Final (Ch. 13-30) Flashcards
Major goal was the reform of Christendom. Sparked by Martin Luther in 16th cen. Europe.
Christian Humanism
The most influential of all the Christian humanists. He was a Dutch-born scholar who withdrew from a monastery and wandered to France, England, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland, conversing everywhere.
Erasmus
Author of The Imitation of Christ
Thomas a Kempis
Born in Germany on November 10, 1483. His father wanted him to become a lawyer so he enrolled him in the University of Erfurt. He was not content with law school, as he didn’t feel that was where he was being called. He was caught in a violent thunderstorm and vowed that if he survived, he would become a monk. And so he did. He received his doctorate in theology in 1512 and became a professor at the University of Wittenberg. Became the leader of the Protestant and Lutheran Church.
Martin Luther
Luther’s idea that justification is the act by which a person is made deserving of salvation. The Bible and this idea were the sole authorities in religious affairs.
Justification by Faith
Luther’s writing about what the Papacy should and should not be doing.
95 Theses
Ordained a priest in 1506. His preaching of the gospel caused such unrest that the city council held a public debate in the town hall. His party was accorded the victory. Sought an alliance with Martin Luther. He was wounded in battle and found by his enemies. They killed him, cut up his body, burned it, and scattered the ashes. This was the Swiss Civil War of 1531. Luther warned this man of his beliefs and when this guy died, Luther remarked that “he got what he deserved.”
Ulrich Zwingli
Advocated adult rather infant baptism. No one, they believed, should be forced to accept the Bible as truth. Their ideas frightened Zwingli and they were expelled from their city in 1523.
Anabaptists
English reformation was initiated by him. He wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon, because she failed to produce a male heir. And he had fallen in love with Anne Boleyn, a lady-in-waiting to Queen Catherine. Anne was unwilling to be only the king’s mistress. He divorced his wife, married Anne and she bore a daughter, Elizabeth. When he died, he did have an underage and sick son from his third wife, named Edward VI
King Henry VIII
A Protestant liturgy
Book of Common Prayer
Stood very close to Luther in important doctrines
John Calvin
A masterful synthesis of Protestant though that immediately secured Calvin’s reputation as one of the new leaders of Protestantism
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Calvin’s idea that God had predestined some people to be saved (the elect) and others to be damned (the reprobate)
Predestination
Calvinist reform of Scotland, called Geneva “the most perfect school of Christ on earth.” Missionaries, following Calvin’s lead, were trained in Geneva and sent to all parts of Europe
John Knox
Founded by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyola. Were active on behalf of the Catholic faith. Established well-disciplined schools, believing that thorough education of young people was crucial to combat the advance of Protestantism
Jesuits
Could not be a real soldier, so he became a soldier of God. He trained through going to school, prayer, pilgrimages, and working out a spiritual program. Founded Jesuits.
Ignatius Loyola
The books so condemned were considered heretical, dangerous to morals, or otherwise objectionable. Was published by authority of the Holy Office. After the Second Vatican Council its publication was discontinued, but a new set of regulations was published by the Holy See
Index of Forbidden Books
Paul III formally recognized the Jesuits and summoned this gathering.
Council of Trent
French Calvinists
Huguenots
Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Under her rule, England rose to prominence.
Queen Elizabeth
16th cen. new age of world history
Age of Expansion
Went on a journey to the court of Mongol ruler, Khubilai Khan in 1271. He kept an account of his experiences, the Travels.
Marco Polo
an elaborate inclinometer, historically used by astronomers and navigators, to measure the inclined position in the sky of a celestial body, day or night. It can thus be used to identify stars or planets, to determine local latitude given local time and vice versa, to survey, or to triangulate. It was used in classical antiquity, the Islamic Golden Age, the European Middle Ages and the Renaissance
Astrolabe
Portugal took the lead in the European age of expansion when it began to explore the coast of Africa under the sponsorship of this man (1394-1460).
Prince Henry the Navigator
Rounded the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa in 1488.
