Lecture 4- motor system- control circuitry (Basal ganglia, cerebellum, and thalamus)

Question 1

What are the motor system structures?

Answer 1

basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus, primary motor cortex, premotor and supplementary motor areas, primary sensory cortex, brainstem, spinal cord

Question 2

The motor system is made up of what pathways?

Answer 2

direct pathways and indirect pathways

Question 3

The pyramid pathways is responsible for _______

Answer 3

gross muscle movements

Question 4

The extrapyramid or indirect pathways is responsible for ______

Answer 4

fine muscle movements

Question 5

What is the pathway of the extrapyramidal tract?

Answer 5

motor cortex -> basal ganglia or nuclei of the brainstem -> LMN signals to the muscles

Question 6

What are the four tracts (or indirect pathways) of the extrapyramidal tract?

Answer 6

rubrospinal tract, tectospinal tract, vestibulospinal tract, and reticulospinal tract

Question 7

Hyperactive muscles indicates _____ damage, whereas hypoactive muscles indicates _____ damage.

Answer 7

UMN; LMN

Question 8

What are problems caused by cerebellar dysfunction?

Answer 8

Ataxia, dysmetria, nystagmus, dysarthria

Question 9

What are problems associated with thalamic dysfunction?

Answer 9

problems gazing their eyes upward, agitation/anxiety, non-fluent aphasia, cognition. memory, pain “central pain syndrome”, motor learning

Question 10

What are problems associated with lesions to the basal ganglia?

Answer 10

hypokinesia and hyperkinesia

Question 11

What are symptoms of hyperkinesia?

Answer 11

involuntary muscle movements

Question 12

What are symptoms of hypokinesia?

Answer 12

rigid muscles, restricted range of motion, poor initiation and stopping of muscle movements

Question 13

In the basal ganglia, the striatum are the

Answer 13

caudate nucleus and putamen

Question 14

What is the direct cortico-basal-thalamo circuit?

Answer 14

motor cortex sends signals to the caudate nucleus and putamen (striatum) which sends the signal to the globus pallidus (Internal) and substantia nigra which sends the signals to the thalamus. The thalamus then relays that signal to the motor cortex.

Question 15

What is the indirect cortico-basal-thalamo circuit?

Answer 15

motor cortex –> striatum –> globus pallidus (External) –> subthalamic nuclei–> globus pallidus (Internal) and substanstia nigra –> thalamus —> motor cortex

Question 16

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

Answer 16

fine tunes motor movements

Question 17

What other functions is the basal ganglia involved in?

Answer 17

cognition, language processing, affect

Question 18

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 18

smoothes out movements of the eyes, speech/swallowing structures, trunks, and limbs

Question 19

What are the 3 parts of the cerebellum?

Answer 19

vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum

Question 20

What are the functions of the vestibulocerebellum?

Answer 20

balance, vestibular reflexes, and eye movements that helps start, plan, and time movements

Question 21

What are the functions of the spinocerebellum?

Answer 21

proprioception, vestibular sense, and eye movements

Question 22

What are the cerebrocerebellum?

Answer 22

controls timing of movements, working memory, social cognition, and language

Question 23

What is the lenticular nucleus consist of?

Answer 23

putamen and globus pallidus

Question 24

Damage to the ______ causes cognitive/personality changes.

Answer 24

dorsomedial nuclei of the thalamus

Question 25

Where is the red nucleus located?

Answer 25

In the midbrain

Question 26

What is ataxia?

Answer 26

uncoordinated muscles movements caused by damage to the cerebellum

Question 27

What are the cerebellar peduncles?

Answer 27

massive group of axons sending signals to and from the cerebellum and connecting the cerebellum to the brainstem and cerebrum

Question 28

The superior cerebellar peduncle sends ______ information

Answer 28

efferent

Question 29

The middle cerebellar peduncle sends _____ information

Answer 29

afferent

Question 30

The inferior cerebellar peduncle sends _____ information

Answer 30

afferent

Question 31

What is the function of the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

Answer 31

Combines proprioceptive sensory input and maintains posture by connecting the cerebellum to the spinal cord

Question 32

What is the function of the superior cerebellar peduncle?

Answer 32

Involved with vestibular sense and proprioception by connecting to the thalamocortical pathway

Question 33

What is the function of the middle cerebellar peduncle?

Answer 33

sending impulses from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum through the corticopontocerebellar tract

Question 34

What is the function of the lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus?

Answer 34

vision

Question 35

What is the function of the medial geniculate nuclei of the thalamus?

Answer 35

hearing

Question 36

What is the function of the pulvinar nuclei of the thalamus?

Answer 36

semantics and attention

Question 37

What is the function of the thalamostrial region?

Answer 37

sequential learning

Question 38

Where is the substantia nigra located?

Answer 38

midbrain

Question 39

What does the substantia nigra produce and is it excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 39

dopamine and GABA; excitatory, but can also inhibit

Question 40

What does the striatum send the globus pallidus interal in the direct activation pathway?

Answer 40

GABA and substance P