Ch. 22-25 Flashcards
Taught his contemporaries how authoritarian governments could use liberal and nationalistic forces to bolster their own power
Napoleon III
Was a military conflict fought between October 1853 - March 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was controlled by the Ottoman Empire.
Crimean War
Political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century.
Unification of Italy
political and administrative movement that formed into one nation state officially occurred on January 18, 1871 in the Hall of Mirrors at Palace of Versailles in France
Unification of Germany
King William of Prussia appointed this man as the new prime minister.
Otto von Bismark
consisted of two monarchies and one autonomous region
Austro-Hungarian Empire
many peasants were under a condition of bondage
Serfdom
Issued an emancipation edict, allowing peasants to own property, marry as they chose, and bring suits in the law courts.
Alexander II
A radical journalist who joined with Friedrich Engels to write The Communist Manifesto, which proclaimed the ideas of a revolutionary socialism.
Karl Marx
Focused on the outer, material world. Described a new style of painting and soon spread to literature.
Realism
Revolutionized the automobile industry with the mass production of the affordable Model T.
Henry Ford
political ideology that supports economic and social interventions to promote social justice within the framework of a capitalist economy, and a policy regime involving welfare state provisions, collective bargaining arrangements, regulation of the economy in the general interest, measures for income redistribution, and a commitment to representative democracy.
Social Democrats
This was one of the most important consequences of industrialization and the population explosion of the nineteenth century
Urbanization
A product of the mass society of the late nineteenth century. Being educated in the early nineteenth century meant attending a secondary school or possibly even a university
Mass Education
Evening hours after work, weekends, and later a week or two in the summer provided a time for everyone to relax
Mass Leisure
First woman to receive Nobel Prizes. She died from leukemia, a result of her laboratory work with radioactivity.
Marie & Pierre Curie
Presented his special theory of relativity (space and time are not absolute but relative to the observer, and both are interwoven into what he called a four-dimensional space-time continuum
Albert Einstein
Said that Western bourgeois society was decadent and incapable of any real cultural creativity, primarily because of its excessive emphasis on the rational faculty at the expense of emotions, passions, and instincts.
Friedrich Nietzsche
Founded psychoanalysis, saying human behavior was strongly determined by the unconscious, earlier experiences, and inner forces of which people were largely unaware. (ID, Ego, and superego)
Sigmund Freud
belief that accepted the material world as real and felt that literature should be realistic.
naturalism
belief that objective knowledge of the world was impossible. The external world was not real but only a collection of symbols that reflected the true reality of the individual human mind.
Symbolism
A movement that originated in France in the 1870s when a group of artists rejected the studios and museums and went out into the countryside to paint nature directly.
Impressionism
Retained the Impressionist emphasis on light and color but revolutionized it even further by paying more attention to structure and form.
Postimpressionism
Post-Impressionist, for him art was a spiritual experience. Painted The Starry Night.
Vincent van Gogh
From Spain moved to Paris, Post-Impressionist, extremely versatile and painted in a remarkable variety of styles. Developed new style, Cubism.
Pablo Picasso
Began abstract painting, sought to avoid representation altogether.
Vasily Kandinsky
the advocacy of women’s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men.
Feminism
founded the Women’s Social and Political Union, which enrolled mostly middle- and upper-class women.
Emmeline Pankhurst
Bad treatment of Jews
Anti-semitism
Hundreds of thousands of Jews decided to emigrate, many went to the US, but some moved to Palestine, the biblical homeland of the Jews, which soon became the focus of this Jewish national movement
Zionism
A key leader in the Zionism movement, in 1896 he published a book called The Jewish State in which he maintained that “the Jews who wish it will have their sate.”
Theodor Herzl
The revival of imperialism after 1880 in which European nations established colonies throughout much of Asia and Africa.
Impreialism
A poem by the English poet Rudyard Kipling.
“The White Man’s Burden”
a British businessman, mining magnate and politician in South Africa, who served as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony from 1890 to 1896. An ardent believer in British imperialism, Rhodes and his British South Africa Company founded the southern African territory of Rhodesia, which the company named after him.
Cecil Rhodes
As armies grew, so did the influence of military leaders, who drew up vast and complex plans for quickly mobilizing millions of men and enormous quantities of supplies in the event of war.
Militarism
A Serbian terrorist organization dedicated to the creation of a pan-Slavic kingdom.
Black Hand
Germany could not mobilize its troops against Russia and therefore declared war on France on August 3 after issuing an ultimatum to Belgium on August 2 demanding the right of German troops to pass through Belgian territory.
Schlieffen Plan
Southwest of Constantinople
Gallioli
a novel by Erich Maria Remarque, a German veteran of World War I. The book describes the German soldiers’ extreme physical and mental stress during the war, and the detachment from civilian life felt by many of these soldiers upon returning home from the front.
All Quiet on the Western Front
suppression of speech, public communication or other information which may be considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, politically incorrect or inconvenient as determined by government
Censorship
War-promoting advertisements
Propoganda
Autocratic ruler of Russia who relied on the army and bureaucracy to prop up his regime.
Nicholas II & Alexandra
Women marched the city of Petrograd in Russia, chanting and it shut down all the factories, Nicholas II order soldiers to disperse the crowds, but the troops joined the demonstrators.
February (March) Revolution
A small faction of the Marxist Social Democrats who had come under the leadership of Vladimir Ulianov Lenin.
Bolsheviks
Was arrested for revolutionary activity, and after his release he chose to go into exile in Switzerland and eventually assumed the leadership of the Bolshevik wing of the Russian Social Democratic party
Vladimir Lenin
Chairman of the Petrograd soviet
Leon Trotsky
Slogan for the Bolsheviks
“Peace, Land, and Bread”
Took control of Russia
Communist Party
War fought in US between North and South (confederate army vs union army)
Civil War
the first international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.
League of nations
she was torpedoed and sunk by a German U-boat, causing the deaths of 1,198 passengers and crew
Lusitania
