Energy Balance Flashcards
1
Q
What is energy?
A
The ability to do work
Energy is a fundamental concept in physics and is essential for performing tasks.
2
Q
What does EAT stand for in the context of energy balance?
A
EAT refers to Energy Expenditure from Physical Activity
EAT is a component of total daily energy expenditure.
3
Q
What are the components of energy balance?
A
- Energy intake
- Energy expenditure
Energy balance is crucial for maintaining body weight.
4
Q
Fill in the blank: The ability to do work is known as _______.
A
[energy]
5
Q
What role does sleep play in energy balance?
A
Sleep is essential for recovery and overall energy management
Sleep affects metabolic processes and energy expenditure.
6
Q
True or False: Energy is only related to physical activity.
A
False
Energy is also involved in processes such as thinking and bodily functions.
7
Q
What does MOVE represent in the context of energy?
A
MOVE refers to physical activity levels
Physical activity significantly contributes to energy expenditure.
8
Q
What is the significance of THINK in energy balance?
A
THINK represents the energy used for mental processes
Cognitive functions require energy, contributing to overall energy expenditure.
9
Q
What is energy?
A
Capacity of work
10
Q
What is a calorie?
A
Quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C from a standard initial temperature
11
Q
What does Kcal stand for?
A
Kilocalorie (1000 calories)
12
Q
What is KJ?
A
Kilojoule (1000 joules)
13
Q
What is the relationship between Kcal and KJ?
A
1 Kcal = 4.18 KJ
14
Q
Fill in the blank: A Kcal is used to measure the _______ of food.
A
energy value
15
Q
Fill in the blank: A KJ is used to measure the _______ of food.
A
energy value
16
Q
What is energy equilibrium?
A
Intake = output
This condition is necessary to maintain weight.
17
Q
What occurs during a positive energy balance?
A
Intake > output
This leads to weight gain.
18
Q
What happens in a negative energy balance?
A
Intake < output
This results in weight loss.
19
Q
Fill in the blank: Energy equilibrium is when _______.
A
Intake = output
20
Q
Fill in the blank: A positive energy balance occurs when intake is _______ output.
A
greater than
21
Q
Fill in the blank: A negative energy balance occurs when intake is _______ output.
A
less than
22
Q
What does RNI stand for?
A
Reference Nutrient Intake
RNI is the level of intake that is sufficient for the needs of most individuals in a specific population.
23
Q
What does EAR stand for?
A
Estimated Average Requirement
EAR is the daily nutrient intake value that is estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.
24
Q
What does LRNI stand for?
A
Lower Reference Nutrient Intake
LRNI is the intake level that is deemed inadequate to meet the needs of most individuals.
25
Fill in the blank: RNI stands for _______.
Reference Nutrient Intake
26
Fill in the blank: EAR stands for _______.
Estimated Average Requirement
27
Fill in the blank: LRNI stands for _______.
Lower Reference Nutrient Intake
28
What is the energy unit used for daily requirements?
kcal/day
29
What is the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for males aged 19-50 years?
2550 kcals
30
What is the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for females aged 19-50 years?
1940 kcals
31
What are the two terms that are not available for energy requirements?
RNI and LRNI
32
Why are RNI and LRNI not available?
Due to very large variation in energy requirement
33
Why is the RNI set at the upper end of the range of requirements?
An intake moderately in excess of requirement has no adverse effects but reduces the risk of deficiency
34
True or False: An intake moderately in excess of requirement for energy has adverse effects.
False
35
What does 'Energy In vs. Energy Out' refer to?
The balance between calories consumed and calories burned.
36
Define Thermic Effect of Food (TEF).
The energy expenditure associated with the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of food.
37
What are the components of energy expenditure?
* Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
* Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)
* Physical Activity
38
Fill in the blank: The __________ effect refers to the energy used in digestion and processing of food.
[Thermic Effect of Food]
39
What role does physical activity play in energy balance?
It contributes to calories burned and can create a deficit or surplus in energy balance.
40
True or False: Protein has a higher thermic effect compared to carbohydrates and fats.
