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Adequacy Excess Flashcards

1
Q

What factors influence the amounts of nutrients we need?

A

The factors include:
* Age
* Gender
* Energy expenditure
* Composition of our diet
* Physiological status

These factors can affect nutrient needs significantly.

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2
Q

Fill in the blank: The efficacy of nutrient absorption can be affected by the _______.

A

[composition of our diet]

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3
Q

True or False: Nutrient needs are the same for all individuals.

A

False

Nutrient requirements vary based on individual characteristics.

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4
Q

What is one physiological factor that can affect nutrient needs?

A

Physiological status

This can include factors like pregnancy, illness, or health conditions.

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5
Q

How does energy expenditure relate to nutrient needs?

A

Higher energy expenditure typically increases nutrient needs.

This is particularly relevant for athletes or individuals with active lifestyles.

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6
Q

What demographic factors can affect nutrient requirements?

A

Demographic factors include:
* Age
* Gender

Different age groups and genders have different nutrient needs.

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7
Q

What is the definition of ‘Adequacy’ in nutritional context?

A

Adequacy refers to the sufficiency of dietary intake to meet the estimated nutritional requirements.

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8
Q

What are ‘Dietary Requirements’?

A

Dietary Requirements are the specific nutritional needs that must be met through diet.

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9
Q

What are ‘Physiological Requirements’?

A

Physiological Requirements are the nutritional needs based on the body’s physiological functions.

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10
Q

What is the formula for calculating Estimated Nutritional Requirement?

A

Estimated Nutritional Requirement = Estimated Physiologic Requirement x Estimated Proportion of Absorption.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: Estimated nutritional requirement = estimated physiologic requirement x estimated _______.

A

proportion of absorption

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12
Q

What is an important element in defining the requirement?

A

Criteria of Adequacy

The criteria of adequacy refers to the minimum standards that need to be met for nutrient intake.

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13
Q

What should societies expect beyond the basic need?

A

More than the basic need to avoid deficiency

Societies should aim for a higher standard of nutrient intake that supports overall health and well-being.

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14
Q

What is necessary to allow for periods of low intake or high demand?

A

A degree of storage of the nutrients

Nutrient storage is crucial to prevent health detriment during times of scarcity or increased physiological needs.

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15
Q

True or False: Societies should only focus on avoiding nutrient deficiency.

A

False

Societies should strive for adequate nutrient intake that promotes health beyond merely avoiding deficiency.

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: Societies should expect more than the basic need to avoid _______.

A

deficiency

This emphasizes the importance of a holistic approach to nutrition.

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17
Q

What committee reviewed the Recommended Daily Amounts (RDAs) in 1987?

A

Panel on Dietary Reference Values of the Committee On Medical Aspects of Food Policy (COMA)

The review aimed to assess the RDAs from 1979 for energy and nutrients for various groups in the UK.

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18
Q

In which year did the Panel on Dietary Reference Values conduct its review?

A

1987

This review was focused on updating the dietary guidelines established in 1979.

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19
Q

How many Expert Working Groups were formed to review dietary values?

A

Four

The groups focused on different aspects of diet including energy, proteins, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.

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20
Q

Name one of the four Expert Working Groups established for the review.

A

Energy and Proteins

The other groups focused on fat and carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.

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21
Q

Fill in the blank: The Panel on Dietary Reference Values aimed to review the 1979 Recommended Daily Amounts of _______.

A

[energy and nutrients]

This review was essential for updating dietary recommendations in the UK.

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22
Q

True or False: The review conducted by COMA in 1987 included only vitamins.

A

False

The review included multiple categories such as energy, proteins, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.

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23
Q

What does RDI stand for?

A

Recommended Daily Intake

Introduced in 1969, RDI refers to the amount sufficient, or more than sufficient, for the nutritional needs of practically all healthy persons in a population.

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24
Q

What is the definition of RDA?

