Healthy Lifestyle Flashcards
1
Q
What is the definition of health according to the World Health Organisation (WHO)?
A
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and merely not the absence of disease or infirmity.
Source: WHO, 2020
2
Q
The WHO’s definition of health emphasizes which aspects?
A
Complete physical, mental, and social well-being
It highlights that health is not just the absence of disease.
3
Q
True or False: According to the WHO, health is solely defined as the absence of disease.
A
False
The WHO definition includes overall well-being.
4
Q
Fill in the blank: The WHO defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social _______.
A
well-being
5
Q
What does the ‘Rainbow Model’ illustrate?
A
Health determinants and their relationships
Developed by Dahlgren and Whitehead in 1991
6
Q
Who are the creators of the ‘Rainbow Model’?
A
Dahlgren and Whitehead
The model was introduced in 1991
7
Q
In the ‘Rainbow Model’, where are individuals placed?
A
At the centre
Individuals are surrounded by various layers of influences
8
Q
What is the primary focus of the ‘Rainbow Model’?
A
The relationship between the individual, their environment, and health
It emphasizes how various factors influence health
9
Q
True or False: The ‘Rainbow Model’ has had a limited influence on health inequalities.
A
False
The model has had widespread influence on health inequalities
10
Q
Fill in the blank: The ‘Rainbow Model’ maps the relationship between the individual, their environment, and _______.
A
health
11
Q
What year was the ‘Rainbow Model’ introduced?
A
1991
12
Q
List the components that surround individuals in the ‘Rainbow Model’.
A
- Various layers of influences on health
13
Q
What is the established link between income and health?
A
There is a link between low income and poor health.
14
Q
What correlation exists between health and occupation?
A
There is a definitive correlation between health and occupation.
15
Q
How does insecure, poorly paid work affect health?
A
It has a detrimental impact on health and wellbeing.
16
Q
True or False: High income is associated with better health outcomes.
A
True
17
Q
Fill in the blank: There is an established link between _______ and poor health.
A
[low income]
18
Q
Who conducted the research linking income, occupation, and health?
A
[Marmot et al, 2010]
19
Q
Who conducted the Marmot review?
A
Professor Sir Michael Marmot
The Marmot review was a landmark study of health inequalities in England.
20
Q
What was the primary goal of the Marmot review?
A
To propose effective evidence-based strategies for reducing health inequalities in England
The study was commissioned by the Health Foundation.
21
Q
What significant topic did the Marmot review address?
A
Health inequalities in England
The review aimed to highlight and address issues related to health disparities.
22
Q
Fill in the blank: The Marmot review was commissioned by the _______.
A
[Health Foundation]
23
Q
True or False: The Marmot review was focused solely on health promotion.
A
False
The review was focused on health inequalities, not just health promotion.
24
Q
What is the main reason for reducing health inequalities?
A
Fairness and social justice
Reducing health inequalities is viewed as a fundamental issue of fairness and social justice.
25
What does the term 'social gradient in health' refer to?
The relationship between social status and health outcomes
## Footnote
It indicates that health outcomes improve as one moves up the social hierarchy.
26
What causes health inequalities?
Social inequalities
## Footnote
Health inequalities are rooted in broader social inequalities affecting various groups.
27
True or False: Focusing solely on the most disadvantaged will sufficiently reduce health inequalities.
False
## Footnote
This approach is deemed insufficient to address the broader issue of health inequalities.
28
What are the benefits of taking action to reduce health inequalities?
Benefits society in many ways
## Footnote
Addressing health inequalities can lead to improved overall societal health and economic benefits.
29
What is not considered the most important measure of a country's success?
Economic growth
## Footnote
This statement suggests that other factors may be more significant in assessing a nation's success.
30
Who needs to take action to deliver policy objectives?
Central and local government, NHS, third and private sectors, community groups
## Footnote
Collaboration among various sectors is crucial for achieving policy goals.
31
What is required for effective local delivery?
Effective participatory decision-making at local level
## Footnote
This emphasizes the importance of involving local stakeholders in the decision-making process.
