Ch. 18-21

Question 1

sovereign country in western Europe; is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance

Answer 1

United Kingdom of Great Britain

Question 2

King of Great Britain and Ireland; His life and with it his reign, which were longer than any other British monarch before him, were marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdoms, much of the rest of Europe, and places farther afield in Africa, the Americas and Asia

Answer 2

George III

Question 3

Known as the Great, was one of the best-educated and most cultured monarchs in the eighteenth century.

Answer 3

Frederick II

Question 4

Russian Leader. An intelligent woman who was familiar with the works of the philosophies. She claimed that she wished to reform Russia along the lines of Enlightenment ideas, but she was always shrewd enough to realize that her success depended on the support of the palace guard and not the gentry class from which it stemmed

Answer 4

Catherine II

Question 5

Habsburg leader. Determined to make changes, at the same time, he carried on his mother (Maria Theresa)’s chief goal of enhancing Habsburg power within the monarchy and Europe. Earnest man who believed in the need to sweep away anything standing in the path of reason

Answer 5

Joseph II

Question 6

Catherine developed a policy of favoring the landed nobility and that led to even worse conditions for the Russian Peasants and provoked a rebellion beginning in 1773. Led by an illiterate Cossack

Answer 6

Pugachev’s rebellion

Question 7

took place towards the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of the sovereign Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania for 123 years.

Answer 7

Partitions of Poland

Question 8

Maria Theresa refused to accept the loss of Silesia and prepared for its return by rebuilding her army while working diplomatically to separate Prussia from this chief ally, France

Answer 8

Seven Years’ War

Question 9

Signed on July 4, 1776, this document declared independence from Great Britain. “Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.”

Answer 9

Declaration of Independence

Question 10

Signed in 1783, recognized the independence of the American colonies ad granted the Americans control of the territory from the Appalachians to the Mississippi River.

Answer 10

Treaty of Paris

Question 11

ratified in 1781, did little to provide for a strong central government.

Answer 11

Articles of Confederation

Question 12

Approved in 1788. Important to its success was the promise to add to it a “bill of rights” as the new government’s first piece of business.

Answer 12

Constitution

Question 13

Twelve amendments to the constitution, only ten were ratified by the states

Answer 13

Bill of Rights

Question 14

The traditional tripartite division of European society based on heredity and quality rather than wealth of economic standing, first established in the Middle Ages and continuing into the eighteenth century; traditionally consisted of those who pray (clergy), those who fight (nobility), and those who work (all the rest).

Answer 14

Estates

Question 15

The Estates-General opened on May 5, 1789 here

Answer 15

Versailles

Question 16

a playwright and pamphleteer, refused to accept the exclusion of women from political rights

Answer 16

Olympe de Gouges

Question 17

Revolt in Saint Domingue happened here

Answer 17

haiti

Question 18

fraternal organization composed of veterans

Answer 18

Grand Army

Question 19

A French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition: an Anglo-led Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Prince of Wahlstatt.

Answer 19

Waterloo

Question 20

definition

Answer 20

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

Question 21

Thirteenth amendment was passed by Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified on December 6, 1865

Answer 21

abolition of slavery

Question 22

Born in Corsica in 1769, son of a lawyer whose family stemmed from the Florentine nobility. Obtained a royal scholarship to study at a military school in France. When the revolution broke out in 1789, he was a lieutenant. Was received in France as a conquering hero. Became emperor.

Answer 22

napoleon bonaparte

Question 23

led to a significant increase in food production

Answer 23

Agricultural revolution

Question 24

invented steam engine

Answer 24

James Watt

Question 25

became the chief means of organizing labor for the new machines

Answer 25

factory

Question 26

giant glass-and-iron exhibition hall in Hyde Park, London, that housed the Great Exhibition of 1851.

Answer 26

crystal palace

Question 27

mass starvation, disease, and emigration in Ireland between 1845 and 1852

Answer 27

Irish potato famine

Question 28

Skilled craftsmen in the Midlands and northern England who in 1812 physically attacked the machines that they believed threatened their livelihoods.

Answer 28

luddites

Question 29

Aim was to achieve political democracy. Attempts of British workers to improve their condition.

Answer 29

chartism

Question 30

People who were reform-minded individuals campaigned against the evils of the industrial factory especially condemning the abuse of children.

Answer 30

reformer

Question 31

Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia

Answer 31

congress of vienna

Question 32

Austrian foreign minister who claimed that he was guided at Vienna by the principle of legitimacy. To keep peace and stability in Europe, he said it was necessary to restore the legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions.

Answer 32

klemens von Metternich

Question 33

Wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France as a reaction to the French Revolution especially its radical republican and democratic ideas.

Answer 33

Edmund Burke

Question 34

In 1821, the Greeks revolted against their Ottoman Turkish masters. In 1830, Russia, France, and Britain decided to declare Greece an independent kingdom.

Answer 34

Greek Revolution

Question 35

Succeeded Alexander I, became a strict reactionary after a military revolt at the beginning of his reign.

Answer 35

Nicholas I

Question 36

Based on the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible.

Answer 36

Lerbalism

Question 37

ideology based on tradition and social stability that favored the maintenance of established institutions, organized religion, and obedience to authority and resisted change especially abrupt change.

Answer 37

Conservatism

Question 38

The process of converting a business or industry from private ownership to government control and ownership.

Answer 38

Nationalism

Question 39

An ideology that calls for collective or government ownership of the means of production and the distribution of goods.

Answer 39

socialism

Question 40

First revolutionary wave in Europe. It included two “romantic nationalist” revolutions, the Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the July Revolution in France along with revolutions in Congress Poland and Switzerland.

Answer 40

revolutions of 1830

Question 41

Political upheavals in Europe

Answer 41

revolutions of 1848

Question 42

Federalist, favored a financial program that would establish a strong central government.

Answer 42

Alexander Hamilton

Question 43

Republican, partnered with James Madison, feared centralization and its consequences for popular liberties.

Answer 43

Thomas jefferson

Question 44

Chief justice of the Supreme Court. Made the Supreme Court into an important national institution by asserting the right of the Court to overrule and act of congress.

Answer 44

john marshall

Question 45

Elected for president in 1828, his election opened a new era in American politics characterized by the extension of democratic politics to the masses.

Answer 45

Andrew jackson

Question 46

A nineteenth century intellectual and artistic movement that rejected the emphasis on reason of the Enlightenment. Instead, Romantics stressed the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion, and imagination as the sources of knowing.

Answer 46

romanticism

Question 47

Romantic poet. Wrote about the love of nature.

Answer 47

William wordsworth

Question 48

Born in Germany, but made his way to Vienna, the musical capital of Europe. One of the greatest composers of all time.

Answer 48

ludwig can Beethoven

Question 49

English philosopher, political economist and civil servant. One of the most influential thinkers in the history of liberalism. He has been called “the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century.” Conception of liberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control.

Proponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by his predecessor Jeremy Bentham, and contributed significantly to the theory of the scientific method.

A member of the Liberal Party, he was the first Member of Parliament to call for women’s suffrage.

Answer 49

John Stuart Mill