A

Recommended Daily Amount

Established in 1979, RDA refers to the average amount of nutrients which should be provided per head in a group of people to meet the needs of practically all members of the group.

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25
Q

In what year was RDI introduced?

A

1969

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26
Q

In what year was RDA established?

A

1979

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27
Q

What is the purpose of RDI?

A

To ensure nutritional needs of practically all healthy persons in a population are met.

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28
Q

What is the primary focus of RDA?

A

To provide average nutrient amounts for groups of people.

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29
Q

Fill in the blank: RDI is the amount sufficient, or more than sufficient, for the nutritional needs of _______.

A

practically all healthy persons in a population

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30
Q

Fill in the blank: RDA refers to the average amount of nutrients which should be provided per head in a _______.

A

group of people

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31
Q

What is the purpose of the Dietary Reference Values (DRVs)?

A

To set a range of intakes based on the assessment of nutrient requirements

DRVs help minimize misuse and misinterpretation of dietary information.

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32
Q

Why were DRVs established?

A

To minimize potential misuse and misinterpretation of dietary figures

This is important for both groups and individuals.

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33
Q

What influences the establishment of DRVs?

A

The distribution of requirement for each nutrient

DRVs are set based on an assessment of nutrient needs.

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34
Q

Fill in the blank: The DRVs aim to help users interpret dietary information on both _______ and individuals.

A

[groups]

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35
Q

True or False: DRVs are based solely on a single figure for nutrient intake.

A

False

DRVs are based on a range of intakes rather than a single figure.

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36
Q

What is a potential issue with using single figures for dietary information?

A

Misuse and misinterpretation

Single figures can lead to incorrect conclusions about nutrient needs.

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37
Q

What does the term ‘Adequacy Excess’ refer to in the context of nutrition?

A

Variety of definitions in UK and other countries

This reflects the complexity of establishing nutrient guidelines.

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38
Q

What does DRVs stand for?

A

Dietary Reference Values

DRVs are estimates of the amount of energy and nutrients needed by different groups of healthy people.

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39
Q

What population groups are included in the DRVs?

A

Boys and girls, men and women, including during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Dietary Reference Values are tailored for various demographic groups.

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40
Q

What is the purpose of DRVs?

A

To estimate the amount of energy and nutrients needed by different groups of healthy people

They serve as a guideline for dietary intake.

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41
Q

True or False: DRVs include estimates only for adults.

A

False

DRVs include estimates for children as well as adults.

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42
Q

Fill in the blank: DRVs provide estimates for the energy and nutrients needed by different groups of _______.

A

healthy people

The emphasis is on healthy populations.

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43
Q

What does RNI stand for?

A

Reference Nutrient Intake

RNI is used to indicate the amount of a nutrient that is sufficient for the needs of the majority of the population.

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44
Q

What does EAR stand for?

A

Estimated Average Requirement

EAR is the daily nutrient level estimated to meet the requirements of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.

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45
Q

What does LRNI stand for?

A

Lower Reference Nutrient Intake

LRNI represents the amount of a nutrient that is sufficient for the needs of only a small number of individuals.

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46
Q

What is the purpose of Dietary Reference Values?

A

To provide guidance on nutrient intake levels

Dietary Reference Values help in assessing and planning dietary intakes for populations.

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47
Q

What are DRVs?

A

Estimates of reference values and not recommendations for intakes by individuals & groups

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48
Q

List two examples of the use of Reference Values.

A
  • As yardstick for assessment of dietary surveys & food supply statistics
  • To provide guidance on appropriate dietary composition & meal provision
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49
Q

True or False: The appropriate DRV is the same regardless of the intended purpose.

A

False

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50
Q

Fill in the blank: The appropriate DRV varies with the _______.

A

[purpose for which it is intended]

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51
Q

What is an essential nutrient?

A

Essential for growth, health and survival

Essential nutrients are required for the body to function properly and cannot be synthesized internally.

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52
Q

What happens if essential nutrients are not adequately consumed?

