Lecture 9 - language comprehension

Question 1

What is a lemma?

Answer 1

the semantics, grammatical class, # of syllables, gender, and nuances of a word; it does not include phonology

Question 2

What is a lexeme?

Answer 2

basic lexical unit of language; the phonology, grammatical class, # of syllables, gender, and nuances of a word

Question 3

What is the sequence for the brain parts that are involved in repeating a word according to the Wernicke-Geschwind model?

Answer 3

auditory cortex –> Wernicke’s area –> arcuate fasciculus —> Broca’s area –> Motor cortex

Question 4

What is the sequence of brain parts that are involved in saying a written word according to the Wernicke-Geschweld model?

Answer 4

auditory cortex and primary visual cortex (via angular gyrus) —-> Wernicke’s Area –> Broca’s area —> Motor cortex

Question 5

Damage to the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus leads to ___

Answer 5

visual hallucinations; visual agnosia; pure alexia; prosopagnosia

Question 6

Damage to the inferior longitudinal fasciculus leads to ____

Answer 6

issues with semantics and visual processing

Question 7

Damage to the uncinate fasciculus leads to ____

Answer 7

late myelination; limbic system issues; psychiatric disorders

Question 8

In the dual route model of language, the dorsal route is responsible for

Answer 8

phonological processing and motor control

Question 9

In the dual route model of language, the ventral route is responsible for _____.

Answer 9

semantics and language comprehension

Question 10

Which route in the dual route model of language is left hemisphere dominant?

Answer 10

dorsal route

Question 11

Which route in the dual route model of language is bilateral?

Answer 11

ventral route

Question 12

What parts of the left hemisphere are important for comprehension?

Answer 12

posterior, ventral, and temporal lobe parts

Question 13

What parts of the left hemisphere are important for production?

Answer 13

anterior, dorsal, and motor portions

Question 14

What is the right hemisphere dominant for?

Answer 14

visual-spatial skills; pragmatics; attention; semantics

Question 15

What is the left hemisphere dominant for?

Answer 15

phonology, morphology, and syntax

Question 16

What are the 3 models of word recognition?

Answer 16

motor theory, cohort model, and TRACE model

Question 17

Which of the 3 models of word recognition is mainly bottom up?

Answer 17

motor theory and Cohort model

Question 18

Which of the 3 models of word recognition is mainly top down

Answer 18

TRACE model

Question 19

Which of the 3 models of word recognition are a combination of top-down and bottom-up?

Answer 19

TRACE model and Cohort model

Question 20

The lexeme carries _____, which the lemma does not carry.

Answer 20

phonology

Question 21

According to the model of the phonological input lexicon, humans order words by these two properties

Answer 21

neighborhood density and phonotactic probability

Question 22

What is neighborhood density?

Answer 22

a way humans order words; it is the number of ways one can change a word just by changing one of its phonemes.

Question 23

The greater the neighborhood density, the ________

Answer 23

harder to find a word

Question 24

The smaller the neighborhood density, the ____-

Answer 24

easier it is to find a word

Question 25

What are problems with the Wernicke-Lichtheim-Geschwind model?

Answer 25

It does not account for the right hemisphere; it does not show that interaction between different parts of the brain is bidirectional; it does not show other tracts that connect the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes.

Question 26

What are content words?

Answer 26

nouns, verbs, and adjectives

Question 27

What are little or function words?

Answer 27

adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions

Question 28

What part of the brain converts sounds to phonemes?

Answer 28

superior temporal gyrus

Question 29

The dorsal route consists of the ____

Answer 29

arcuate fasciculus/superior longitudinal fasciculus

Question 30

The ventral route consists of the _____

Answer 30

inferior frontal occipital fasciculus and intratemporal networks

Question 31

The _____ assigns meaning to words and lexical access

Answer 31

middle temporal gyrus

Question 32

What is the motor theory?

Answer 32

one theory of spoken word recognition in which individuals look at the movement of the speaker's articulators to recognize words; it is a top down process.

Question 33

What is the cohort model?

Answer 33

another theory of spoken word recognition in which humans recognize phonemes one at a time and narrow down the possible word candidates by looking into smaller cohorts or groups. It is both top down and bottom up, but mainly bottom up. Thus, the longer a word is, the longer it may take to identify it.

Question 34

A botton up approach focuses on ____

Answer 34

features then phonemes, and then words

Question 35

A top down approach focuses on _____

Answer 35

words then phonemes and then features

Question 36

The lemma contains informatino about ____ and _____

Answer 36

semantics and syntax

Question 37

What is lexicalization?

Answer 37

the production of a word by turning thoughts into sounds

Question 38

What is the TRACE model?

Answer 38

a theory of spoken word recognition in which humans process sounds at three levels: features, phonemes, and words. These levels are all connected to each other and operate in both directions. Words are recognized based on the number of nodes created during the connection between the three levels. It is both top down and bottom up.

Question 39

In lexicalization, the ____ comes before the ______

Answer 39

lemma; lexeme

Question 40

To comprehend language, we rely on ____ first followed by ____

Answer 40

semantics; syntax

Question 41

What is parsing?

Answer 41

determining the word order of a sentence in order to comprehend it.

Question 42

What model of syntactic language comprehension focuses only on syntax and is bottom-up?

Answer 42

Garden-Path model

Question 43

Which models of syntactic language comprehension focus on syntax and semantics and thus are both botton-up and top-down approaches?

Answer 43

constraint-based model and unrestrained race model

Question 44

In the Garden Path model, these two principles apply:

Answer 44

Minimal attachment (1st strategy) and late closure

Question 45

What is minimal attachment?

Answer 45

the 1st strategy used in the Garden path model to comprehend language; humans prefer the simplest structure to comprehend the meaning of a sentence

Question 46

What is late closure?

Answer 46

the 2nd strategy used in the Garden Path model to comprehend language; words are attached to the end of a phrase/structure rather than the beginning

Question 47

Which syntactic comprehension model includes the idea of verb bias?

Answer 47

Constraint-based model

Question 48

What is the constraint-based model?

Answer 48

model humans use to copmrehend language; humans parse words and use all sources of information (e.g., world knowledge, grammatical knowledge, and semantics), to constrain meaning

Question 49

What is verb bias?

Answer 49

An idea that states if the verb in the sentence needs a direct object or not and if it is does, then is the direct object plausible?

Question 50

Whas is the unrestrained race model?

Answer 50

a model humans use to comprehend language; the first choice for language comprehension is analyzed using all sources of information and a new choice is made if the first choice is implausible

Question 51

Where in the brain is semantics located?

Answer 51

Sylvian Parietal Temporal lobe of Wernicke's area

Question 52

What is the sequence of language comprehension?

Answer 52

phonemes --> word recognition ---> semantics ---> repeat words ---- > syntax

Question 53

Evidence from ERP (Evoked response potentials) indicate that a large N400 indicates a

Answer 53

mismatch between the meaning of the word and its context

Question 54

There are ____ dorsal streams in each hemisphere.

Answer 54

2

Question 55

How many ventral streams are there and where is it located?

Answer 55

1; in the left hemisphere

Question 56

What is typicality?

Answer 56

words that are commonly used, such as Dolch sight words

Question 57

What is complexity?

Answer 57

words that are not commonly used; such as Tier 3 vocabulary words

Question 58

Humans organize their lexicon how?

Answer 58

the frequency of the words occuring

Question 59

What are two ways that humans organize lexicon

Answer 59

neighborhood density and phonotactic probability

Question 60

In production, does lemma or lexeme come first?

Answer 60

lemma

Question 61

In comprehension, does lemma or lexeme come first?

Answer 61

lexeme