32
How many policy objectives are necessary to reduce health inequalities?
Six policy objectives
## Footnote
These objectives are essential to address and mitigate health disparities.
33
What is the first policy objective recommended?
Give every child the best start in life.
34
What is the second policy objective recommended?
Enable all children, young people and adults to maximise their capabilities and have control over their lives.
35
What is the third policy objective recommended?
Create fair employment and good work for all.
36
What is the fourth policy objective recommended?
Ensure healthy standard of living for all.
37
What is the fifth policy objective recommended?
Create and develop healthy and sustainable places and communities.
38
What is the sixth policy objective recommended?
Strengthen the role and impact of ill-health prevention.
39
What was the purpose of the report titled 'Health Equity in England: The Marmot Review 10 Years On'?
To examine progress addressing health inequalities in England since the Marmot Review
## Footnote
Commissioned by the Health Foundation.
40
What organization commissioned the report on health inequalities in England?
The Health Foundation
## Footnote
The Institute of Health Equity conducted the examination.
41
What was a key finding of the Marmot Review 10 Years On?
Inequality in many areas was growing despite some progress
## Footnote
Referenced from Marmot, 2020.
42
True or False: The report indicated that health inequalities in England were decreasing.
False
## Footnote
The report showed that inequality was growing in many areas.
43
What is the name of the organization that conducted the analysis of health inequalities?
The Institute of Health Equity
44
What significant review does the report build upon?
The Marmot Review
45
List two key aspects the report addressed.
* Progress made since the Marmot Review
* Growing inequality in many areas
46
What does malnutrition refer to?
Deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a person's intake of energy and/or nutrients
## Footnote
Source: WHO, 2020
47
What percentage of deaths among children under 5 years of age are linked to malnutrition?
Around 45%
## Footnote
Source: WHO, 2020
48
What are the health consequences of obesity?
Obesity can lead to:
* Cardiovascular diseases
* Hypertensive disorders
* Diabetes
* Musculoskeletal disorders
* Impaired quality of life
* Premature death
## Footnote
These health issues are significant concerns associated with obesity and can severely impact overall health.
49
What significant report was published in 1983 regarding nutrition in the UK?
The report of NACNE (Nutrition Advisory Committee on Nutrition Education)
## Footnote
This report set out guidance on amounts of fat, salt, sugar, and fibre for the UK population.
50
What was the public response to the NACNE report findings?
The findings were largely ignored and lay undeveloped
## Footnote
This occurred during a time when processed food was increasingly accessible.
51
How did the food supply change after the post-war food revolution?
Cheap supplies of increasingly processed food with long shelf-life became available to all
## Footnote
This change contributed to a disconnect between the population and food production.
52
What impact did public service catering contracts have on nutrition?
Contracts went to the cheapest bidder
## Footnote
This led to a potential decline in the quality of food served.
53
What was beginning to be recognized about diet and lifestyle?
The potential consequences of diet and changing lifestyle on long-term health
## Footnote
Awareness of these consequences was only starting to emerge.
54
Fill in the blank: The NACNE report provided guidance on amounts of _______ for the UK population.
fat, salt, sugar, and fibre
## Footnote
These components are critical to understanding dietary recommendations.
55
What was the first publication by the UK Government to suggest dietary change for reducing heart disease?
Diet and Cardiovascular Disease (1984)
## Footnote
This publication was significant in linking diet to heart disease prevention.
56
What year was The Health of the Nation published?
1992
## Footnote
This publication followed the initial dietary recommendations and initiated further action.
57
What was established following The Health of the Nation publication?
A nutrition task force
## Footnote
This task force aimed to address nutrition-related health issues.
58
List two publications that followed The Health of the Nation.
* Eat Well (1994)
* Our Healthier Nation (1998)
## Footnote
These publications continued the government's focus on nutrition and public health.
59
True or False: The 1984 publication Diet and Cardiovascular Disease was the first to recommend exercise for heart health.
False
## Footnote
The focus was primarily on dietary changes.
60
What is the purpose of national food models?