A

Inadequate intakes cause deficiency

Deficiency can lead to various health issues and symptoms.

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53
Q

How does the severity of deficiency symptoms change with nutrient intake?

A

Deficiency symptoms get worse as intakes of the nutrient decrease

The relationship between intake levels and symptoms is often linear.

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54
Q

Approximately how many essential nutrients have been identified?

A

Around 40 essential nutrients

This number may vary slightly based on new research and dietary guidelines.

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55
Q

What are the two categories of essential nutrients?

A

Macro nutrients and Micronutrients

Macro nutrients include Fat, Carbohydrate, and Protein. Micronutrients include Vitamins and Minerals.

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56
Q

List the macro nutrients.

A
  • Fat
  • Carbohydrate
  • Protein

These are essential for providing energy and supporting bodily functions.

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57
Q

List the micronutrients.

A
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals

These are crucial for various physiological processes in the body.

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58
Q

True or False: All organic substances are considered essential for health.

A

False

Some organic substances are desirable for health but do not fit the criteria as ‘essential’.

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59
Q

Fill in the blank: Some organic substances that are desirable for health include _______.

A

[Fibre]

Fibre is important for digestive health.

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60
Q

What are some examples of organic substances that are desirable for health but not essential?

A
  • Fibre
  • Some antioxidants

Antioxidants help in reducing oxidative stress in the body.

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61
Q

What is one basis for estimating nutrient requirements?

A

The intakes of a nutrient to maintain a given circulating level or degree of enzyme saturation or tissue concentration

This concept emphasizes the importance of maintaining specific levels of nutrients in the body for optimal function.

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62
Q

What nutrient intake is associated with the absence of deficiency diseases?

A

The intakes of a nutrient by individuals & by groups which are associated with the absence of any signs of deficiency diseases

This indicates that certain intake levels are linked to health and the prevention of deficiency.

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63
Q

Why is the measurement period important for nutrient balance?

A

The period over which such balance needs to be measured differs for different nutrients, and between individuals

Different nutrients may require different time frames to assess balance effectively.

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64
Q

What intake is necessary to address clinical signs of deficiency?

A

The intakes of a nutrient needed to cure clinical signs of deficiency

This highlights the role of specific nutrient intakes in treating deficiencies.

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65
Q

What is a biological marker of nutritional adequacy?

A

The intakes of a nutrient associated with an appropriate biological marker of nutritional adequacy

Biological markers help indicate whether nutrient levels are sufficient for health.

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66
Q

What is the parameter of adequacy?

A

Nutrients may have a variety of physiological effects at different levels of intake

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67
Q

What is known about the effects of nutrients at different intake levels?

A

The particular parameter or parameters are used to define adequacy for each nutrient

68
Q

Are there perfect parameters for defining adequacy?

A

None of these are perfect

69
Q

How is the evidence for establishing parameters of adequacy described?

A

Some are established by more evidence, while others are limited to anecdotal data

70
Q

Fill in the blank: For each nutrient, the _______ are used to define adequacy.

A

[parameter or parameters]

71
Q

True or False: We have a complete understanding of the parameters that define adequacy for all nutrients.

72
Q

What is the concept of Adequacy in relation to nutrients?

A

Nutrients may have a variety of physiological effects at different levels of intake.

73
Q

What is uncertain regarding the parameter of adequacy for nutrients?

A

We don’t know which effects should form the parameter of adequacy.

74
Q

Are the parameters used to define adequacy for each nutrient perfect?

A

None of these are perfect.

75
Q

What varies among the parameters used to define nutrient adequacy?

A

Some are established by more evidence, while others have limited evidence and some anecdotal data.

76
Q

Fill in the blank: For each nutrient, the particular _______ are used to define adequacy.

A

[parameter or parameters]

77
Q

What does EAR stand for?

A

Estimated Average Requirement

78
Q

What type of distribution is assumed for nutrient requirements when calculating EAR?

