Ch. 13 & 14 Flashcards
Major goal was the reform of Christendom. Sparked by Martin Luther in 16th cen. Europe.
Christian Humanism
The most influential of all the Christian humanists. He was a Dutch-born scholar who withdrew from a monastery and wandered to France, England, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland, conversing everywhere.
Erasmus
Author of The Imitation of Christ
Thomas a Kempis
Born in Germany on November 10, 1483. His father wanted him to become a lawyer so he enrolled him in the University of Erfurt. Luther was not content with law school, as he didn’t feel that was where he was being called. He was caught in a violent thunderstorm and vowed that if he survived, he would become a monk. And so he did. Luther received his doctorate in theology in 1512 and became a professor at the University of Wittenberg. Became the leader of the Protestant and Lutheran Church.
Martin Luther
Luther’s idea that justification is the act by which a person is made deserving of salvation. The Bible and justification by faith were the sole authorities in religious affairs.
Justification by Faith
Luther’s writing about what the Papacy should and should not be doing.
95 Theses
Ordained a priest in 1506. His preaching of the gospel caused such unrest that the city council held a public debate in the town hall. Zwingli’s party was accorded the victory. Sought an alliance with Martin Luther. Zwingli was wounded in battle and found by his enemies. They killed him, cut up his body, burned it, and scattered the ashes. This was the Swiss Civil War of 1531. Luther warned Zwingli of his beliefs and when Zwingli died, Luther remarked that “he got what he deserved.”
Ulrich Zqingli
Advocated adult rather infant baptism. No one, they believed, should be forced to accept the Bible as truth. Their ideas frightened Zwingli and they were expelled from their city in 1523.
Anabaptists
English reformation was initiated by him. He wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon, because she failed to produce a male heir. And Henry had fallen in love with Anne Boleyn, a lady-in-waiting to Queen Catherine. Anne was unwilling to be only the king’s mistress. He divorced his wife, married Anne and she bore a daughter, Elizabeth. When he died, he did have an underage and sick son from his third wife, named Edward VI
King Henry VIII
A Protestant liturgy
Book of Common Prayer
Stood very close to Luther in important doctrines
John Calvin
A masterful synthesis of Protestant though that immediately secured Calvin’s reputation as one of the new leaders of Protestantism
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Calvin’s idea that God had predestined some people to be saved (the elect) and others to be damned (the reprobate)
Predestination
Calvinist reform of Scotland, called Geneva “the most perfect school of Christ on earth.” Missionaries, following Calvin’s lead, were trained in Geneva and sent to all parts of Europe
John Knox
Founded by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyola. Were active on behalf of the Catholic faith. Established well-disciplined schools, believing that thorough education of young people was crucial to combat the advance of Protestantism
Jesuits
Could not be a real soldier, so he became a soldier of God. He trained through going to school, prayer, pilgrimages, and working out a spiritual program. Founded Jesuits.
Ignatius Loyola
DEFINITION
Index of Forbidden Books
Paul III formally recognized the Jesuits and summoned this gathering.
Council of Trent
French Calvinists
Huguenots
Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Under her rule, England rose to prominence.
Queen Elizabeth
16th cen. new age of world history
Age of Expansion
Went on a journey to the court of Mongol ruler, Khubilai Khan in 1271. Marco kept an account of his experiences, the Travels.
Marco Polo
DEFINITION
Astrolabe
Portugal took the lead in the European age of expansion when it began to explore the coast of Africa under the sponsorship of Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460).
Prince Henry the Navigator
Rounded the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa in 1488. Vasco de Gama: 10 years after this, rounded the Cape of Good Hope and stopped at several ports controlled by Muslim merchants along the coast of East Africa. His fleet then crossed the Arabian Sea and arrived in India and announced that he was in search of Christians and spices
Bartholomeu Dias
DEFINITION
Vasco de Gama
DEFINITION
Goa and Macao
Italian exploring for the Spanish, he persuaded Queen Isabella that Asia could be reached by going straight east. She sponsored him and with three ships, the Santa Maria, the Nina, and the Pinta, and a crew of ninety men, this person set sail on August 3, 1492, and reached the Bahamas by October 12.
Christopher Columbus
A Florentine, accompanied several voyages and wrote a series of letters describing the geography of the New World. Named America after Amerigo
Amerigo Vespucci
In 1519, passed through the straight named after him in South America, he sailed across the Pacific Ocean. His fleet completed a trip across the world.
Ferdinand Magellan
1494, divided up the newly discovered world into separate Portuguese and Spanish spheres of influence, and it turned out that most o South America fell within the Spanish sphere
Treaty of Tordesillas
Spanish conquerors
Conquistadors
Lived in the Yucatan Peninsula of Central America. Built splendid temples and pyramids, were accomplished artists, and developed a sophisticated calendar
Maya
Lived in the Valley of Mexico, now the location of Mexico City. They built their city, constructing temples, other public buildings, houses, and linked islands to the mainland. Were outstanding warriors. Ruled much of Mexico and as far south as Guatemala.
Aztec
Small community in the area of Cuzco in the mountains of Peru, this empire included around 12 million people. The Inca were great builders, as they built roads (24,800 miles of them) and bridges
Inca
Spanish expedition leader, landed at Ceracruz on the Gulf of Mexico. He made alliances with city-states that had tired of the oppressive rule of the Aztecs.
Hernan Cortes
Landed on the Pacific
Francisco Pizarro
A European disease that devastated entire villages
Smallpox
DEFINITION
Missionaries
Number of African slaves transported to the Americas between the early 16 and 19 cen
10 million
DEFINITION
Sugarcane
DEFINITION
Dutch East India Company
Individuals bought shares in a company and received dividends on their investment while a board of directors ran the company and made the important business decisions
Joint-stock Trading Company
DEFINITION
Stock Excange
DEFINITION
Commercial Capitalism
DEFINITION
Mercantilism
The reciprocal and importation and exportation of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas
Colombian Exchange
Tries to show the true shape of the landmasses, but only in a limited area.
Mercator Projection
