Lecture 3 Neurons

Question 1

The presence of ______ at the axon terminal causes the release of neurotransmitters.

Answer 1

calcium

Question 2

There is more _______ inside the cell and more _____ outside of the cell.

Answer 2

potassium; calcium and sodium

Question 3

What is a voltage gated channel?

Answer 3

a type of ion-gated channel that opens when there is a change in electrical charge within the neuron; sodium channels along the axon and calcium channels in the axon terminal are examples

Question 4

What is a mechanically gated channel?

Answer 4

a type of ion-gated channel that opens when there is mechanical displacement. They are found in somatosensory systems and auditory systems.

Question 5

What is a mechanically gated channel?

Answer 5

a type of ion-gated channel that opens when there is mechanical displacement. They are found in somatosensory systems and auditory systems.

Question 6

Where is the neurotransmitter GABA, an amino acid, found?

Answer 6

hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum

Question 7

What does GABA do?

Answer 7

it inhibits and regulates

Question 8

What disease results when the release of GABA is disrupted?

Answer 8

Huntington’s disease

Question 9

Where is the neurotransmitter Glutamate, an amino acid, found?

Answer 9

various areas in the CNS, such as the cerebellum.

Question 10

What disease results when the release of Glutamate is disrupted?

Answer 10

Schizophrenia

Question 11

Where is the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (ACh), an amine, located?

Answer 11

at a neuromuscular junction, most of the PNS, frontal lobe, and hippocampi

Question 12

What does Acetylcholine do?

Answer 12

it causes voluntary movement and some involuntary movement; it’s involved in memory processes and cognitive networks

Question 13

What issues result when the release of Acetylcholine (ACh) is disrupted?

Answer 13

Myasthenia gravis, weakness, paralysis, and Alzheimer’s disease

Question 14

Where is the neurotransmitters Dopamine - an amine - found?

Answer 14

basal ganglia, frontal lobe, and limbic system

Question 15

What happens when the release of Dopamine is disrupted?

Answer 15

Parkinson’s disease, addiction, and cognitive deficits

Question 16

What happens when the release of Dopamine is disrupted?

Answer 16

Parkinson’s disease, addiction, and cognitive deficits

Question 17

What does Epinephrine do?

Answer 17

increases heart rate, blood pressure, sugar metabolism, and muscle activation

Question 18

What happens when the release of Epinephrine from neurons is disrupted?

Answer 18

anxiety, depression, weight loss, tachycardia, high blood pressure, excessive sweating,

Question 19

Where is the amine Norepinephrine found?

Answer 19

sympathetic nervous system, brainstem, thalamus, cortex, limbic system

Question 20

What happens when the release of Norepinephrine from neurons is disrupted?

Answer 20

anxiety, depression, elevated levels of headaches, sweating, irregular heartbeat, hypertension, inattention, and lethargy

Question 21

Where is serotonin found?

Answer 21

within various areas of the CNS

Question 22

What does serotonin do?

Answer 22

sleep, mood, modulation of pain input

Question 23

What happens when the release of serotonin from neurons is disrupted?

Answer 23

depression

Question 24

What occurs during the relative refractory period?

Answer 24

An action potential can be created but a stronger signal is needed for that

Question 25

During ________, no new action potential can be produced because the sodium channels are inactive or locked.

Answer 25

absolute refractory period

Question 26

What are Purkinje cells?

Answer 26

neurons found in the cerebellar cortex that matter in cognition and movement

Question 27

What structures do Golgi stains highlight?

Answer 27

axon, cell body, and dendrite

Question 28

What structures do Nissl stains highlight?

Answer 28

the soma, which includes the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 29

What structures do Weigert stains highlight?

Answer 29

myelin

Question 30

Archicortex, such as hippocampus and cerebellum, has how many layers?

Answer 30

3

Question 31

Paleocortex, such as olfactory areas, has how many layers?

Answer 31

4

Question 32

Where does the action potential begin?

Answer 32

at the axon hillock

Question 33

What are pyramidal cells?

Answer 33

pyramid shaped cells that are excitatory and prominent in the pre-motor and motor areas

Question 34

The neurotransmitter _____ is an important building block for peptides and GABA.

Answer 34

Glutamate

Question 35

What are the basal ganglia transmitters?

Answer 35

GABA, dopamine, and Ach

Question 36

What ions are present inside of the cell?

Answer 36

K+, anions, and protein

Question 37

What ions are present outside of the cell?

Answer 37

cations, sodium, calcium, and potassium

Question 38

What is a ganglion?

Answer 38

bunch of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system; related to sensory function

Question 39

What is a tract?

Answer 39

a sensory or motor pathway

Question 40

What is a lemniscus?

Answer 40

a tract of nerve fibers, typically sensory

Question 41

_____ in the gray matter and _____ in the white matter

Answer 41

cell bodies; axons

Question 42

What are the functions of interneurons?

Answer 42

combine sensations, organize muscular and glandular response, determine place and time of response

Question 43

What are the two types of lower motor neurons?

Answer 43

alpha and gamma