Midterm Review Flashcards
What are the three layers of the cerebellar cortex?
outer layer consisting of axons and dendrites of cerebellar neurons; purkinje cell layer; granular layer consisting of small granule cells
What is cranial nerve V? What are some of its functions?
Trigeminal nerve; sensory functions include sending pain , touch and temperature from the mouth to the brain; motor functions include controlling muscles of mastication.
What is cranial nerve VII? What are some of its functions?
Facial nerve; motor functions include controlling facial muscles that are responsible for facial expression and stapedius muscle; sensory functions include sensation of the outer ear and anterior 2/3 of the tongue
What is cranial nerve IX? What are some of its functions?
glossopharyngeal nerve; sensory functions are providing sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue; it innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle and other muscles of the pharynx; plays a role in swallowing too
What is cranial nerve X? What are some of its functions?
vagus nerve; motor functions include swallowing and innervating muscles of the pharynx and larynx; sensory functions include digestion, breathing, heart rate, and providing sensation to the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus
What is the graded potential?
changes in the membrane potential (or individual signals) due to influx or outflow of ions; it is not all or nothing like an action potential
What is resting potential?
electrical charge of a cell member at rest. It is negative due to there being more potassium ions inside of the cell than outside of it. It is estimated to be -65 mV.
What is an action potential?
change in the neuron’s membrane potential that allows for it to send a signal to another neuron; it is all or nothing
What is cranial nerve XI? What are some of its functions?
spinal accessory nerve; provides motor function to the neck and trapezius muscle
What is cranial nerve XII? What are some of its functions?
hypoglossal nerve; it controls tongue movement by innervating the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles.
UMNs innervate ________.
contralaterally
LMNs innervate ________.
ipsilaterally
The left lower part of the face is controlled by the _________.
right hemisphere
The right lower part of the face is controlled by the ______.
left hemisphere
If the tongue deviates to the left, then what part(s) of the brain may be damaged?
LMN on the left side of the brain or UMNs in the right hemisphere
If there is a facial droop on 1/2 of the face, then what is damaged?
the LMNs on the side of the droop.
What may result from issues with the right anterior cerebral artery?
issues with making decisions, judgement, personality, and other executive functions.
Corticobulbar tract innervates _______, whereas corticospinal tract innervates ________.
bilaterally (with the exception of CN VII and CN XII; mostly contralaterally and a little bit ipsilaterally
Corticobulbar tract has ____ and ______ pathways
direct; indirect
UMNs of Corticobulbar tract ends at _____, whereas UMNs of corticospinal tract ends at ________
cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem; spinal cord.
What type of glial cells creates scar tissue in the brain?
astrocytes
When tau tangles appear, then what cell structure has been affected?
microtubules
What is an electrical gradient?
difference in electrical charges between the inside and outside of a cell that causes ions to move into or out of it.
Which of the cerebellar peduncles is efferent?
superior cerebellar peduncle
Which of the cerebellar peduncles are afferent?
middle and inferior cereellar peduncles
What are symptoms of lesions to the direct motor activation pathway?
babinski sign, hypotonous, loss of skilled movement, deep tendon reflexes
What are symptoms of lesions to the indirect motor activation pathway?
hypertonus, impaired balance, increased stretch reflex, spasticity
UMNs are located in the _____
primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, and brainstem
LMNs are located in the ______
brainstem and spinal cord
What is the myotactic reflex?
monosynaptic; it involves the muscle spindles and 1a sensory afferent neurons; muscle contracts as it stretches passively.
A motor unit consists of
muscle fibers and alpha lower motor neurons
In the final common motor pathway, what is responsible for stretching of muscles?
gamma LMNs fire and contract intrafusal fibers. Subsequently, alpha LMNs fire and contract exrafusal fibers to match the length of the intrafusal fibers.
In the final common motor pathway, what is responsible for tension of muscles?
golgi tendon organs (GTOs) in the 1b sensory afferent receptor fire and activate the 1b sensory receptor. the 1b sensory receptor fires and activates the interneurons. The interneurons activate the alpha LMNs which then contracts the extrafusal fibers.
Alpha LMNs innervate ______
many muscle fibers and each axon may innervate more than one muscle fiber
Corticobulbar tract starts at the _____ portion of the cortex
ventral
Corticospinal tract starts at the _____ portion of the cortex
dorsal
The outer lining of blood vessels is the ________
epithelium
The inner lining of blood vessels is the ________
endothelium
_______ are associated with Alzheimer’s disease
Damage to microtubules
How many layers of cortex are there?
6
Damage to the the ______ leads to spasticity
left lateral medullary reticulospinal system
The mid-sagittal and ventral frontal area is perfused by the
ACA
ACA perfuses what area?
the mid-sagittal and ventral frontal area
The medulla is perfused by the
posterior inferior cerebellar artery
The posterior inferior cerebellar artery perfuses what area?
The medulla
The lateral temporal and frontal areas is perfused by the
MCA
MCA perfuses what area?
The lateral temporal, parietal, and frontal areas
If someone has pharyngeal swallowing issues, then what artery has been infarcted?
PICA
If someone has problems with reading, memory, and identifying objects, then what artery has been infarcted?
PCA
What areas of the brain are involved in motor planning?
pre-motor area and supplemental motor area
What areas of the brain are involved in motor programming?
control circuitry, primary motor cortex, and pimary somatosensory cortex
What ares of the brain are involved in motor execution?
lower motor neurons- both cranial and spinal
_______ tract affects gamma lower motor neurons
corticoreticular
________ of the corticospinal tract affects gamma lower motor neurons.
spinal indirect pathways
What is Brodmann area 9?
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; responsible for higher cognitive functions, such as memory and motor planning, and abstract reasoning
What is Brodmann area 38?
temporal pole; responsible for visual cognition, face recognition, and visual memory
What is Brodmann area 44?
Broca’s area
What is Brodmann area 22?
superior temporal gyrus
Which cranial nerves are both sensory and motor?
facial, vagus, glossopharyngeal, and trigeminal
The CNs involved in pharyngeal swallowing are
vagus nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve
Brodmann areas 10 and 11 are
the frontal poles
The tectospinal tract of the indirect activation pathway is located in the
tectum a.k.a superior midbrain and superior and inferior colliculi
What is the purpose of the indirect activation pathway?
integration and coordination, muscle tone, posture and reaction, stretch and tension,
The external laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve is purely
motor; it innervates the cricothyroid muscles
The superior laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve consists of
internal laryngeal nerve and external laryngeal nerve
The internal laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve is ______
purely sensory; carrying pain, touch, and temperature signals from the epiglottis and larynx above the vocal folds; provides sense of taste to the epiglottis too
The recurrent laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve has both ______
sensory and motor functions
What is the function of the ventral pre-motor area (Brodmann area 6)
Perception and planning for speech; mirror neurons as it’s motor function