Bartholomeu Dias
10 years after another man did, this guy rounded the Cape of Good Hope and stopped at several ports controlled by Muslim merchants along the coast of East Africa. His fleet then crossed the Arabian Sea and arrived in India and announced that he was in search of Christians and spices
Vasco de Gama
Prominent trade routes went through these towns
Goa and Macao
Italian exploring for the Spanish, he persuaded Queen Isabella that Asia could be reached by going straight east. She sponsored him and with three ships, the Santa Maria, the Nina, and the Pinta, and a crew of ninety men, this person set sail on August 3, 1492, and reached the Bahamas by October 12.
Christopher Columbus
A Florentine, accompanied several voyages and wrote a series of letters describing the geography of the New World. The name of America was influenced by him.
Amerigo Vespucci
In 1519, passed through the straight named after him in South America, he sailed across the Pacific Ocean. His fleet completed a trip across the world.
Ferdinand Magellan
1494, divided up the newly discovered world into separate Portuguese and Spanish spheres of influence, and it turned out that most o South America fell within the Spanish sphere
Treaty of Tordesillas
Spanish conquerors
Conquistadors
Lived in the Yucatan Peninsula of Central America. Built splendid temples and pyramids, were accomplished artists, and developed a sophisticated calendar
Maya
Lived in the Valley of Mexico, now the location of Mexico City. They built their city, constructing temples, other public buildings, houses, and linked islands to the mainland. Were outstanding warriors. Ruled much of Mexico and as far south as Guatemala.
Aztec
Small community in the area of Cuzco in the mountains of Peru, this empire included around 12 million people. These people were great builders, as they built roads (24,800 miles of them) and bridges
Inca
Spanish expedition leader, landed at Ceracruz on the Gulf of Mexico. He made alliances with city-states that had tired of the oppressive rule of the Aztecs.
Hernan Cortes
Landed on the Pacific
Francisco Pizarro
A European disease that devastated entire villages
Smallpox
a person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country
Missionaries
Number of African slaves transported to the Americas between the early 16 and 19 cen
10 million
a perennial tropical grass with tall stout jointed stems from which a certain product can be extracted. The fibrous residue can be used as fuel, in fiberboard, and for a number of other purposes.
Sugarcane
granted it a 21-year monopoly on Dutch spice trade. It is often considered to have been the first multinational corporation in the world and it was the first company to issue stock. The largest and most valuable corporation in history, it possessed quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, imprison and execute convicts, negotiate treaties, strike its own coins, and establish colonies.
Dutch East India Company
Individuals bought shares in a company and received dividends on their investment while a board of directors ran the company and made the important business decisions
Joint-stock Trading Company
a market in which securities are bought and sold
Stock Exchange
significant economic force in the 16th century.
Commercial Capitalsim
the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.
Mercantilism
The reciprocal and importation and exportation of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas
Colombian Exchange
Tries to show the true shape of the landmasses, but only in a limited area.
Mercator Projection
the historical process in which religion loses social and cultural significance.
Secularization
Practice that had been part of traditional village culture for centuries but came to be viewed as sinister and dangerous.
witchcraft
Germanic lands of the Holy Roman Empire as a struggle between Catholic forces, led by the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperors and Calvinist nobles in Bohemia.
Thirty year’s war
More than 300 states made up this empire
Holy Roman Empire
Absolute monarchy
Absolutism
King Louis XIII’s chief minister from 1624-1642, initiated policies that eventually strengthened the power of the monarchy
Cardinal Richelieu
The first part of this man’s reign reign was marked by attempts to reform France in accordance with Enlightenment ideas. These included efforts to abolish serfdom, remove the taille, and increase tolerance toward non-Catholics. Took the throne when he was four.
King Louis XIV of France
Was the seat of political power in the Kingdom of France from 1682, when Louis XIV moved the royal court from Paris, until the royal family was forced to return to the capital in October 1789, within three months after the beginning of the French Revolution. This placeis therefore famous not only as a building, but as a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime..
Palace of Versailles
a historic state originating out of the Duchy and the Margraviate of Brandenburg
Prussia (Hohenzollern)
a German princely family, prominent since the 13th century, that has furnished sovereigns to the Holy Roman Empire, Austria, Spain, etc.
