Final Exam Flashcards
What is the graded potential?
the electrical charge of the cell membrane as a result of ions moving in and out of the cell; this charge is not the action potential.
What is the action potential?
When a chemical called a neurotransmitter is released from a neuron due to the electrical charge of its cell membrane reaching a certain point.
What is the resting potential?
the cell membrane’s electrical charge when ions are not moving in and out of it; it is -65 mV (more negative inside than out)
What is the electrochemical gradient?
the amount of ions inside and outside of the cell and the electrical charge inside and outside of the cell that decides on what ions move into or out of it
In the cell membrane what ions enter the cell?
Sodium and calcium
In the cell membrane, what ions exit the cell?
Potassium
What is depolarization?
The inside of the cell membrane becomes more positive due to sodium coming in
What is hyperpolarization?
The inside of the cell membrane becomes more negative due to potassium leaving it
What is a sensory receptor?
A receptor in the skeletal muscles that detect movement and activate a lower motor neuron; 1a and 1b are the sensory receptors in the LMNs
What is a muscle spindle?
intrafusal muscle fibers in gamma LMNs that detect stretch
What is a golgi tendon organ?
a proprioceptor (i.e., detect movement) that makes muscles tense.
What are the steps and neurons involved in tension?
Golgi tendon organs fire which activates 1b afferent neurons which activates interneurons which acivates alpha LMNs to tense, or shortens, the extrafusal muscles
What are the steps and neurons involved in stretch?
1b receptors activate Gamma LMNs which lengthens the intrafusal muscles. As a result, 1a afferent receptors from the alpha LMNs lengthen the extrafusal muscles to match intrafusal muscles.
Where in the frontal lobe does goal planning occur?
orbitofrontal (a.k.a ventromedial) areas and frontal poles
Where in the frontal lobe does executive working memory occur?
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Where in the frontal lobe is both source memory and theory of mind located?
medial frontal area (B.A. 32 and 33)
Where in the frontal lobe does social cognition and social knowledge occur?
ventromedial/orbitofrontal areas
What part of the frontal lobe is known as the supervisor or regulator?
frontal pole
What part of the frontal lobe is responsible for inhibition and theory of mind?
anterior cingulate gyrus
What part of the frontal lobe is responsible for recognizing that you are different from other people?
dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex; ventromedial pre-frontal; post-cingulate; medial and lateral parietal
What part of the frontal lobe is responsible for more subjective feelings?
anterior cingulate; insula; primary and secondary association areas; amygdala; all episodic memory sites
What is minimal attachment?
We choose (i.e., attach) the simplest structure to what we already know about a sentence in order to undestand it
What is late closure?
we add new words to a sentence as we are processing it.
What is the function of the medial geniculate nucleus?
sends binaural information from the inferior colliculi to the auditory cortex and has polysensory neurons
