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SLP 511 Neural Processes of Communication > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of the cerebellar cortex?

A

outer layer consisting of axons and dendrites of cerebellar neurons; purkinje cell layer; granular layer consisting of small granule cells

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2
Q

What is cranial nerve V? What are some of its functions?

A

Trigeminal nerve; sensory functions include sending pain , touch and temperature from the mouth to the brain; motor functions include controlling muscles of mastication.

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3
Q

What is cranial nerve VII? What are some of its functions?

A

Facial nerve; motor functions include controlling facial muscles that are responsible for facial expression and stapedius muscle; sensory functions include sensation of the outer ear and anterior 2/3 of the tongue

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4
Q

What is cranial nerve IX? What are some of its functions?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve; sensory functions are providing sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue; it innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle and other muscles of the pharynx; plays a role in swallowing too

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5
Q

What is cranial nerve X? What are some of its functions?

A

vagus nerve; motor functions include swallowing and innervating muscles of the pharynx and larynx; sensory functions include digestion, breathing, heart rate, and providing sensation to the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus

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6
Q

What is the graded potential?

A

changes in the membrane potential (or individual signals) due to influx or outflow of ions; it is not all or nothing like an action potential

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7
Q

What is resting potential?

A

electrical charge of a cell member at rest. It is negative due to there being more potassium ions inside of the cell than outside of it. It is estimated to be -65 mV.

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8
Q

What is an action potential?

A

change in the neuron’s membrane potential that allows for it to send a signal to another neuron; it is all or nothing

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9
Q

What is cranial nerve XI? What are some of its functions?

A

spinal accessory nerve; provides motor function to the neck and trapezius muscle

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10
Q

What is cranial nerve XII? What are some of its functions?

A

hypoglossal nerve; it controls tongue movement by innervating the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles.

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11
Q

UMNs innervate ________.

A

contralaterally

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12
Q

LMNs innervate ________.

A

ipsilaterally

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13
Q

The left lower part of the face is controlled by the _________.

A

right hemisphere

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14
Q

The right lower part of the face is controlled by the ______.

A

left hemisphere

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15
Q

If the tongue deviates to the left, then what part(s) of the brain may be damaged?

A

LMN on the left side of the brain or UMNs in the right hemisphere

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16
Q

If there is a facial droop on 1/2 of the face, then what is damaged?

A

the LMNs on the side of the droop.

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17
Q

What may result from issues with the right anterior cerebral artery?

A

issues with making decisions, judgement, personality, and other executive functions.

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18
Q

Corticobulbar tract innervates _______, whereas corticospinal tract innervates ________.

A

bilaterally (with the exception of CN VII and CN XII; mostly contralaterally and a little bit ipsilaterally

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19
Q

Corticobulbar tract has ____ and ______ pathways

A

direct; indirect

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20
Q

UMNs of Corticobulbar tract ends at _____, whereas UMNs of corticospinal tract ends at ________

A

cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem; spinal cord.

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21
Q

What type of glial cells creates scar tissue in the brain?

A

astrocytes

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22
Q

When tau tangles appear, then what cell structure has been affected?

A

microtubules

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23
Q

What is an electrical gradient?

A

difference in electrical charges between the inside and outside of a cell that causes ions to move into or out of it.

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24
Q

Which of the cerebellar peduncles is efferent?

A

superior cerebellar peduncle

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25
Q

Which of the cerebellar peduncles are afferent?

A

middle and inferior cereellar peduncles

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26
Q

What are symptoms of lesions to the direct motor activation pathway?

A

babinski sign, hypotonous, loss of skilled movement, deep tendon reflexes

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27
Q

What are symptoms of lesions to the indirect motor activation pathway?

A

hypertonus, impaired balance, increased stretch reflex, spasticity

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28
Q

UMNs are located in the _____

A

primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, and brainstem

29
Q

LMNs are located in the ______

A

brainstem and spinal cord

30
Q

What is the myotactic reflex?

A

monosynaptic; it involves the muscle spindles and 1a sensory afferent neurons; muscle contracts as it stretches passively.