Austria (Hapsburg)
the second dynasty, after the House of Rurik, to rule over Russia, and reigned from 1613 until the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II on March 15, 1917, as a result of the February Revolution.
Russia (Romanov)
a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795. It preceded the Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands
Dutch Republic
the first ruler to take the title of tsar, expanded the territories of Russia eastward.
Ivan IV
After Ivan IV’s rule
Time of Troubles
Tall, strong ruler, enjoyed crude jokes and vicious punishments. Made a trip to the west and returned to Russia with a firm determination to westernize his realm. Admired European technology and gadgets and desired to transplant these to Russia.
Peter the Great
A place where men and women could meet, dance, play games, and enjoy conversation together, a unique idea Peter learned in the West.
St. Petersburg
Brought the Ottoman Empire back to Europe’s attention.
Suleiman the Magnificent
Protestants in the Anglican Church inspired by Calvinist theology.
Puritans
A war that went from 1642-1651. stemmed from conflict between Charles I and Parliament over an Irish insurrection.
English Civil War
a dedicated Puritan who formed the New Model Army and defeated the forces supporting King Charles I. Unable to work with Parliament, he came to rely on military force to rule England.
Oliver Cromwell
the end of the seventeenth-century struggle between king and Parliament.
Glorious Revolution
Twelve amendments to the constitution, only ten were ratified by the states.
Bill of Rights
lived during the English Civil War, alarmed by the revolutionary upheavals in his contemporary England.
Thomas Hobbes
Theory of knowledge had a great impact on eighteenth century intellectuals. Denied Descartes’ belief in innate ideas. Argued that every person was born with a blank mind. Author of a political work called Two Treatises of Government, viewed the exercise of political power quite differently from Hobbes. This man believed that humans lived in a state of equality and freedom rather than a state of war.
John Locke
Replaced Mannerism, began in Italy in the last quarter of the sixteenth century and spread to the rest of Europe. Embraced by Catholic reform movement.
Baroque
Great Protestant Painter of the seventeenth century; A prolific and versatile master across three media, he is generally considered one of the greatest visual artists in the history of art and the most important in Dutch art history.
Rembrandt van Rijn
Play writer
William Shakespeare
Wrote, produced, and acted in a series of comedies that often satirized the religious and social world of his time.
Jean-Baptist Moliere
The transition from the medieval worldview to a largely secular, rational, and materialistic perspective that began in the seventeenth century and was popularized in the eighteenth.
Scientific Revolution
a Greco-Egyptian writer, known as a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology
Claudius Ptolemy
Studied mathematics and astronomy at Krakow in Poland, published his famous book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. Heliocentric conception was his idea (sun-centered universe).
Nicolaus Copernicus
Astrologer, the universe was constructed on the basis of geometric figures. Derived laws of planetary motion that confirmed the heliocentric theory
Johannes Kepler
taught mathematics. The first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by means of a telescope.
Galileo Galilei
Attended Cambridge University. Wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. The laws of gravity. Developed the beginning of the Scientific Method.
Isaac Newton
Attended Cambridge University and earned a doctorate in medication. Demonstrated in his book On the Motion of the Heart and Blood that the heart is the beginning point of the circulation of blood in the body and that same blood flows through arteries and veins.
William Harvey
Primary figure in the Scientific Revolution. Frenchman that decided that he would accept only things that his reason said were true.
Rene Descartes
Frenchman who sought to keep science and religion united.
Blaise Pascal
Developed the scientific method and empiricism
Francis Bacon
The practice of relying on observation and experiment.
Empiricism
Descartes is known as the father of this. A system of thought based on the belief that human reason and experience are the chief sources of knowledge.
Rationalism
An eighteenth century intellectual movement, led by the philosophes, which stressed the application of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of life.
Enlightenment
the application of the scientific method to the understanding of all life
Reason
literary people, professors, journalists, statesmen, economists, political scientists, and social reformers. Came from both the nobility and the middle class.
Philosophes
wrote The Spirit of the Laws a comparative study of governments in which he attempted to apply the scientific method to the social and political arena to ascertain the “natural laws” governing the social relationships of human beings.