True
41
What is thermogenesis?
The process of heat production in organisms, often related to energy expenditure.
42
List the macronutrients involved in energy balance.
* Carbohydrates
* Proteins
* Fats
* Alcohol
43
Fill in the blank: The energy expended during physical activity can be referred to as __________.
[Physical Activity]
44
What factors influence Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
* Age
* Gender
* Body composition
* Hormonal levels
45
True or False: Alcohol does not contribute to energy intake.
False
46
What is basal metabolism?
The energy required to sustain the basic essential metabolic processes involved in keeping the body alive and healthy, and where applicable, growing at an appropriate rate.
## Footnote
Basal metabolism accounts for approximately 50-70% of total energy needs.
47
What percentage of total energy needs does basal metabolism account for?
50-70%
## Footnote
This percentage may vary between individuals.
48
What processes are included in basal metabolism?
* Maintaining heartbeat
* Respiration
* Body temperature
## Footnote
These processes are essential for survival.
49
True or False: The amount of energy needed for basal metabolism is the same for all individuals.
False
## Footnote
The energy needed for basal metabolism varies between individuals.
50
What factors influence basal metabolism?
* Body surface area (weight, height)
* Lean body mass
* Gender
* Body temperature
* Thyroid hormone
* Nervous system activity
* Age
* Calorie intake
* Pregnancy
* Use of caffeine and tobacco
## Footnote
These factors can significantly affect the rate at which the body expends energy at rest.
51
What factors influence Basal Metabolism?
* Body surface area (weight, height)
* Lean body mass
* Gender
* Body temperature
* Thyroid hormone
52
How does body surface area affect Basal Metabolism?
It is influenced by weight and height
53
What is the relationship between lean body mass and Basal Metabolism?
Higher lean body mass (FFM) increases Basal Metabolism
54
Which gender typically has a higher FFM/FM ratio?
Men
55
How does body temperature affect energy expenditure?
The energy cost of maintaining body temperature is influenced by external temperature
56
What effect does hyperthyroidism have on Basal Metabolism?
It increases Basal Metabolism
57
Fill in the blank: The energy cost of maintaining body temperature is influenced by _______.
[external temperature]
58
What factors influence Basal Metabolism?
Factors that influence Basal Metabolism include:
* Age
* Genetic factors
* Pregnancy and lactation
* Use of caffeine and tobacco
* Sleeping metabolic rate
## Footnote
Each factor contributes differently to the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).
59
How does age affect Basal Metabolic Rate?
Children have a higher BMR/kg than adults due to energy requirements for growth.
## Footnote
This indicates that metabolic needs change significantly during different life stages.
60
What is the genetic variation in Basal Metabolic Rate?
There is a 10% variation in BMR between subjects of the same age, sex, and body weight.
## Footnote
This highlights the role of genetics in metabolic rates.
61
How does pregnancy and lactation affect Basal Metabolic Rate?
Pregnancy and lactation increase BMR.
## Footnote
This is due to the increased energy demands during these periods.
62
What effect do caffeine and tobacco have on Basal Metabolic Rate?
Caffeine and tobacco increase BMR.
## Footnote
This stimulation can lead to higher energy expenditure.
63
What is the relationship between sleeping and Basal Metabolic Rate?
Sleeping metabolic rate is typically 5-10% lower than BMR.
## Footnote
This indicates that the body requires less energy during sleep compared to awake states.
64
What is the Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)?
Metabolic response to food
## Footnote
TEF is also known as dietary induced thermogenesis and the specific dynamic action of food.
65
What are other names for the Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)?
* Metabolic response to food
* Dietary induced thermogenesis
* The specific dynamic action of food
## Footnote
TEF is a complex effect that is poorly understood.
66
True or False: The Thermic Effect of Food is a well-understood concept.
False
## Footnote
TEF is described as a complex effect that is poorly understood.
67
What is the Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)?
The energy required for the ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, inter-conversion, oxidation, and deposition of nutrients.
68
What percentage of total calories eaten is attributed to TEF?
5% to 10% of total calories eaten.
69
How does meal size affect TEF?