To translate dietary reference values and food-based recommendations into easily understandable visual messages
61
How long has the UK used a national food model?
For more than 20 years
62
What do national food models visually represent?
The types and proportions of foods needed for a healthy balanced diet
63
True or False: National food models are unique to the UK.
False
64
What is the first national food model used in the UK?
'The Balance of Good Health'
## Footnote
Produced in 1994
65
In what year was 'The Balance of Good Health' produced?
1994
## Footnote
It was the first national food model in the UK
66
What format did 'The Balance of Good Health' use to present food groups?
Tilted plate format
## Footnote
Included drawn images of a knife and fork
67
How many segments are represented in 'The Balance of Good Health'?
Five segments
## Footnote
Each segment represents different food groups
68
What is the primary purpose of 'The Balance of Good Health'?
To achieve a healthy balanced diet
## Footnote
It visually represents food groups
69
What was launched in 2007 by the Food Standards Agency?
The new Eatwell plate
70
What type of changes were made to the Eatwell plate?
Changes to the visual and text, showing a wider range of real foods and a change to some of the titles of the food groups
71
True or False: The Eatwell plate was published by the Food Standards Agency.
True
72
Fill in the blank: The new Eatwell plate was launched in _______.
2007
73
What does the Eatwell plate depict?
A range of real foods and food groups
74
What was the UK's national food model from 2007 to 2016?
The Eatwell Plate
## Footnote
The Eatwell Plate served as a guide for healthy eating during this period.
75
Who ensured that the Eatwell Plate represented the most up-to-date dietary recommendations?
Public Health England (PHE)
## Footnote
PHE is responsible for public health in England.
76
True or False: The Eatwell Plate was used as the UK's national food model after 2016.
False
## Footnote
The Eatwell Plate was the national food model from 2007 to 2016.
77
Fill in the blank: The Eatwell Plate was the UK's national food model from _______ to 2016.
2007
## Footnote
This period marked the introduction and use of the Eatwell Plate.
78
What organization is responsible for ensuring dietary recommendations in the UK?
Public Health England (PHE)
## Footnote
PHE provides guidance on public health matters.
79
What percentage of the Eatwell Plate is comprised of fruit and vegetables?
33%
## Footnote
This segment emphasizes the importance of consuming a variety of fruits and vegetables as part of a healthy diet.
80
What percentage of the Eatwell Plate is allocated to potatoes, bread, rice, pasta, and other starchy carbohydrates?
33%
## Footnote
Starchy carbohydrates are a key source of energy and should make up a significant portion of the diet.
81
What percentage of the Eatwell Plate is designated for beans, pulses, fish, eggs, meat, and other proteins?
12%
## Footnote
This segment focuses on the importance of protein for body repair and maintenance.
82
What percentage of the Eatwell Plate is allocated to dairy and alternatives?
15%
## Footnote
Dairy products provide essential nutrients like calcium, which is important for bone health.
83
What percentage of the Eatwell Plate is made up of foods and drinks high in fat or sugar?
7%
## Footnote
This segment highlights the need to limit intake of foods high in fat and sugar for better health.
84
What document did PHE publish in June 2014 related to dietary recommendations?
'Sugar reduction - Responding to the challenge'
## Footnote
This document committed to reviewing the Eatwell plate for consistency with dietary recommendations.
85
What was the purpose of reviewing the Eatwell plate?
To ensure consistency with dietary recommendations and key public health messages
## Footnote
The review was part of a broader commitment to improve public health.
86
What recommendations were accepted that led to the design of the Eatwell Guide?
Recommendations for decreasing sugars and increasing fibre intakes
## Footnote
These changes were aimed at promoting healthier eating habits.
87
What is the Eatwell Guide?
A visual representation designed to promote healthy eating habits
## Footnote
It incorporates recommendations for sugar and fibre intake.
88
What percentage of the Eatwell Guide is dedicated to fruit and vegetables?
40%
89
What is the percentage allocated to potatoes, bread, rice, pasta, and other starchy carbohydrates in the Eatwell Guide?