Montesquieu
The greatest figure of the enlightenment. Studied law, but wished to be a writer and achieved his first success as a playwright.
Voltaire
Wrote the Encyclopedia.
Denis Diderot
Belief in God as the creator of the universe who, after setting it in motion, ceased to have any direct involvement in it and allowed it to run according to its own natural laws.
Deism
Founder of modern discipline of economics.
Adam Smith
the idea of “Let the people do as they choose”
Laissez-faire
Almost entirely self-educated, born in Switzerland, spent his youth wandering and holding various jobs. He believed that what was best for all was best for each individual.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Rousseau wrote this treatise, written in the form of a novel about the education of children.
Emile
wrote the Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Argued that there were contradictions in the views of women held by such Enlightenment thinkers as Rousseau. Women must obey men, was contrary to the beliefs of the same individuals that a system based on the arbitrary power of monarchs over their subjects or slave owners over their slaves was wrong.
Mary Wollstonecroft
An eighteenth century artistic movement that emphasized grace, gentility, lightness, and charm
Rococo
Born in Germany, wrote music for large public audiences and was not adverse to writing huge, unusual-sounding pieces.
George Frederick Handel
Born in Austria, was a child prodigy who gave his first harpsichord concert at 6 and wrote his first opera at 12.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Celebrated in the weeks leading up the beginning of lent. This was a time of great indulgence.
Carnival
Founded a religious movement that came to be known as Methodism, loved to preach to the masses.
John Wesley
sovereign country in western Europe; is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance
United Kingdom of Great Britian
King of Great Britain and Ireland; His life and with it his reign, which were longer than any other British monarch before him, were marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdoms, much of the rest of Europe, and places farther afield in Africa, the Americas and Asia
George III
Known as the Great, was one of the best-educated and most cultured monarchs in the eighteenth century.
Frederick II
Russian Leader. An intelligent woman who was familiar with the works of the philosophies. She claimed that she wished to reform Russia along the lines of Enlightenment ideas, but she was always shrewd enough to realize that her success depended on the support of the palace guard and not the gentry class from which it stemmed
Catherine II
Habsburg leader. Determined to make changes, at the same time, he carried on his mother (Maria Theresa)’s chief goal of enhancing Habsburg power within the monarchy and Europe. Earnest man who believed in the need to sweep away anything standing in the path of reason
Joseph II
Catherine developed a policy of favoring the landed nobility and that led to even worse conditions for the Russian Peasants and provoked a rebellion beginning in 1773. Led by an illiterate Cossack
Pugachev’s Rebellion
took place towards the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of the sovereign Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania for 123 years.
Partitions of Poland
Maria Theresa refused to accept the loss of Silesia and prepared for its return by rebuilding her army while working diplomatically to separate Prussia from this chief ally, France
Seven Years’ War
Signed on July 4, 1776, this document declared independence from Great Britain. “Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.”
Declaration of Independence
Signed in 1783, recognized the independence of the American colonies ad granted the Americans control of the territory from the Appalachians to the Mississippi River.
Treaty of Paris
ratified in 1781, did little to provide for a strong central government.
Articles of Confederation
Approved in 1788. Important to its success was the promise to add to it a “bill of rights” as the new government’s first piece of business.
Constitution
Twelve amendments to the constitution, only ten were ratified by the states
Bill of Rights
The traditional tripartite division of European society based on heredity and quality rather than wealth of economic standing, first established in the Middle Ages and continuing into the eighteenth century; traditionally consisted of those who pray (clergy), those who fight (nobility), and those who work (all the rest).
Estates
The Estates-General opened on May 5, 1789 here
Versailles
a playwright and pamphleteer, refused to accept the exclusion of women from political rights
Olympe de Gouges
Revolt in Saint Domingue happened here
Haiti
fraternal organization composed of veterans
Grand Army
A French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition: an Anglo-led Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Prince of Wahlstatt.
Warerloo
Thirteenth amendment was passed by Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified on December 6, 1865
Abolition of Slavery
Born in Corsica in 1769, son of a lawyer whose family stemmed from the Florentine nobility. Obtained a royal scholarship to study at a military school in France. When the revolution broke out in 1789, he was a lieutenant. Was received in France as a conquering hero. Became emperor.