A

Normal distribution

79
Q

The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) represents what kind of value?

A

Notional mean requirement

80
Q

True or False: The EAR is used as a standard for assessing nutrient requirements.

81
Q

Fill in the blank: The EAR is based on the assumption of a _______ distribution for nutrient requirements.

82
Q

What does LRNI stand for?

A

Lower Reference Nutrient Intake

83
Q

What does the Lower Reference Nutrient Intake (LRNI) represent?

A

The lowest intakes which will meet the needs of some individuals in the group

84
Q

How is LRNI determined?

A

Two notional standard deviations below the mean

85
Q

What is the significance of an intake below LRNI?

A

It is almost certainly inadequate for most individuals

86
Q

What does RNI stand for?

A

Reference Nutrient Intake

RNI is a standard used to assess nutrient adequacy.

87
Q

How is RNI determined?

A

Two notional standard deviations above the mean (EAR)

EAR stands for Estimated Average Requirement.

88
Q

What does RNI represent in terms of nutrient needs?

A

The amount of nutrient sufficient or more than sufficient to meet the nutritional needs of practically all healthy persons in a population

This implies a high level of intake for most individuals.

89
Q

True or False: RNI is less than the requirements of most people.

A

False

RNI exceeds the requirements of most people.

90
Q

What can be said about nutrient intake above the RNI?

A

It is almost certainly adequate

This indicates a high assurance of meeting nutritional needs.

91
Q

What percentage of the population is theoretically left unattended by setting the RNI at a 2 notional standard deviation?

A

2.5%

This is based on statistical theory regarding normal distribution.

92
Q

Is it likely that 2.5% of the population will be left unattended in practice?

A

No

In practice, this is considered unlikely.

93
Q

What happens to the individuals comprising the extreme in a population choosing natural diets?

A

They are likely to vary

This indicates that consistent intakes at extremes are unlikely.

94
Q

What is the risk associated with 2.5% of the population not being supplied by the RNI?

A

Remote

The risk is considered remote due to the variability in population dietary choices.

95
Q

What does RNI stand for in the context of Dietary Reference Values?

A

Reference Nutrient Intake

RNI represents the daily intake level of a nutrient that is sufficient to meet the requirements of nearly all (97.5%) healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.

96
Q

What is the RNI for Vitamin C for males aged 19-50 years?

A

40 mg/day

This value indicates the recommended daily intake for males to prevent deficiency.

97
Q

What is the RNI for Vitamin C for females aged 19-50 years?

A

40 mg/day

This value is the same as for males, indicating similar requirements for both genders in this age group.

98
Q

What does EAR stand for in the context of Dietary Reference Values?

A

Estimated Average Requirement

EAR is the daily intake value that is estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.

99
Q

What is the EAR for Vitamin C for males aged 19-50 years?

A

25 mg/day

This figure represents the average amount sufficient for half of the healthy males in this age group.

100
Q

What is the EAR for Vitamin C for females aged 19-50 years?

A

25 mg/day

This indicates that the average requirement for females in this age group is the same as for males.

101
Q

What does LRNI stand for in the context of Dietary Reference Values?

A

Lower Reference Nutrient Intake

LRNI is the daily intake level that is sufficient for only a small number of individuals (about 2.5%) in a specific life stage and gender group.

102
Q

What is the LRNI for Vitamin C for males aged 19-50 years?

A

10 mg/day

This indicates the minimum intake level that could meet the needs of a small percentage of healthy males.

103
Q

What is the LRNI for Vitamin C for females aged 19-50 years?

A

25 mg/day

This shows that the minimum requirement for females is higher than for males in this age group.

104
Q

What is the unit for measuring energy intake?

105
Q

What is the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for energy for males aged 19-50?

A

2550 kcals

106
Q

What is the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for energy for females aged 19-50?

A

1940 kcals

107
Q

Why are RNI and LRNI not always available?