Larger meals result in higher TEF than the same amount of food eaten over many hours.
70
Which macronutrient has the highest TEF?
Protein.
71
Rank the macronutrients by TEF from highest to lowest.
* Protein
* Carbohydrate
* Fat
72
True or False: TEF is lower for carbohydrates than for fats.
False.
73
What is Adaptive Thermogenesis?
A process that involves non-voluntary physical activity triggered by overeating.
74
What are some examples of non-voluntary physical activity?
* Fidgeting
* Shivering
* Maintenance of muscle tone
* Maintenance of posture
75
How much does non-voluntary physical activity account for in energy use?
Very small portion.
76
What physiological change occurs due to overeating?
Increases sympathetic nervous system activity.
77
What percentage does physical activity contribute to daily energy expenditure?
20-40%
78
What factors can influence the contribution of physical activity to daily energy expenditure?
Many factors such as individual metabolism, type of activity, duration, and intensity.
79
What is the contribution of physical activity to daily energy expenditure?
20-40% (up to 50% in extreme cases)
## Footnote
The contribution varies depending on factors such as occupation and lifestyle.
80
What factors influence the energy expenditure of physical activity?
Intensity and duration
## Footnote
Energy expenditure during physical activity is affected by how hard and how long one engages in the activity.
81
True or False: Physical activity has a uniform contribution to daily energy expenditure for everyone.
False
## Footnote
The contribution varies significantly based on individual factors.
82
Fill in the blank: Physical activity contributes ______ to daily energy expenditure.
20-40%
## Footnote
In extreme cases, this can go up to 50%.
83
How does occupation affect physical activity's contribution to energy expenditure?
It varies based on the type of work and lifestyle
## Footnote
Different occupations require different levels of physical activity.
84
What does PAR stand for in the context of physical activity?
Physical Activity Ratio
85
What is the definition of Physical Activity Ratio (PAR)?
The ratio of the energy cost of specific activity to the BMR.
86
What does PAL stand for in the context of physical activity?
Physical Activity Level
87
What is the definition of Physical Activity Level (PAL)?
The ratio of daily total energy expenditure to BMR.
88
What does Physical Activity Ratio (PAR) measure?
Ranges from 1.0-1.4 for activities such as sitting or standing, to 6.0-9.0 for jogging, skiing, or playing tennis.
## Footnote
PAR indicates the energy expenditure of various physical activities.
89
What is the range of Physical Activity Ratio (PAR) for walking at normal pace?
2.5-3.3
## Footnote
This range reflects moderate physical activity levels.
90
What does Physical Activity Level (PAL) represent?
Measure of overall level of physical activity, including dietary or other thermogenesis.
## Footnote
PAL is used to assess energy expenditure in relation to total daily energy intake.
91
What does PAL stand for?
Physical Activity Level
## Footnote
PAL is a measure of physical activity in relation to energy expenditure.
92
Name the categories of Physical Activity Level (PAL) mentioned.
* Inactive men and women
* Moderately active women
* Moderately active men
* Highly active women
* Highly active men
## Footnote
These categories help classify populations based on their activity levels.
93
What is the significance of categorizing individuals by PAL?
It helps in understanding energy expenditure and health outcomes based on activity levels
## Footnote
Different levels of activity can affect nutritional and health recommendations.
94
Fill in the blank: The PAL for inactive men and women is _______.
[specific value not provided in the text]
## Footnote
The specific PAL value for inactive individuals was not included in the excerpt.
95
True or False: Highly active men have the lowest PAL among the categories listed.
False
## Footnote
Highly active men are expected to have a higher PAL compared to other categories.
96
What determines the contribution of food to total energy intake?
The contribution of food to total energy intake is determined by its:
* Energy density (kcal/g of food)
* The amount consumed (portion size)
* Frequency of consumption
## Footnote
Energy density refers to the number of calories in a given weight of food, influencing how much energy is provided per serving.
97
Fill in the blank: The amount of energy provided by food is influenced by its _______.
[energy density]
98
Fill in the blank: The contribution of food to total energy intake is influenced by the _______ consumed.
