Ch. 15 & 16 & 17 Flashcards
the historical process in which religion loses social and cultural significance.
Seculariation
Practice that had been part of traditional village culture for centuries but came to be viewed as sinister and dangerous.
witchcraft
Germanic lands of the Holy Roman Empire as a struggle between Catholic forces, led by the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperors and Calvinist nobles in Bohemia.
thirty year’s war
More than 300 states made up this empire
Holy Roman Empire
Absolute monarchy
Absolutism
King Louis XIII’s chief minister from 1624-1642, initiated policies that eventually strengthened the power of the monarchy
Cardinal Richelieu
Took the throne in 1643 at the age of four
king louis XIV of France
Versailles was the seat of political power in the Kingdom of France from 1682, when Louis XIV moved the royal court from Paris, until the royal family was forced to return to the capital in October 1789, within three months after the beginning of the French Revolution. Versailles is therefore famous not only as a building, but as a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime..
Palace of Versailles
a historic state originating out of the Duchy and the Margraviate of Brandenburg
Prussia (Hohenzollern)
a
Austria (Hapsburg)
a
Russia (Romanov)
a
Dutch Republic
the first ruler to take the title of tsar, expanded the territories of Russia eastward.
Ivan IV
After Ivan IV’s rule
Time of Troubles
Tall, strong ruler, enjoyed crude jokes and vicious punishments. Made a trip to the west and returned to Russia with a firm determination to westernize his realm. Admired European technology and gadgets and desired to transplant these to Russia.
Peter the Great
A place where men and women could meet, dance, play games, and enjoy conversation together, a unique idea Peter learned in the West.
St. Petersburg
Brought the Ottoman Empire back to Europe’s attention.
Suleiman the Magnificent
Protestants in the Anglican Church inspired by Calvinist theology.
Puritans
A war that went from 1642-1651. stemmed from conflict between Charles I and Parliament over an Irish insurrection.
English Civil War
a dedicated Puritan who formed the New Model Army and defeated the forces supporting King Charles I. Unable to work with Parliament, he came to rely on military force to rule England.
Oliver Cromwell
the end of the seventeenth-century struggle between king and Parliament.
Glorious Revolution
Twelve amendments to the constitution, only ten were ratified by the states and have been known ever since as the bill of rights.
Bill of Rights
lived during the English Civil War, alarmed by the revolutionary upheavals in his contemporary England.
Thomas Hobbes
Theory of knowledge had a great impact on eighteenth century intellectuals. Denied Descartes’ belief in innate ideas. Argued that every person was born with a blank mind. Author of a political work called Two Treatises of Government, viewed the exercise of political power quite differently from Hobbes. Locke believed that humans lived in a state of equality and freedom rather than a state of war.
John Locke
Replaced Mannerism, began in Italy in the last quarter of the sixteenth century and spread to the rest of Europe. Embraced by Catholic reform movement.
Baroque
Great Protestant Painter of the seventeenth century
Rembrandt van Rijn
Play writer
William Shakespeare
Wrote, produced, and acted in a series of comedies that often satirized the religious and social world of his time.
Jean-Baptist Moliere
The transition from the medieval worldview to a largely secular, rational, and materialistic perspective that began in the seventeenth century and was popularized in the eighteenth.
Scientific Revolution
a Greco-Egyptian writer, known as a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology
Claudius Ptolemy
Studied mathematics and astronomy at Krakow in Poland, published his famous book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. Heliocentric conception was his idea (sun-centered universe).
Nicolaus Copernicus
Astrologer, the universe was constructed on the basis of geometric figures. Derived laws of planetary motion that confirmed the heliocentric theory
Johannes Kepler
taught mathematics. The first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by means of a telescope.
Galileo Galilei
Attended Cambridge University. Wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. The laws of gravity. Developed the beginning of the Scientific Method.
Isaac Newton
Attended Cambridge University and earned a doctorate in medication. Demonstrated in his book On the Motion of the Heart and Blood that the heart is the beginning point of the circulation of blood in the body and that same blood flows through arteries and veins.
William Harvey
Primary figure in the Scientific Revolution. Frenchman that decided that he would accept only things that his reason said were true.
Rene Descartes
Frenchman who sought to keep science and religion united.
Blaise Pascal
Developed the scientific method and empiricism
Francis Bacon
The practice of relying on observation and experiment.
Empiricism
Descartes is known as the father of this. A system of thought based on the belief that human reason and experience are the chief sources of knowledge.
Rationalsim
An eighteenth century intellectual movement, led by the philosophes, which stressed the application of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of life.
Enlightenment
the application of the scientific method to the understanding of all life
Reason
Theory of knowledge had a great impact on eighteenth century intellectuals. Denied Descartes’ belief in innate ideas. Argued that every person was born with a blank mind. Author of a political work called Two Treatises of Government, viewed the exercise of political power quite differently from Hobbes. Locke believed that humans lived in a state of equality and freedom rather than a state of war.
John Locke
literary people, professors, journalists, statesmen, economists, political scientists, and social reformers. Came from both the nobility and the middle class.
Philosophes
wrote The Spirit of the Laws a comparative study of governments in which he attempted to apply the scientific method to the social and political arena to ascertain the “natural laws” governing the social relationships of human beings.
Montesquieu
The greatest figure of the enlightenment. Studied law, but wished to be a writer and achieved his first success as a playwright.
Voltaire
Wrote the Encyclopedia.
Denis Diderot
Belief in God as the creator of the universe who, after setting it in motion, ceased to have any direct involvement in it and allowed it to run according to its own natural laws.
Deism
Founder of modern discipline of economics.
Adam Smith
“Let the people do as they choose”
Laissez-faire
Almost entirely self-educated, born in Switzerland, spent his youth wandering and holding various jobs. He believed that what was best for all was best for each individual.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Rousseau wrote this treatise, written in the form of a novel about the education of children.
Emile
wrote the Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Argued that there were contradictions in the views of women held by such Enlightenment thinkers as Rousseau. Women must obey men, was contrary to the beliefs of the same individuals that a system based on the arbitrary power of monarchs over their subjects or slave owners over their slaves was wrong.
Mary Wollstonecroft
An eighteenth century artistic movement that emphasized grace, gentility, lightness, and charm
Rococo
Born in Germany, wrote music for large public audiences and was not adverse to writing huge, unusual-sounding pieces.
George Frederick Handel
Born in Austria, was a child prodigy who gave his first harpsichord concert at 6 and wrote his first opera at 12.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Celebrated in the weeks leading up the beginning of lent. Carnival was a time of great indulgence.
Carnival
Founded a religious movement that came to be known as Methodism, loved to preach to the masses.
John Wesley
