Midterm Exam Flashcards
The account of human history before there were written records
Prehistory
A complex culture that shares social and political elements
Civilization
Founders of civilization in Mesopotamia; established the city of Ur
Sumerians
Forerunner of western civilization; Southwestern Asia; located in southeast Asia and in the fertile crescent and call the land between two rivers
Mesopotamia
Forerunner of western civilization; Northeastern Africa; a country located in Northeast Africa
Egypt
Area of the Near East that has more water than the surrounding area; prime for agriculture
Fertile Crescent
Law code for Mesopotamia; enforces strict morality
Code of Hammurabi
The worship of many gods
Polytheism
Writing system that was developed in Mesopotamia (by Sumerians); wrote on clay with wedge-shaped characters
Cuneiform
Poetic and historical reflection about a king and a flood account (created in Mesopotamia)
Epic of Gilgamesh
Heart of Egypt; longest river int he world located in the Amazon; critical for agriculture
Nile River
Title given to the king of Egypt; considered to be a god; absolute ruler (no parliament)
Pharaoh
greatest accomplishment of Egyptian civilization
Pyramids
Sacred writings of Egyptian society
Hieroglyphics
method of preservation for the dead
Mummification
Key aspects of Hebrew faith, the foundation, guidelines, and teachers
Covenant/Law/Prophets
Central people of the OT
Hebrews
name of the united Hebrew kingdom, name of the northern kingdom after it splits
Israel
The three kings that united Israel
Saul, David, Solomon
The Capital city of united Israel
Jerusalem
center of Hebrew worship
Temple
name of the southern kingdom, this people replaced Hebrews, name of the worship
Judah/Jews/Judaism
In 722 BC, this group defeated the northern kingdom; Hebrews were scattered
Assyrians
in 586 BC, this group defeated the southern kingdom; some Hebrews taken into exile
Chaldeans/Babylonians
worship of one god
Monotheism
Capital of Palestine and the Assyrian Empire
Nineveh
The reason the Assyrian Empire was so powerful
Iron weapons
distinct 3D form of Assyrian art
Relief Sculptures
Capital city of the Chaldean empire
Babylon
capital cities of Persian Empire
Susa and Persepolis
Father and Son; rulers of Persia
Cyrus and Darius
non-christian religion; monotheistic; dualist (god of good, god of evil)
Zoroastrianism
east of Palestine; Semitic-speaking people who exploited the use of iron weapons
Assyrian Empire
second empire; brief successor to Assyrian Empire
Chaldean empire
Indo-European-speaking people related to the Medes; successor of the Chaldean Empire
Persian Empire
Forgotten civilization; rediscovered by Arthur Evans; named after Minos, a legendary king of Crete; Bronze aged civilization that used metal for weapons
Minoan Civilization
Epic poet of the 8th century
Homer
Homer’s first epic poem about the Trojan war; focus on Greek hero Achilles and about his wrath
Iliad
Epic romance; Greek hero named Odysseus; cunning and patient; describe social conditions of dark age
Odyssey
Ancient Greek city state encompassing both an urban area and its surrounding countryside; a small but autonomous political unit where all major political and social activities were carried out centrally
Polis
Power of this city established in 5th century BC; political and militarily strong; guardian of Greece
Athens
This form of government replaced the monarchy and was suggested by cleisthenes
Democracy
Location of a battle between Persians and the Athenians; 26.2 miles from Athens to this city
Marathon
Greek democratic leader; aristocrat; incorruptible; leader during golden age of Greece
Pericles
Power of this city established in 5th century BC; political and militarily strong; guardian of Greece
Athens
Based his writing on facts; good storyteller; no physical evidence to explain why = god’s act; wrote about Persian war in 5th cen.
Herodotus
What truly happened, not what he wanted to have happen; wrote on Peloponnesian war in 6th cen; thinking about past, what can be learned
Thucydides
Dealt with universal themes; good and evil; state/family; spiritual values; individual rights
Grotesque masks; obscene jokes
Tragedy and Comedy
Ideal forms; most important is temple to gods; ideals of reason;moderation; balance; harmony
Classical style
Built between 447 and 432; located on the Acropolis in Athens; dedicated to Athena
Parthenon
Plato’s teacher; accused of corrupting youth; Q and A leading to own reasoning
Socrates
Greatest philosophers of western civ; wrote a lot; one was a pupil of the other in the Academy who later became a tutor for Alexander the Great; politically involved
Plato and Aristotle
Chief dirty and father of gods; goddess of wisdom and crafts; God of sun and poetry
Zeus, Apollo, Athena
Originally created as a way to honor the gods
Olympic games
Place where you could receive a word from the gods; name is a person at a place.