[portion size]
99
True or False: The frequency of consumption does not affect total energy intake.
False
100
How is the percentage of energy from fat calculated?
% energy from fat = [g fat/day X 9/total kcal/day] X 100
101
How is the percentage of energy from protein calculated?
% energy from Protein = [g protein/day X 4/total kcal/day] X 100
102
How is the percentage of energy from carbohydrates calculated?
% energy from CHO = [g CHO/day X 4/total kcal/day] X 100
103
What is the energy contribution of fat in kcal?
9 kcal/g
104
What is the energy contribution of protein in kcal?
4 kcal/g
105
What is the energy contribution of carbohydrates in kcal?
4 kcal/g
106
What is the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) formula for men aged 19 years and older?
EER = 662 - (9.53 x AGE) + PA x (15.91 x WT) + (539.6 x HT)
## Footnote
Where PA = physical activity estimate, WT = weight in kg, HT = height in meters.
107
What is the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) formula for women aged 19 years and older?
EER = 354 - (6.91 x AGE) + PA x (9.36 x WT) + (726 x HT)
## Footnote
Where PA = physical activity estimate, WT = weight in kg, HT = height in meters.
108
In the EER formula for men, what does PA stand for?
Physical activity estimate
## Footnote
This is used to adjust energy requirements based on activity level.
109
In the EER formula, what does WT represent?
Weight in kg
## Footnote
This is a key variable in calculating energy requirements.
110
In the EER formula, what does HT represent?
Height in meters
## Footnote
This is also a crucial variable for determining energy needs.
111
Fill in the blank: The EER for men is calculated using the formula EER = 662 - (9.53 x AGE) + PA x (15.91 x WT) + (539.6 x HT). For women, the formula is EER = 354 - (6.91 x AGE) + PA x (9.36 x WT) + (726 x _______.
HT
## Footnote
Height is a factor in both formulas.
112
What is BMR?
Basal Metabolic Rate
113
What is the purpose of predictive equations in relation to BMR?
To measure or predict Basal Metabolic Rate
114
What is the Harris-Benedict Formula and when was it established?
A formula to estimate BMR, established in 1918
115
What are Schofield Requirements?
A set of equations to estimate BMR, developed in 1985
116
What is the Henry Equation and when was it introduced?
An equation to calculate BMR, introduced in 2005
117
What should be considered when using predictive equations for BMR?
Some variability takes place
118
Fill in the blank: The _______ Formula was established in 1918 to estimate BMR.
Harris-Benedict
119
Fill in the blank: The _______ Requirements were developed in 1985 for estimating BMR.
Schofield
120
True or False: The Henry Equation was established in 1985.
False
121
What type of data is the predictive equations for BMR based on?
Data from numerous subjects
122
What does TEE stand for?
Total Energy Expenditure
123
How is TEE calculated from an activity diary?
TEE = BMR x [(physical activity ratio x time for activity A) + (physical activity ratio x time for activity B) + ...]
124
What does PAL represent in the context of TEE?
Physical Activity Level
125
How is PAL derived?
PAL has been derived from experimental studies, often using doubly labeled water
126
What is the formula for calculating TEE from PAL?
TEE = BMR x PAL
127
Fill in the blank: TEE = BMR x _______.
PAL
128
True or False: TEE can be calculated using only BMR without considering physical activity levels.
False
129
What does BMR stand for?
Basal Metabolic Rate
130
What is direct calorimetry?
Measurement of heat produced by the body.
131
How are subjects measured in direct calorimetry?
Subjects are placed in an insulated chamber & heat loss is measured over a period of at least 24 h.
132
What is a major challenge of direct calorimetry?
The chamber must be capable of detecting all heat generated within the chamber & other sources of heat must be eliminated or accounted for.
133
What is an advantage of direct calorimetry?
Very precise.
134
What are some disadvantages of direct calorimetry?
Expensive & difficult to build and maintain, only few are available & the method is not frequently used.
135
What is indirect calorimetry based on?
The principles that food is oxidised in the body to produce energy and by measuring oxygen consumption, it's possible to calculate energy expenditure.