Napoleon Bonaparte
led to a significant increase in food production
Agricultural Revolution
invented steam engine
James Watt
became the chief means of organizing labor for the new machines
Factory
giant glass-and-iron exhibition hall in Hyde Park, London, that housed the Great Exhibition of 1851.
Crystal Palace
mass starvation, disease, and emigration in Ireland between 1845 and 1852
Irish Potato Famine
Skilled craftsmen in the Midlands and northern England who in 1812 physically attacked the machines that they believed threatened their livelihoods.
Luddites
Aim was to achieve political democracy. Attempts of British workers to improve their condition.
Chartism
campaigned against the evils of the industrial factory especially condemning the abuse of children.
Reformer
Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia
Congress of Vienna
Austrian foreign minister who claimed that he was guided at Vienna by the principle of legitimacy. To keep peace and stability in Europe, he said it was necessary to restore the legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions.
Klemens von Metternich
Wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France as a reaction to the French Revolution especially its radical republican and democratic ideas.
Edmund Burke
In 1821, the Greeks revolted against their Ottoman Turkish masters. In 1830, Russia, France, and Britain decided to declare Greece an independent kingdom.
Greek Revolution
Succeeded Alexander I, became a strict reactionary after a military revolt at the beginning of his reign.
Nicholas I
Based on the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible.
Liberalism
ideology based on tradition and social stability that favored the maintenance of established institutions, organized religion, and obedience to authority and resisted change especially abrupt change.
Conservatism
The process of converting a business or industry from private ownership to government control and ownership.
Nationalism
An ideology that calls for collective or government ownership of the means of production and the distribution of goods.
Socialism
First revolutionary wave in Europe. It included two “romantic nationalist” revolutions, the Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the July Revolution in France along with revolutions in Congress Poland and Switzerland.
Revolutions of 1830
Political upheavals in Europe
Revolutions of 1848
Federalist, favored a financial program that would establish a strong central government.
Alexander Hamilton
Republican, partnered with James Madison, feared centralization and its consequences for popular liberties.
Thomas Jefferson
Chief justice of the Supreme Court. Made the Supreme Court into an important national institution by asserting the right of the Court to overrule and act of congress.
John Marshall
Elected for president in 1828, his election opened a new era in American politics characterized by the extension of democratic politics to the masses.
Andrew Jackson
A nineteenth century intellectual and artistic movement that rejected the emphasis on reason of the Enlightenment. Instead, Romantics stressed the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion, and imagination as the sources of knowing.
Romanticism
Romantic poet. Wrote about the love of nature.
William Wordsworth
Born in Germany, but made his way to Vienna, the musical capital of Europe. One of the greatest composers of all time.
Ludwig van Beethoven
English philosopher, political economist and civil servant. One of the most influential thinkers in the history of liberalism. He has been called “the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century.” Conception of liberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control.
Proponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by his predecessor Jeremy Bentham, and contributed significantly to the theory of the scientific method.
A member of the Liberal Party, he was the first Member of Parliament to call for women’s suffrage.
John Stuart Mill
Taught his contemporaries how authoritarian governments could use liberal and nationalistic forces to bolster their own power
Napoleon III
Was a military conflict fought between October 1853 - March 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was controlled by the Ottoman Empire.
Crimean War
Political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century.
Unification of Italy
political and administrative movement that formed into one nation state officially occurred on January 18, 1871 in the Hall of Mirrors at Palace of Versailles in France
Unification of Germany
King William of Prussia appointed this man as the new prime minister.
Otto von Bismark
consisted of two monarchies and one autonomous region
Austro-Hungarian Empire
many peasants were under a condition of bondage
Serfdom
Issued an emancipation edict, allowing peasants to own property, marry as they chose, and bring suits in the law courts.
Alexander II
A radical journalist who joined with Friedrich Engels to write The Communist Manifesto, which proclaimed the ideas of a revolutionary socialism.
Karl Marx
Focused on the outer, material world. Described a new style of painting and soon spread to literature.
Realism
Revolutionized the automobile industry with the mass production of the affordable Model T.