Oracle of Delphi
Taught by Aristotle. Became king of Macedonia, attacked Persian empire and won.
Alexander the Great
“To imitate Greeks,” an age that saw the extension of the Greek language and ideas to the non-Greek world of the Near East
Hellenism
Named after Alexander the Great, made to guard strategic points and supervise wide areas
Alexandria
Alexandrian scholar who is primarily known for his elements - a system of geometry
Euclid
Important for his work on the geometry of spheres and cylinders, established the mathematical constant of pi.
Archimedes
A group of people who believed that gods played no role in life; One way that thought developed Hellenistic and Roman period
Epicureans
A new way of living created by Zeno (of Athens) of virtuous living, also known as living by the rules of the gods. Believe happiness could only be found in virtue, which means essentially living in harmony with divine will
Stoics
Egyptian cult. One of the most popular mystery religions; goddess of women, marriage, and children
Isis
Leader of Jewish uprising when Jews wanted to take control of their temple again in 164 BC
Judas Maccabaeus
Jews celebrate this every year since they regained control of the temple
Hanukkah
Twin brothers who, according to legend, founded Rome in 753 BC
Romulus and Remus
Chief executive officers of the Roman Republic
Consuls and Praetors
Council of elders, select group of about three-hundred men who served for life. Could only advise magistrates
Senate
The two social division groups of the Roman Republic; Consisted of families who serve descendants from the original senators appointed during the period of the kings; “independent, unprivileged, poorer, and vulnerable men.”
Patricians and Plebians
One of the chief ancient sources for the history of the early Roman Republic. Masterpiece was “History of Rome,” covering the years from the foundation of the city
Livy
Largest and richest state in the area; located in northern Africa; controls the Mediterranean trade routes
Carthaginian Empire
The first of these wars began when the Romans decided to intervene in a struggle between two Sicilian cities by sending an army to Sicily
Punic Wars
The greatest Carthaginian general from the Second Punic War
Hannibal
A restriction of freedom and the practice of owning someone’s life; Romans possessed people who worked for them, but were still treated like family
Slavery
The foundations of Roman law
Twelve Tables
Best exemplar of the literary and intellectual interests for the senatorial elite of the late Republic and, indeed, the greatest prose writer of that period.
Cicero
A theater or stadium; Magnificent architecture
Coliseum
Powerful, influential leader in the republic, reformer, “dictator for life”
Julius Caesar
Rival of Antony and Cleopatra; wanted to follow Caesar; close in relation to Caesar; young; Caesar Augustus; Senate game him the name Augustus; becomes one of Rome’s most powerful leaders in its history
Octavian
Wanted to be successor of Caesar; experience. Became allies against Octavian. Defeated by Octavian.
Antony and Cleopatra
9,000 men that guarded the person of the princeps (military commander)
Praetorian Guard
Distinguished poet of the Augustan Age; poet of Aeneid; Son of a small landholder in northern Italy
Virgil
Augustan poet and friend of Virgil
Horace
The last of the great poets of the golden age. Belonged to a youthful, privileged social group in Rome that like to ridicule Roman values
Ovid
One of the chief ancient sources for the history of the early Roman Republic. Masterpiece was “History of Rome,” covering the years from the foundation of the city
Livy
Writer of the silver age who was influenced greatly by Stoicism
Seneca
Emperor before Constantine. Did not want Christians to get in the way of a perfect nation. Leader when the Roman Empire split into four.
Diocletian
Leader that reunited the Roman empire; Saw a cross of light in the sky and the words “By this, you will conquer.” He believed in the Lord (XP was his symbol because they were the initials for Jesus Christ)
Constantine
Militant extremists who advocated the violent overthrow of Roman rule
Zealots
Refusing to participate in laws/traditions important to the state, punishable by death. The act of betraying a promise.