A

Very large variation in energy requirements

108
Q

Why is the RNI set at the upper end of the range of requirements?

A

Intake moderately in excess of requirement has no adverse effects but reduces the risk of deficiency

109
Q

Fill in the blank: For energy, RNI is set at the _______ end of the range of requirements.

110
Q

What are Dietary Reference Values used for?

A

They are used for:
* Government policy
* Assessing populations
* Guidance on dietary composition and meal provision
* Catering in institutions
* Food labelling
* Education

Dietary Reference Values are essential for ensuring that nutritional needs are met across various sectors.

111
Q

Fill in the blank: Dietary Reference Values provide guidance on appropriate dietary _______.

A

[composition and meal provision]

112
Q

True or False: Dietary Reference Values are only relevant for individual dietary assessments.

113
Q

Name three institutions that utilize Dietary Reference Values for catering.

A

They include:
* Schools
* Hospitals
* Prisons

These institutions require specific dietary guidelines to meet the needs of their populations.

114
Q

What role do Dietary Reference Values play in food labelling?

A

They provide a standard for nutritional information on food products.

115
Q

Why is it important to assess populations using Dietary Reference Values?

A

To ensure public health and nutrition standards are met.

116
Q

What are Guideline Daily Amounts (GDAs)?

A

GDAs are based on DRVs and provide consumer-friendly information about nutrition to help contextualize food labels in relation to an overall diet.

GDAs translate scientific dietary recommendations into practical guidelines for consumers.

117
Q

Who are GDAs guidelines intended for?

A

GDAs are guidelines for healthy adults and children.

They provide approximate amounts needed for a healthy diet.

118
Q

What nutrients do GDAs provide guidelines for?

A

GDAs provide guidelines for:
* calories
* fat
* saturated fat
* carbohydrate
* total sugars
* protein
* fibre
* salt
* sodium

These nutrients are crucial for maintaining a healthy diet.

119
Q

Are GDAs intended to be used as targets for individuals?

A

No, GDAs are not to be used as targets for individuals but as benchmarks for assessing food portion contributions.

They serve as a reference point rather than specific dietary goals.

120
Q

Fill in the blank: GDAs help consumers put the nutrition information they read on a food label into the context of their _______.

A

overall diet.

This context helps consumers make informed dietary choices.

121
Q

What does GDA stand for?

A

Guideline Daily Amount

122
Q

Which values did the working group agree to develop for GDAs?

A
  • Energy
  • Protein
  • Total Carbohydrates
  • Total Fat
  • Saturated Fat
  • Fibre
  • Sodium (Salt Equivalents)
  • Total Sugars
123
Q

True or False: The working group discussed GDA for total Sugars.

124
Q

What is the significance of GDA values?

A

They provide guidance on daily intake levels for various nutrients

125
Q

What does GDA stand for?

A

Guideline Daily Amount

126
Q

What term has replaced ‘Guideline Daily Amount’?

A

Reference Intake

127
Q

What remains the same despite the change from GDA to RI?

A

The principles behind how these values are determined

128
Q

What is significant about the Reference Intake values?

A

They will be set out in European law

129
Q

How many sets of RIs are there for adults?

130
Q

What are the Reference Intakes based on?

A

The requirements for an average female with no special dietary requirements

131
Q

What is the assumed energy intake for the Reference Intakes?

132
Q

What is the Reference Intake for energy?

A

8400 kJ / 2000 kcal

133
Q

What is the Reference Intake for total fat?

134
Q

What is the Reference Intake for saturates?

135
Q

What is the Reference Intake for carbohydrates?

136
Q

What is the Reference Intake for sugars?

137
Q

What is the Reference Intake for protein?

138
Q

What is the Reference Intake for salt?

139
Q

What is the main objective of improving diets and health of school children?

A

To make it easier for them to choose healthier options at school

This is aimed at reducing the prevalence of diet-related diseases in later life.

140
Q

What is the expected outcome of helping school children choose healthier options?