38%
90
Fill in the blank: Beans, pulses, fish, eggs, meat, and other proteins make up _______ of the Eatwell Guide.
12%
91
What percentage of the Eatwell Guide is allocated to dairy and alternatives?
8%
92
True or False: Oils and spreads make up 1% of the Eatwell Guide.
True
93
What is the current name of the dietary guidelines previously known as the 'Eatwell Plate'?
Eatwell Guide
## Footnote
The 'Eatwell Guide' reflects updated dietary recommendations.
94
What significant change was made regarding images in the 'Eatwell Guide'?
Drawn images instead of photographs of foods
## Footnote
This change aims to simplify and clarify the food representation.
95
What has been removed from the purple segment of the 'Eatwell Guide'?
High fat, salt and sugar foods
## Footnote
This change promotes healthier dietary choices.
96
What does the removal of the knife and fork from the 'Eatwell Guide' signify?
Guidelines are based on overall diet
## Footnote
This emphasizes that dietary balance is more important than individual meals.
97
Why was fruit juice removed from the fruit and vegetables section of the 'Eatwell Guide'?
Source of free sugars
## Footnote
While fruit juice counts towards the 5-A-Day, its intake should be limited.
98
What is the recommended limit for fruit juice consumption per day?
150ml per day
## Footnote
This limit helps manage sugar intake while still contributing to daily fruit and vegetable servings.
99
Fill in the blank: The purple segment of the 'Eatwell Guide' now only contains _______.
oils and spreads
## Footnote
This change focuses on healthier fat sources.
100
True or False: The 'Eatwell Guide' encourages the consumption of high fat, salt, and sugar foods.
False
## Footnote
These foods have been removed to promote healthier eating habits.
101
What does the resizing of food group segments in the 'Eatwell Guide' indicate?
Reflects updated dietary proportions
## Footnote
Segments are sized to better represent the recommended intake of each food group.
102
What is the current name of the dietary guidelines previously known as the 'Eatwell Plate'?
Eatwell Guide
## Footnote
The 'Eatwell Guide' reflects updated dietary recommendations.
103
What significant change was made regarding images in the 'Eatwell Guide'?
Drawn images instead of photographs of foods
## Footnote
This change aims to simplify and clarify the food representation.
104
What does the removal of the knife and fork from the 'Eatwell Guide' signify?
Guidelines are based on overall diet
## Footnote
This emphasizes that dietary balance is more important than individual meals.
105
Why was fruit juice removed from the fruit and vegetables section of the 'Eatwell Guide'?
Source of free sugars
## Footnote
While fruit juice counts towards the 5-A-Day, its intake should be limited.
106
What is the recommended limit for fruit juice consumption per day?
150ml per day
## Footnote
This limit helps manage sugar intake while still contributing to daily fruit and vegetable servings.
107
True or False: The 'Eatwell Guide' encourages the consumption of high fat, salt, and sugar foods.
False
## Footnote
These foods have been removed to promote healthier eating habits.
108
What does the resizing of food group segments in the 'Eatwell Guide' indicate?
Reflects updated dietary proportions
## Footnote
Segments are sized to better represent the recommended intake of each food group.
109
What hydration message is included in the healthy lifestyle guidelines?
Inclusion of a hydration message
## Footnote
Emphasizes the importance of staying hydrated as part of a healthy lifestyle.
110
What additional information is provided for further guidance in healthy lifestyle recommendations?
Additional messages for further guidance
## Footnote
These messages help individuals make informed choices about their health.
111
What are the energy requirements for women and men according to the guidelines?
Women: 2000Kcal, Men: 2500Kcal
## Footnote
These values serve as general targets for daily energy intake.
112
What change was made regarding fruit juice in the fruit and vegetable segment?
Fruit juice has been removed from the fruit and vegetable segment
## Footnote
This change reflects a shift in dietary recommendations regarding fruit intake.
113
What is the source of the healthy lifestyle guidelines mentioned?
Public Health England, The Eatwell Guide, 2016
## Footnote
This document provides updated dietary recommendations for the UK population.