136
What is the purpose of measuring oxygen consumption in indirect calorimetry?
To calculate energy expenditure.
137
What equipment is used in indirect calorimetry?
Various equipment is available for measuring oxygen consumption, including the Douglas bag.
138
What is the function of the Douglas bag?
Used to collect expired air during rest and exercise.
139
How is the volume of expired air measured using the Douglas bag?
The volume is measured using a dry gas meter.
140
What gases are analyzed in the Douglas bag method?
Expired gases are analyzed and compared to ambient air.
141
From the Douglas bag method, what can be calculated?
Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production rates, and energy expenditure.
142
Fill in the blank: The Krebs Cycle is also known as the _______.
Citric Acid Cycle.
143
What is indirect calorimetry?
A method used to measure energy expenditure by analyzing gas exchange.
144
What is a ventilated hood also known as?
Canopy or tent.
145
What is the purpose of a ventilated hood in indirect calorimetry?
To measure gases exchange continuously and calculate energy expenditure.
146
What is one advantage of using indirect calorimetry?
Precise measurement.
147
What is a disadvantage of using indirect calorimetry?
Expensive to build.
148
What alternative system can be used during exercise for measuring gas exchange?
Other systems specifically designed for exercise.
149
What can respiration chambers measure?
Gaseous exchange continuously over several hours or days.
150
Fill in the blank: A _______ is used to measure gases exchange continuously in indirect calorimetry.
ventilated hood
151
True or False: Respiration chambers are inexpensive to set up.
False
152
What is a metabolic cart used for?
To measure metabolic parameters in patients
## Footnote
Commonly used in clinical settings, especially in ICUs.
153
What are ventilated hoods used with?
Metabolic carts
## Footnote
They help ensure accurate measurements of gas exchange.
154
In what setting are metabolic carts particularly useful?
In ICU settings
## Footnote
They provide crucial data for critically ill patients.
155
Fill in the blank: Metabolic carts are often used to assess __________ in patients.
[metabolic parameters]
156
True or False: Ventilated hoods are not necessary for the operation of metabolic carts.
False
## Footnote
Ventilated hoods are important for accurate readings.
157
What is a non-calorimetric method for estimating energy expenditure?
Heart rate monitoring
## Footnote
Heart rate is related to energy expenditure and can be used for estimation.
158
How does heart rate monitoring relate to physical activity?
It is used to estimate energy expenditure based on heart rate
## Footnote
The relationship between heart rate and energy expenditure allows for practical applications.
159
What device is often used to measure physical activity?
Accelerometer
## Footnote
Accelerometers are small motion analysers that measure duration, frequency, and intensity of physical activity.
160
What do accelerometers measure?
They measure duration, frequency, and intensity of physical activity
## Footnote
These devices are essential for monitoring physical activity levels.
161
True or False: Heart rate monitoring can provide a direct measurement of energy expenditure.
False
## Footnote
Heart rate monitoring estimates energy expenditure rather than measuring it directly.
162
Fill in the blank: Accelerometers are often used for measuring _______.
physical activity
163
What is the relationship between heart rate and energy expenditure?
Heart rate is related to energy expenditure and can be used for estimation
## Footnote
This relationship is exploited in various health and fitness applications.
164
What is the method used for measuring energy expenditure through non-calorimetric methods?
Doubly labelled water
165
What isotopes are used in the doubly labelled water method?
Deuterium (2H) and Oxygen-18 (180)
166
Over what period are subjects given the oral dose of doubly labelled water?
10-12 days
167
Why is the rate of loss of 180 different from that of 2H in the doubly labelled water method?
180 is lost more rapidly than 2H, which is only lost in H2O
168
What does the difference between the rate of loss of 2H and 180 reflect?
The rate at which CO2 is produced
169
What can be calculated from the difference in the rate of loss of the isotopes in the doubly labelled water method?
Energy expenditure
170
What are some characteristics of the doubly labelled water method?
Expensive, requires blood, urine, saliva, etc.
171
In which populations can the doubly labelled water method be used?
Babies, hospital patients, field work