Treason
Aristocratic woman who converted to Christianity, was one in a group of Christians who were slaughtered by wild beasts
Perpetua
Any peaceful religion will be tolerated; signed by Constantine (313)
Edict of Milan
Under King Theodoric, this group of people marched into Italy, killed Odoacer, and established control of Italy in 493
Ostrogoths
Crossed the Danube into German territory and settled down as Roman allies. Were treated poorly by Roman officials so they revolted and defeated the Romans in 378.
Visigoths
Created a Kingdom in Germany
Franks
Bishops of the Catholic Church
Pope
Pope who took charge of Rome and made it into an administrative unit that came to be known as the Papal States
Gregory I
A person who sought to live a life divorced from the world, cut off from ordinary human society, in order to pursue an ideal of godliness or total dedication to the will of God
Monk
Egyptian peasant who decided to follow Jesus’ injunction in the Gospel of Mark, “Go on your way, sell whatsoever you have, and give to the poor, and you shall have treasure in heaven: and come, take up the cross, and follow me.”
Anthony
Founded a monastic life in the western Christian Church
Benedict
A Greek and Christian civilization that would last until 1453. Built on Faith in Jesus that was shared by almost all of its citizens. Had an enormous amount of artistic talent poured into the construction of churches, ceremonies, and decoration
Byzantine Empire
Born in Mecca to a merchant family and orphaned at the age of five. Began to experience visions that he believed were inspired by Allah. Believed that Allah had revealed himself through Jesus and Moses. Wrote the Qur’an through these visions, which contain guidelines by which followers of Allah were to live.
Muhammad
The religion that Muhammad made up
Islam
King of the Franks; expanded the Carthaginian empire
Charlemagne
Pope who rebelled against his authority and fled to Charlemagne’s courts; placed a crown on Charlemagne’s head and declared him emporer
Leo III
Warriors swore and oath of loyalty to their leaders and in turn they cared for his needs
Lord and Vassal
Frankish army used large horses and the stirrup was introduced. Wore armored coats of mail and wielded long lances that enabled them to act as bettering rams
Knights
Peasants bound to the land and required to provide labor services, pay rent, and be subject to the lord’s jurisdiction.
Serfs
Indo-European-speaking people who came to eastern Europe from the southeast
Slavs
Developed Orthodox Christian church services that were later embraced by the Slavonic people. Created Slavonic alphabet and translated the bible.
Cyril and Methodius
Rus ruler that married the Byzantine emperor’s sister and accepted Christianity for himself and his people. Cruel and vicious man who believed an established church would be helpful in the development of an organized state
Vladimir
Capital of the Umayyad caliphate in Spain. Was the largest city after Constantinople
Cordoba
Texts on this were brought from India. China developed the process of making paper. Islamic civilization saved and spread the scientific and philosophical works of ancient civilizations.
Mathematic
Pulled by 6 or 8 oxen or horses to make plowing faster
Iron Plow
Estates split into three. Pall seeds planted for winter grains, spring grains, and third fertile crescent.
Three-field System
All classes were taught in this language, which provided a common mean of communication for students, regardless of their country of origin
Latin
Baptism, communion, rights considered, imperative for a Christian’s salvation
Sacraments
Residence of noble family, retainers, servants and high defensible fortifications.
Castles
Cathedrals of the eleventh and twelfth centuries were built with this style in mind
Romanesque
A symbol for medieval people’s preoccupation with God
Gothic Cathedrals
An army of knights under king William of Normandy landed on the coast of England and defeated King Harold
Battle of Hastings
Had a clear goal of expanding the jurisdiction of royal courts. King of England in the twelfth century. Founder of the Plantagenet dynasty.
Henry II
Archbishop of Canterbury and therefore the highest-ranking English cleric. Claimed that only church courts could try clerics.
Thomas Becket
During the reign of Edward I the English version of this emerged. In need of money, Edward invited two knights from every county and two residents from each town to meet with the Great Council to consent to new taxes.
Parliament
The first French Parliament
Estates-General
Frederick I planned to get his chief revenues from Italy as the center a “holy empire” as he called it.
Holy Roman Empire
The nobleman who ruled over society in the middle ages
King (monarchy)
The practice by which secular rulers both chose and invested their nominees to church offices with they symbols of their office
Lay investiture
Believed that he, as pope, was the supreme judge of European affairs
Pope Innocent III
The pope’s major advisers and administrators
Cardinal
Founded the Franciscan friars. Lived among the people, preaching repentance and aiding the poor.
