Blood brain barrier, blood supply, CSF, meninges Flashcards
What is perfusion?
delivery of blood to tissues
What areas does the basilar artery supply blood to?
the posterior portion of the circle of Willis (a.k.a. posterior cerebral artery or PCA) and the posterior and inferior portions of the brain.
The basilar artery consists of
left and right vertebral arteries of the heart’s aorta
The _______ joins the basilar artery to the anterior portion of the distribution of blood in the circle of Willis.
posterior communicating artery
What arteries from the heart enter the brain?
internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to which arteries of the circle of Willis?
anterior cerebral arteries and middle cerebral arteries
The ______ joins the anterior cerebral arteries and middle cerebral arteries.
anterior communicating artery
What are the 3 main paired blood vessels that supply most of the oxygenated blood to the brain?
ACA (anterior cerebral artery), MCA (middle cerebral artery), and PCA (posterior cerebral artery)
What is a watershed region?
area where different regions of brain tissue can receive blood from the ACA, MCA, and PCA.
Which cerebral artery supplies blood to Broca’s area?
middle cerebral artery
Which cerebral artery supplies blood to Wernicke’s area?
middle cerebral artery
Which cerebral artery supplies blood to the lateral and medial surfaces of the prefrontal cortices
anterior cerebral artery
Which cerebral artery supplies blood to the lateral and medial surfaces of the supplementary motor area?
anterior cerebral artery
Which cerebral artery supplies blood to parts of the primary motor strip?
middle cerebral artery
Which cerebral artery supplies blood to the primary somatosensory cortex?
middle cerebral artery
Which cerebral artery supplies blood to the visual corticies?
posterior cerebral artery
Which cerebral artery supplies blood to the temporal lobe?
posterior cerebral artery
Which cerebral artery supplies blood to the superior and medial parietal lobes?
posterior cerebral artery
What is the circle of Willis?
A network of blood vessels found on the inferior (bottom) side of of the brain that supplies blood to it. it receives oxygenated blood from the basilar arteries and internal carotid arteries and sends it to the cerebrum via cerebral arteries
What artery supplies the anterior portion of the spinal cord?
anterior spinal artery
What artery supplies the posterior portion of the spinal cord?
posterior spinal artery
What parts of the brainstem and/or spinal cord does the basilar artery supply blood to?
the anterior 1/3 of the midbrain and anterior-medial 2/3 of the pons
What parts of the brainstem and/or spinal cord does the vertebral artery supply blood to?
the medulla: posterior medial of the rostral portion and medial 1/3 of the caudal portion
What is the blood brain barrier?
protective mechanism that prevents large viruses, pathogens, and drugs from entering the brain
What are the meninges?
3 layers of tissue that surround the external and medial sections of the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord
What is the order of the meninges from superficial (surface) to deep?
dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater
What are ventricles? How many of them are there?
They are hollow cavities filled with CSF. There are four of them: 1 in each hemisphere, 1 3rd ventricle, and 1 4th one
What is CSF?
fluid produced by specialized ependymal cells called the choroid plexus
What are the functions of CSF?
keeps the brain floating; provides nutrients to the meninges and circulates neuroactive hormones; it collects waste, keeps the brain and spinal cord from directly contacting each other.
What is hydrocephalus?
water in the brain due to too much CSF build up in the brain or too litte CSF because of disruptions to CSF flow.
The _______ supplies blood to the thalamus
posterior cerebral artery
What cerebral arteries supply blood to the putamen and head of caudate?
ACA and MCA
What cerebral arteries supply blood to the globus pallidus?
MCA and anterior choroidal artery
The ______ supplies blood to the tail of caudate
anterior choroidal artery
The _______ supplies blood to the telencephalon and most of the diencephalon.
carotid artery
The ______ supplies blood to the cerebellum and brainstem (bits of temporal, occipital, and diencephalon)
vertebral basilar artery
Where is the anterior cerebral artery located?
superior to the optic nerve
Where is the middle cerebral artery located?
by the lateral sulcus
What parts of the brain does the ACA supply blood to ?
The medial parietal and frontal lobes
What parts of the brain does the MCA supply blood to?
the lateral frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes of the brain
What does the dura mater protect the brain from?
it protects the brain from the bony projections of the skull
What are the two layers of the dura mater?
periosteal layer and meningeal layer
There should be no space between the
periosteal layer and bones that protect the CNS
If trauma to the brain creates a space between the periosteal layer and bones of the CNS, then what is that space called?
epidural space
What are hemorrhages between dura mater and arachnoid mater called?
subdural hematomas
What are some of the enfoldings of the dura mater?
falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and tentorium cerebelli
Where is the falx cerebri?
it extends from dura mater covering the sagittal sulcus down into the gap between the left and right hemispheres
Where is the falx cerebelli?
extends into the left and right areas of the cerebellum
Where is the tentorium cerebelli?
it extends horizontally in the space between occipital lobe and cerebellum
The _____ space has the cerebellum and brainstem, whereas the ______ space has the left and right hemispheres.
infratentorial space; supratentorial space
What is the subarachnoid space?
space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater that has CSF.
What are the arachnoid granulations?
protrusions on the arachnoid membrane that absorb CSF into the bloodstream
What does the pia mater stick to?
It sticks to the cerebrum
What lining of the blood vessel doesn’t let large molecules pass through?
endothelial (inner) lining
The choroid plexus has what type of lining?
epithelial lining
Communicating hydrocephalus is
arachnoid villi do not reabsorb CSF
Noncommunicating hydrocephalus is
issue with CSF flow in the ventricles
Putamen and head of caudate are supplied by the ______
ACA and MCA
Tail of caudate is supplied by ______
Anterior choroid artery
Globus pallidus is supplied by _____
MCA and anterior choroid artery
Thalamus is supplied by the ____
PCA
Nystagmus and vertigo are caused by an occlusion to which artery?
PCA or superior cerebellar artery
The lateral and medial surfaces of the prefrontal cortex are supplied by ______
ACA
The lateral and medial surfaces of the primary motor cortex are supplied by the ______
ACA
The lateral and medial surfaces of the supplementary motor area are supplied by the _____
ACA
Midbrain is supplied by the
PCA
Blood brain barrier consists of which type of lining?
endothelial