31
Q

A motor unit consists of

A

muscle fibers and alpha lower motor neurons

32
Q

In the final common motor pathway, what is responsible for stretching of muscles?

A

gamma LMNs fire and contract intrafusal fibers. Subsequently, alpha LMNs fire and contract exrafusal fibers to match the length of the intrafusal fibers.

33
Q

In the final common motor pathway, what is responsible for tension of muscles?

A

golgi tendon organs (GTOs) in the 1b sensory afferent receptor fire and activate the 1b sensory receptor. the 1b sensory receptor fires and activates the interneurons. The interneurons activate the alpha LMNs which then contracts the extrafusal fibers.

34
Q

Alpha LMNs innervate ______

A

many muscle fibers and each axon may innervate more than one muscle fiber

35
Q

Corticobulbar tract starts at the _____ portion of the cortex

A

ventral

36
Q

Corticospinal tract starts at the _____ portion of the cortex

A

dorsal

37
Q

The outer lining of blood vessels is the ________

A

epithelium

38
Q

The inner lining of blood vessels is the ________

A

endothelium

39
Q

_______ are associated with Alzheimer’s disease

A

Damage to microtubules

40
Q

How many layers of cortex are there?

A

6

41
Q

Damage to the the ______ leads to spasticity

A

left lateral medullary reticulospinal system

42
Q

The mid-sagittal and ventral frontal area is perfused by the

A

ACA

43
Q

ACA perfuses what area?

A

the mid-sagittal and ventral frontal area

44
Q

The medulla is perfused by the

A

posterior inferior cerebellar artery

45
Q

The posterior inferior cerebellar artery perfuses what area?

A

The medulla

46
Q

The lateral temporal and frontal areas is perfused by the

A

MCA

47
Q

MCA perfuses what area?

A

The lateral temporal, parietal, and frontal areas

48
Q

If someone has pharyngeal swallowing issues, then what artery has been infarcted?

A

PICA

49
Q

If someone has problems with reading, memory, and identifying objects, then what artery has been infarcted?

A

PCA

50
Q

What areas of the brain are involved in motor planning?

A

pre-motor area and supplemental motor area

51
Q

What areas of the brain are involved in motor programming?

A

control circuitry, primary motor cortex, and pimary somatosensory cortex

52
Q

What ares of the brain are involved in motor execution?

A

lower motor neurons- both cranial and spinal

53
Q

_______ tract affects gamma lower motor neurons

A

corticoreticular

54
Q

________ of the corticospinal tract affects gamma lower motor neurons.

A

spinal indirect pathways

55
Q

What is Brodmann area 9?

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; responsible for higher cognitive functions, such as memory and motor planning, and abstract reasoning

56
Q

What is Brodmann area 38?

A

temporal pole; responsible for visual cognition, face recognition, and visual memory

57
Q

What is Brodmann area 44?

A

Broca’s area

58
Q

What is Brodmann area 22?

A

superior temporal gyrus

59
Q

Which cranial nerves are both sensory and motor?

A

facial, vagus, glossopharyngeal, and trigeminal

60
Q

The CNs involved in pharyngeal swallowing are

A

vagus nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve

61
Q

Brodmann areas 10 and 11 are

A

the frontal poles

62
Q

The tectospinal tract of the indirect activation pathway is located in the

A

tectum a.k.a superior midbrain and superior and inferior colliculi

63
Q

What is the purpose of the indirect activation pathway?

A

integration and coordination, muscle tone, posture and reaction, stretch and tension,

64
Q

The external laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve is purely

A

motor; it innervates the cricothyroid muscles

65
Q

The superior laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve consists of

A

internal laryngeal nerve and external laryngeal nerve

66
Q

The internal laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve is ______

A

purely sensory; carrying pain, touch, and temperature signals from the epiglottis and larynx above the vocal folds; provides sense of taste to the epiglottis too

67
Q

The recurrent laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve has both ______

A

sensory and motor functions

68
Q

What is the function of the ventral pre-motor area (Brodmann area 6)

A

Perception and planning for speech; mirror neurons as it’s motor function

SLP 511 Neural Processes of Communication (18 decks)

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