Francis of Assisi
Dominicans arose out to the desire of a Spanish priest to defend church teachings from heresy
Dominic
Men and women who, through their holiness, had achieved a special position in heaven, enabling them to act as intercessors before God
Saints
Virgin Mary Occupied the foremost position in the High Middle Ages. Viewed as the most important mediator with her son, Jesus, as the judge of all sinners
Virgin Mary
Usually the bones of saints or objects intimately connected to saints that were considered worthy of veneration by the faithful
Relics
Believed in a dualistic system in which good and evil were seperate and distinct. The good things, including our souls, were created by God. The bad things, including our bodies, were created by Satan
Cathars/Albigensians
Jews were accused of causing the plague by poisoning town wells, so persecution of Jews began
Anti-semitism
Military campaign in defense of Christianity
Crusades
Distinguished nun of Germany
Cardinal Hildegard of Bingen
Asia to Europe had the bubonic plague that was spread by the black rats infested with fleas
Black Death
King Philip VI of France seized Gascony in 1337, the duke of Gascony (King Edward III of England) declared war on Philip. War between England and France.
Hundred Years’ War
Experienced visions that made her believe that her favorite saints commanded her to free France and have the dauphin crowned king. She brought the war to a decisive turning point, but did not live to see the end of the war. She was brought up on charges of witchcraft and burned at the stake. Was later made saint of the Roman Catholic Church
Joan of Arc
The representatives of the Shires and Boroughs who were considered less important than the lay and ecclesiastical lords, held collective meetings to decide policy
House of Commons
The great council of barons evolved into a body composed of the chief bishops and abbots of the realm and aristocratic peers whose position in Parliament was hereditary
House of Lords
Document that instated 4 princes and 3 ecclesiastical rulers who served as electors
Golden Bull
The northern Italian State had grown rich from commercial activity in the eastern Mediterranean and northern Europe
Republic of Venice
Part of the Holy Roman Empire but close to France. Many cardinals and the pope lived here which led to highly vocal criticism of both clergy and papacy in the fourteenth century
Avignon
Urban VI and Clement VII were both crowned as pope. This caused great division in the church; Crisis in the late medieval church when there were 3 popes
Great Schism
Saintly demeanor and claims of visions from God. Led the city of Florence to send her on a mission to Pope Gregory XI in Avignon. She told the pope that God has given him authority and he accepted it, so he must use it. Otherwise he should resign since it’d be more honorable to God. Gregory XI returned to Rome and died soon after.
Catherine of Sienae
Wrote the Divine Comedy, a poem
Dante Alighieri
Wrote a collection of stories called The Canterbury Tales
Geoffrey Caucer
Time-keeping devices
Clock
Made by Europeans with gunpowder
Cannon
rebirth of classical culture
Renaissance
A commercial and military league all throughout Europe that traded with Germany.
Hanseatic League
Greatest banking family in Europe
Medici
Written for the people of the court, nobility, and elite. Talks about what the personality/preparation/background of someone who is going to serve as a leader in society.
Book of the Courtier
Lay central in Italy which was mainly under control of the popes.
Italian States
Capital city of France
Florence
Wrote The Prince - written for princes/dukes/rulers. About political philosophy, what the lifestyle of a leader should be, and emphasized separation of church and state. Entered Florence after Medici was expelled and made numerous diplomatic missions
Niccolo Machiavelli
Italian poet; father of Italian renaissance humanism
Petrarch
Aided development of printing; movable typed Bible
Johannes Gutenberg
Innovators; they wanted to be known and making a living for their art and be recognized for it, whereas before the art was just meant for the church; Leonardo Da Vinci; Raphael; Michelangelo were crucial
Renaissance Artists
Painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vinci
The School of Athens; painting with Plato and Aristotle; known for his frescoes in the Vatican Palace
Raphael
Created David; The Descent from the Cross (three men helping Christ down from the cross - one of the men’s faces is the artists, which is something that would never happen with Medieval art). Known for the Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo
Northern artist who was greatly affected by the Italians; from Nurembag
Albrecht Durer
Prince of Russia, established the state of Moscow
Ivan III
Eastern Europe led by Constantinople
Byzantine Empire
Created wars, called for the reform in Bohemia when Lollard traveled to English-Bohemia
John Hus
