Final Exam

Question 1

What is the graded potential?

Answer 1

the electrical charge of the cell membrane as a result of ions moving in and out of the cell; this charge is not the action potential.

Question 2

What is the action potential?

Answer 2

When a chemical called a neurotransmitter is released from a neuron due to the electrical charge of its cell membrane reaching a certain point.

Question 3

What is the resting potential?

Answer 3

the cell membrane’s electrical charge when ions are not moving in and out of it; it is -65 mV (more negative inside than out)

Question 4

What is the electrochemical gradient?

Answer 4

the amount of ions inside and outside of the cell and the electrical charge inside and outside of the cell that decides on what ions move into or out of it

Question 5

In the cell membrane what ions enter the cell?

Answer 5

Sodium and calcium

Question 6

In the cell membrane, what ions exit the cell?

Answer 6

Potassium

Question 7

What is depolarization?

Answer 7

The inside of the cell membrane becomes more positive due to sodium coming in

Question 8

What is hyperpolarization?

Answer 8

The inside of the cell membrane becomes more negative due to potassium leaving it

Question 9

What is a sensory receptor?

Answer 9

A receptor in the skeletal muscles that detect movement and activate a lower motor neuron; 1a and 1b are the sensory receptors in the LMNs

Question 10

What is a muscle spindle?

Answer 10

intrafusal muscle fibers in gamma LMNs that detect stretch

Question 11

What is a golgi tendon organ?

Answer 11

a proprioceptor (i.e., detect movement) that makes muscles tense.

Question 12

What are the steps and neurons involved in tension?

Answer 12

Golgi tendon organs fire which activates 1b afferent neurons which activates interneurons which acivates alpha LMNs to tense, or shortens, the extrafusal muscles

Question 13

What are the steps and neurons involved in stretch?

Answer 13

1b receptors activate Gamma LMNs which lengthens the intrafusal muscles. As a result, 1a afferent receptors from the alpha LMNs lengthen the extrafusal muscles to match intrafusal muscles.

Question 14

Where in the frontal lobe does goal planning occur?

Answer 14

orbitofrontal (a.k.a ventromedial) areas and frontal poles

Question 15

Where in the frontal lobe does executive working memory occur?

Answer 15

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 16

Where in the frontal lobe is both source memory and theory of mind located?

Answer 16

medial frontal area (B.A. 32 and 33)

Question 17

Where in the frontal lobe does social cognition and social knowledge occur?

Answer 17

ventromedial/orbitofrontal areas

Question 18

What part of the frontal lobe is known as the supervisor or regulator?

Answer 18

frontal pole

Question 19

What part of the frontal lobe is responsible for inhibition and theory of mind?

Answer 19

anterior cingulate gyrus

Question 20

What part of the frontal lobe is responsible for recognizing that you are different from other people?

Answer 20

dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex; ventromedial pre-frontal; post-cingulate; medial and lateral parietal

Question 21

What part of the frontal lobe is responsible for more subjective feelings?

Answer 21

anterior cingulate; insula; primary and secondary association areas; amygdala; all episodic memory sites

Question 22

What is minimal attachment?

Answer 22

We choose (i.e., attach) the simplest structure to what we already know about a sentence in order to undestand it

Question 23

What is late closure?

Answer 23

we add new words to a sentence as we are processing it.

Question 24

What is the function of the medial geniculate nucleus?

Answer 24

sends binaural information from the inferior colliculi to the auditory cortex and has polysensory neurons