A

Reduce the prevalence of diet-related diseases in later life

This outcome is linked to the improvement of dietary choices made by children.

141
Q

Fill in the blank: The use of DRVs can help improve the diets of _______.

A

school children

142
Q

True or False: The objectives of improving diets in schools include reducing health issues in adulthood.

143
Q

List two objectives of the DRVs in relation to school meals.

A
  • Improve the diets of school children
  • Reduce diet-related diseases in later life
144
Q

What are the key nutrients mentioned for school lunches in England?

A
  • Energy
  • Protein
  • Total Carbohydrate
  • Non-milk extrinsic Sugars
  • Fat
  • Saturated Fat
  • Fibre
  • Sodium
  • Vitamin A
  • Vitamin C
  • Folic Acid
  • Calcium
  • Iron
  • Zinc

These nutrients are essential for children’s growth and development.

145
Q

What percentage of the EAR is required for nutrient standards in school lunches?

A

30% of EAR

EAR stands for Estimated Average Requirement.

146
Q

What is the minimum percentage of the RNI required in school lunches?

A

No less than 40% of the RNI

RNI stands for Reference Nutrient Intake.

147
Q

What is the maximum percentage of food energy allowed in school lunches?

A

No more than 35% Food Energy

This limit helps to manage caloric intake.

148
Q

Fill in the blank: School lunches must contain no less than ______ of the calculated reference value.

A

30%

This ensures adequate nutrient provision.

149
Q

True or False: School lunches can exceed 11% of food energy from saturated fat.

A

False

This limit is set to promote healthier eating habits.

150
Q

What is the maximum percentage of food energy from sugars allowed in school lunches?

A

No more than 11%

This guideline aims to reduce sugar intake.

151
Q

What is the significance of the SACN recommendations in school lunch standards?

A

Not more than 30% of the SACN recommendations

SACN stands for Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition.

152
Q

What is the role of fibre in school lunches?

A

Fibre aids in digestion and promotes satiety.

Adequate fibre intake is important for children’s health.

153
Q

What nutrients are particularly monitored in the context of school lunches?

A
  • Calcium
  • Iron
  • Zinc

These minerals are crucial for children’s development.

154
Q

What is the definition of Requirement in nutritional terms?

A

The amount of a nutrient needed by an individual to avoid deficiency and/or maintain optimal function

This term signifies the minimum nutrient intake necessary for health.

155
Q

What does Recommendation refer to in the context of nutrition?

A

The amount judged to be the most appropriate quantity in all or almost all individuals in that group

Recommendations are often based on scientific evidence and expert consensus.

156
Q

Define Safe intake in nutritional guidelines.

A

A level or range of intake at which there is no risk of deficiency, and below a level where there is a risk of undesirable effect

Safe intake levels help to prevent both deficiency and toxicity.

157
Q

True or False: Exceeding Safe intakes will always result in undesirable effects.

A

False

While exceeding safe intakes does not guarantee negative effects, it is important to monitor intake levels.

158
Q

Fill in the blank: Requirement is the amount of a nutrient needed to avoid _______.

A

deficiency

This highlights the critical role of nutrients in maintaining health.

159
Q

What is the relationship between Safe intake and undesirable effects?

A

Safe intake is below a level where there is a risk of undesirable effect

Understanding this relationship is crucial for dietary planning.

160
Q

What distribution is assumed for intakes in a healthy group when considering DRVs?

A

Normal distribution

161
Q

For what type of individuals are DRVs applicable?

A

Healthy individuals or groups

162
Q

What requirements must be met for the application of DRVs?

A

Requirements for energy and other nutrients

163
Q

Can DRVs be used for patients on intravenous therapy?

164
Q

What is a limitation of DRVs regarding the health status of the group?

A

Only for healthy individuals or groups

165
Q

What assumption is made about the distribution of intakes in relation to DRVs?

A

Assume that requirements for energy and other nutrients are being met

Nutrition (17 decks)

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