Ch. 18-21 Flashcards
sovereign country in western Europe; is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance
United Kingdom of Great Britain
King of Great Britain and Ireland; His life and with it his reign, which were longer than any other British monarch before him, were marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdoms, much of the rest of Europe, and places farther afield in Africa, the Americas and Asia
George III
Known as the Great, was one of the best-educated and most cultured monarchs in the eighteenth century.
Frederick II
Russian Leader. An intelligent woman who was familiar with the works of the philosophies. She claimed that she wished to reform Russia along the lines of Enlightenment ideas, but she was always shrewd enough to realize that her success depended on the support of the palace guard and not the gentry class from which it stemmed
Catherine II
Habsburg leader. Determined to make changes, at the same time, he carried on his mother (Maria Theresa)’s chief goal of enhancing Habsburg power within the monarchy and Europe. Earnest man who believed in the need to sweep away anything standing in the path of reason
Joseph II
Catherine developed a policy of favoring the landed nobility and that led to even worse conditions for the Russian Peasants and provoked a rebellion beginning in 1773. Led by an illiterate Cossack
Pugachev’s rebellion
took place towards the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of the sovereign Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania for 123 years.
Partitions of Poland
Maria Theresa refused to accept the loss of Silesia and prepared for its return by rebuilding her army while working diplomatically to separate Prussia from this chief ally, France
Seven Years’ War
Signed on July 4, 1776, this document declared independence from Great Britain. “Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.”
Declaration of Independence
Signed in 1783, recognized the independence of the American colonies ad granted the Americans control of the territory from the Appalachians to the Mississippi River.
Treaty of Paris
ratified in 1781, did little to provide for a strong central government.
Articles of Confederation
Approved in 1788. Important to its success was the promise to add to it a “bill of rights” as the new government’s first piece of business.
Constitution
Twelve amendments to the constitution, only ten were ratified by the states
Bill of Rights
The traditional tripartite division of European society based on heredity and quality rather than wealth of economic standing, first established in the Middle Ages and continuing into the eighteenth century; traditionally consisted of those who pray (clergy), those who fight (nobility), and those who work (all the rest).
Estates
The Estates-General opened on May 5, 1789 here
Versailles
a playwright and pamphleteer, refused to accept the exclusion of women from political rights
Olympe de Gouges
Revolt in Saint Domingue happened here
haiti
fraternal organization composed of veterans
Grand Army
A French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition: an Anglo-led Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Prince of Wahlstatt.
Waterloo
definition
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
Thirteenth amendment was passed by Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified on December 6, 1865
abolition of slavery
Born in Corsica in 1769, son of a lawyer whose family stemmed from the Florentine nobility. Obtained a royal scholarship to study at a military school in France. When the revolution broke out in 1789, he was a lieutenant. Was received in France as a conquering hero. Became emperor.
napoleon bonaparte
led to a significant increase in food production
Agricultural revolution
invented steam engine
James Watt
became the chief means of organizing labor for the new machines
factory
giant glass-and-iron exhibition hall in Hyde Park, London, that housed the Great Exhibition of 1851.
crystal palace
mass starvation, disease, and emigration in Ireland between 1845 and 1852
Irish potato famine
Skilled craftsmen in the Midlands and northern England who in 1812 physically attacked the machines that they believed threatened their livelihoods.
luddites
Aim was to achieve political democracy. Attempts of British workers to improve their condition.
chartism
People who were reform-minded individuals campaigned against the evils of the industrial factory especially condemning the abuse of children.
reformer
Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia
congress of vienna
Austrian foreign minister who claimed that he was guided at Vienna by the principle of legitimacy. To keep peace and stability in Europe, he said it was necessary to restore the legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions.
klemens von Metternich
Wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France as a reaction to the French Revolution especially its radical republican and democratic ideas.
Edmund Burke
In 1821, the Greeks revolted against their Ottoman Turkish masters. In 1830, Russia, France, and Britain decided to declare Greece an independent kingdom.
Greek Revolution
Succeeded Alexander I, became a strict reactionary after a military revolt at the beginning of his reign.
Nicholas I
Based on the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible.
Lerbalism
ideology based on tradition and social stability that favored the maintenance of established institutions, organized religion, and obedience to authority and resisted change especially abrupt change.
Conservatism
The process of converting a business or industry from private ownership to government control and ownership.
Nationalism
An ideology that calls for collective or government ownership of the means of production and the distribution of goods.
socialism
First revolutionary wave in Europe. It included two “romantic nationalist” revolutions, the Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the July Revolution in France along with revolutions in Congress Poland and Switzerland.
revolutions of 1830
Political upheavals in Europe
revolutions of 1848
Federalist, favored a financial program that would establish a strong central government.
Alexander Hamilton
Republican, partnered with James Madison, feared centralization and its consequences for popular liberties.
Thomas jefferson
Chief justice of the Supreme Court. Made the Supreme Court into an important national institution by asserting the right of the Court to overrule and act of congress.
john marshall
Elected for president in 1828, his election opened a new era in American politics characterized by the extension of democratic politics to the masses.
Andrew jackson
A nineteenth century intellectual and artistic movement that rejected the emphasis on reason of the Enlightenment. Instead, Romantics stressed the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion, and imagination as the sources of knowing.
romanticism
Romantic poet. Wrote about the love of nature.
William wordsworth
Born in Germany, but made his way to Vienna, the musical capital of Europe. One of the greatest composers of all time.
ludwig can Beethoven
English philosopher, political economist and civil servant. One of the most influential thinkers in the history of liberalism. He has been called “the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century.” Conception of liberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control.
Proponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by his predecessor Jeremy Bentham, and contributed significantly to the theory of the scientific method.
A member of the Liberal Party, he was the first Member of Parliament to call for women’s suffrage.
John Stuart Mill