114
Fill in the blank: Women should generally aim for _______ Kcal.
2000
## Footnote
This is part of the recommended daily energy intake for women.
115
Fill in the blank: Men should generally aim for _______ Kcal.
2500
## Footnote
This is part of the recommended daily energy intake for men.
116
True or False: The guidelines include a front of pack nutrition label.
True
## Footnote
This label is intended to provide clear nutritional information to consumers.
117
What is a food model that was used in the US?
'Food pyramid'
## Footnote
The 'food pyramid' was later renamed 'MyPlate'.
118
What is the name of the food model in Australia?
'Australian Guide to Healthy Eating'
## Footnote
This model provides guidelines for healthy food consumption in Australia.
119
What is the food model used in Singapore?
'My Healthy Plate'
## Footnote
This model is designed to promote balanced eating in Singapore.
120
True or False: Similar food models are present in other countries.
True
## Footnote
Various countries have developed their own food models to promote healthy eating.
121
What model did Brazil adopt regarding healthy eating?
A model built around 10 core concepts involving limiting processed foods and avoiding 'ultra-processed' foods
## Footnote
This model emphasizes the importance of the eating environment.
122
What is one of the core concepts of Brazil's healthy eating model?
Limiting processed foods
## Footnote
This is part of the approach to promote healthier eating habits.
123
True or False: Brazil's healthy eating model encourages the consumption of ultra-processed foods.
False
## Footnote
The model specifically advises avoiding ultra-processed foods.
124
Fill in the blank: Brazil's healthy eating model is centered around _______ core concepts.
10
## Footnote
These concepts guide individuals towards healthier dietary choices.
125
What aspect does Brazil's healthy eating model emphasize besides food choices?
The importance of the eating environment
## Footnote
This includes factors such as where and how food is consumed.
126
What are the '8 tips for eating well'?
Guidelines for healthy eating promoted by the UK government and NHS
## Footnote
These tips are designed to support a healthy lifestyle and are part of broader healthy eating messages.
127
Which organization commonly uses the '8 tips for eating well'?
NHS and other health promotion bodies
## Footnote
The NHS incorporates these tips into their health promotion strategies.
128
What is the purpose of the Eatwell Guide?
To provide a visual representation of a balanced diet
## Footnote
The Eatwell Guide helps individuals understand how to maintain a healthy diet.
129
Fill in the blank: The UK government has produced wider healthy eating messages alongside the _______.
Eatwell Guide
## Footnote
This indicates that the Eatwell Guide is part of a larger framework for healthy eating.
130
What is the purpose of the Eatwell Guide?
To help choose the right amounts from each food group
## Footnote
The Eatwell Guide emphasizes a balanced diet that includes various food groups.
131
What should be the basis of your meals according to healthy eating guidelines?
Starchy carbohydrates
## Footnote
Wholegrain high-fiber varieties are preferred.
132
How many portions of fruit and vegetables should you aim for each day?
At least five portions
## Footnote
A variety of fruits and vegetables is encouraged.
133
What type of fish should you aim to include in your diet each week?
At least two portions of sustainably sourced fish, one of which should be oily
## Footnote
Oily fish includes salmon, mackerel, and sardines.
134
What should you cut down on for a healthier diet?
Saturated fat and sugar
## Footnote
Reducing these helps in maintaining a healthy weight and lifestyle.
135
How much fluid should you aim to drink each day?
6-8 glasses
## Footnote
Staying hydrated is essential for overall health.
136
What is one important meal that you should not skip?
Breakfast
## Footnote
Eating breakfast can help maintain energy levels throughout the day.
137
What is recommended for maintaining a healthy weight?
Get active
## Footnote
Regular physical activity is key to weight management.
138
Fill in the blank: Choose _______ high-fiber varieties where possible.
wholegrain
139
What did the UK devise for general physical activity levels?
Guidelines for general physical activity levels
## Footnote
These guidelines were published in 2019.
140
In what form were the UK Physical Activity Guidelines produced to enhance public understanding?
Infographic form
## Footnote
Infographics are designed to simplify complex information.
