Lecture 3 Neurons Flashcards
The presence of ______ at the axon terminal causes the release of neurotransmitters.
calcium
There is more _______ inside the cell and more _____ outside of the cell.
potassium; calcium and sodium
What is a voltage gated channel?
a type of ion-gated channel that opens when there is a change in electrical charge within the neuron; sodium channels along the axon and calcium channels in the axon terminal are examples
What is a mechanically gated channel?
a type of ion-gated channel that opens when there is mechanical displacement. They are found in somatosensory systems and auditory systems.
What is a mechanically gated channel?
a type of ion-gated channel that opens when there is mechanical displacement. They are found in somatosensory systems and auditory systems.
Where is the neurotransmitter GABA, an amino acid, found?
hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum
What does GABA do?
it inhibits and regulates
What disease results when the release of GABA is disrupted?
Huntington’s disease
Where is the neurotransmitter Glutamate, an amino acid, found?
various areas in the CNS, such as the cerebellum.
What disease results when the release of Glutamate is disrupted?
Schizophrenia
Where is the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (ACh), an amine, located?
at a neuromuscular junction, most of the PNS, frontal lobe, and hippocampi
What does Acetylcholine do?
it causes voluntary movement and some involuntary movement; it’s involved in memory processes and cognitive networks
What issues result when the release of Acetylcholine (ACh) is disrupted?
Myasthenia gravis, weakness, paralysis, and Alzheimer’s disease
Where is the neurotransmitters Dopamine - an amine - found?
basal ganglia, frontal lobe, and limbic system
What happens when the release of Dopamine is disrupted?
Parkinson’s disease, addiction, and cognitive deficits
What happens when the release of Dopamine is disrupted?
Parkinson’s disease, addiction, and cognitive deficits
What does Epinephrine do?
increases heart rate, blood pressure, sugar metabolism, and muscle activation
What happens when the release of Epinephrine from neurons is disrupted?
anxiety, depression, weight loss, tachycardia, high blood pressure, excessive sweating,
Where is the amine Norepinephrine found?
sympathetic nervous system, brainstem, thalamus, cortex, limbic system
What happens when the release of Norepinephrine from neurons is disrupted?
anxiety, depression, elevated levels of headaches, sweating, irregular heartbeat, hypertension, inattention, and lethargy
Where is serotonin found?
within various areas of the CNS
What does serotonin do?
sleep, mood, modulation of pain input
What happens when the release of serotonin from neurons is disrupted?
depression
What occurs during the relative refractory period?
An action potential can be created but a stronger signal is needed for that
During ________, no new action potential can be produced because the sodium channels are inactive or locked.
absolute refractory period
What are Purkinje cells?
neurons found in the cerebellar cortex that matter in cognition and movement
What structures do Golgi stains highlight?
axon, cell body, and dendrite
What structures do Nissl stains highlight?
the soma, which includes the endoplasmic reticulum
What structures do Weigert stains highlight?
myelin
Archicortex, such as hippocampus and cerebellum, has how many layers?
3
Paleocortex, such as olfactory areas, has how many layers?
4
Where does the action potential begin?
at the axon hillock
What are pyramidal cells?
pyramid shaped cells that are excitatory and prominent in the pre-motor and motor areas
The neurotransmitter _____ is an important building block for peptides and GABA.
Glutamate
What are the basal ganglia transmitters?
GABA, dopamine, and Ach
What ions are present inside of the cell?
K+, anions, and protein
What ions are present outside of the cell?
cations, sodium, calcium, and potassium
What is a ganglion?
bunch of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system; related to sensory function
What is a tract?
a sensory or motor pathway
What is a lemniscus?
a tract of nerve fibers, typically sensory
_____ in the gray matter and _____ in the white matter
cell bodies; axons
What are the functions of interneurons?
combine sensations, organize muscular and glandular response, determine place and time of response
What are the two types of lower motor neurons?
alpha and gamma
