary habits.
334
Where can examples of studies or questionnaires for dietary assessment be found?
Register of Validated Short Dietary Assessment Instruments (NCI)
## Footnote
This register provides validated tools for dietary assessment.
335
Why is dietary assessment in children challenging?
Diets tend to be highly variable from day-to-day
## Footnote
Children's food habits can change rapidly, making it difficult to assess their dietary intake accurately.
336
What is a significant factor affecting younger children's dietary assessments?
Younger children less able to recall, estimate and cooperate in usual dietary assessment procedures
## Footnote
This limitation necessitates the involvement of surrogate reporters.
337
Who needs to be involved in dietary assessments of children?
Surrogate reporters (e.g. Parents)
## Footnote
Parents or guardians can provide necessary information about a child's dietary intake.
338
What must be considered when assessing children's dietary intake?
Portion sizes and different food items
## Footnote
Accurate assessment requires careful consideration of the amounts and types of food consumed.
339
Why is dietary assessment in children challenging?
Diets tend to be highly variable from day-to-day
## Footnote
Children's food habits can change rapidly, making it difficult to assess their dietary intake accurately.
340
What is a significant factor affecting younger children's dietary assessments?
Younger children less able to recall, estimate and cooperate in usual dietary assessment procedures
## Footnote
This limitation necessitates the involvement of surrogate reporters.
341
Who needs to be involved in dietary assessments of children?
Surrogate reporters (e.g. Parents)
## Footnote
Parents or guardians can provide necessary information about a child's dietary intake.
342
What must be considered when assessing children's dietary intake?
Portion sizes and different food items
## Footnote
Accurate assessment requires careful consideration of the amounts and types of food consumed.
343
What is the most accurate method of assessing dietary intake for children aged 0.5-4 years?
Weighed food records
## Footnote
This method provides precise measurements of food consumption.
344
What dietary assessment method is most accurate for children aged 4-11 years?
24-hour multiple pass recall over at least a 3-day period with parents as proxy reporters
## Footnote
This method includes both weekdays and weekend days for a comprehensive assessment.
345
For adolescents aged 12-16 years, what is the most accurate method of assessing dietary intake?
Dietary history
## Footnote
This method involves detailed accounts of food consumed over a specific period.
346
Fill in the blank: For children aged 0.5-4 years, the most accurate method of assessing dietary intake is _______.
weighed food records
347
True or False: The 24-hour multiple pass recall method is suitable for children aged 0.5-4 years.
False
## Footnote
This method is most accurate for children aged 4-11 years.
348
What age range does the dietary history method apply to?
12-16 years
## Footnote
This age range is crucial for understanding dietary patterns in adolescents.
349
What is the most accurate method of assessing dietary intake for children aged 0.5-4 years?
Weighed food records
## Footnote
This method provides precise measurements of food consumption.
350
What dietary assessment method is most accurate for children aged 4-11 years?
24-hour multiple pass recall over at least a 3-day period with parents as proxy reporters
## Footnote
This method includes both weekdays and weekend days for a comprehensive assessment.
351
For adolescents aged 12-16 years, what is the most accurate method of assessing dietary intake?
Dietary history
## Footnote
This method involves detailed accounts of food consumed over a specific period.
352
Fill in the blank: For children aged 0.5-4 years, the most accurate method of assessing dietary intake is _______.
weighed food records
353
True or False: The 24-hour multiple pass recall method is suitable for children aged 0.5-4 years.
False
## Footnote
This method is most accurate for children aged 4-11 years.
354
What age range does the dietary history method apply to?
12-16 years
## Footnote
This age range is crucial for understanding dietary patterns in adolescents.
355
What dietary assessment methods are unsuitable for elderly populations with cognitive impairments?
24-hour recall and FFQs
## Footnote
These methods may not yield accurate results if cognitive functioning is impaired.
356
Why are self-administered dietary tools unsuitable for some elderly individuals?
Due to physical disabilities such as poor vision
## Footnote
Self-administered tools require the ability to read and interpret questions.
357
What challenges are faced when administering dietary assessments to elderly individuals with hearing problems?
Interviewer administration is difficult
## Footnote
Effective communication is crucial for accurate dietary reporting.
358
What alternative method can be used for dietary assessment in institutional care facilities?
Direct observation
## Footnote
This method allows for a more accurate assessment of dietary intake.
359
How might specific dietary recommendations affect reported dietary intake?
Reporting might reflect recommendations rather than actual intake
## Footnote
This can lead to discrepancies between reported and true dietary habits.
360
When might a dietary history be more useful than other assessment methods?
If long-term memory is better than short-term memory
## Footnote
Individuals may recall past dietary habits more effectively.
361
What can written records of intake be analyzed to determine?
Nutrient content
## Footnote
This analysis helps assess the nutritional adequacy of dietary intake.
362
What needs to be estimated if weights are not included in the food intake records?
Weights of foods
## Footnote
Estimating weights is crucial for accurate nutrient content analysis.
363
Which book assists in translating standard portions into weights?
Food Portion Sizes book
## Footnote
This resource is cited by Crawley (2003).
364
What can be used to estimate nutrient content once weights of foods are known?
Food composition data
## Footnote
This data can be accessed through various means.
365
Name a method to estimate nutrient content manually.
Using food composition tables
## Footnote
An example is McCance & Widdowson's The Composition of Foods (2014).
366
What is one example of nutritional analysis software?
Microdiet
## Footnote
Other examples include Myfood24, Dietpland, CompEat, and Nutritics.
367
Fill in the blank: If weights of foods are not available, nutrient content can be estimated by _______.
estimating weights
368
True or False: Nutritional analysis can only be performed manually using food composition tables.
False
## Footnote
Nutritional analysis can also be done electronically using software.