Henry Ford
political ideology that supports economic and social interventions to promote social justice within the framework of a capitalist economy, and a policy regime involving welfare state provisions, collective bargaining arrangements, regulation of the economy in the general interest, measures for income redistribution, and a commitment to representative democracy.
Social Democrats
This was one of the most important consequences of industrialization and the population explosion of the nineteenth century
Urbanization
A product of the mass society of the late nineteenth century. Being educated in the early nineteenth century meant attending a secondary school or possibly even a university
Mass Education
Evening hours after work, weekends, and later a week or two in the summer provided a time for everyone to relax
Mass Leisure
First woman to receive Nobel Prizes. She died from leukemia, a result of her laboratory work with radioactivity.
Marie and Pierre Curie
Presented his special theory of relativity (space and time are not absolute but relative to the observer, and both are interwoven into what he called a four-dimensional space-time continuum
Albert Einstein
Said that Western bourgeois society was decadent and incapable of any real cultural creativity, primarily because of its excessive emphasis on the rational faculty at the expense of emotions, passions, and instincts.
Friedrich Nietzsche
Founded psychoanalysis, saying human behavior was strongly determined by the unconscious, earlier experiences, and inner forces of which people were largely unaware. (ID, Ego, and superego)
Sigmund Freud
belief that accepted the material world as real and felt that literature should be realistic.
Naturalism
belief that objective knowledge of the world was impossible. The external world was not real but only a collection of symbols that reflected the true reality of the individual human mind.
Symbolism
A movement that originated in France in the 1870s when a group of artists rejected the studios and museums and went out into the countryside to paint nature directly.
Impressionism
Retained the Impressionist emphasis on light and color but revolutionized it even further by paying more attention to structure and form.
Postimpressionism
Post-Impressionist, for him art was a spiritual experience. Painted The Starry Night.
Vincent van Gogh
From Spain moved to Paris, Post-Impressionist, extremely versatile and painted in a remarkable variety of styles. Developed new style, Cubism.
Pablo Picasso
Began abstract painting, sought to avoid representation altogether.
Vasily Kandinsky
the advocacy of women’s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men.
Feminism
founded the Women’s Social and Political Union, which enrolled mostly middle- and upper-class women.
Emmeline Pankhurst
Bad treatment of Jews
Anit-Semitism
Hundreds of thousands of Jews decided to emigrate, many went to the US, but some moved to Palestine, the biblical homeland of the Jews, which soon became the focus of this Jewish national movement
Zionism
A key leader in the Zionism movement, in 1896 he published a book called The Jewish State in which he maintained that “the Jews who wish it will have their sate.”
Theodor Herzl
The revival of imperialism after 1880 in which European nations established colonies throughout much of Asia and Africa.
Imperialism
A poem by the English poet Rudyard Kipling.
“The White Man’s Burden”
a British businessman, mining magnate and politician in South Africa, who served as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony from 1890 to 1896. An ardent believer in British imperialism, Rhodes and his British South Africa Company founded the southern African territory of Rhodesia, which the company named after him.
Cecil Rhodes
As armies grew, so did the influence of military leaders, who drew up vast and complex plans for quickly mobilizing millions of men and enormous quantities of supplies in the event of war.
Militarism
A Serbian terrorist organization dedicated to the creation of a pan-Slavic kingdom.
Black Hand
Germany could not mobilize its troops against Russia and therefore declared war on France on August 3 after issuing an ultimatum to Belgium on August 2 demanding the right of German troops to pass through Belgian territory.
Schlieffen Plan
Southwest of Constantinople
Gallioli
a novel by Erich Maria Remarque, a German veteran of World War I. The book describes the German soldiers’ extreme physical and mental stress during the war, and the detachment from civilian life felt by many of these soldiers upon returning home from the front.
All Quiet on the Western Front
suppression of speech, public communication or other information which may be considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, politically incorrect or inconvenient as determined by government
Censorship
War-promoting advertisements
Propoganda
Autocratic ruler of Russia who relied on the army and bureaucracy to prop up his regime.
Nicholas II and Alexandra
Women marched the city of Petrograd in Russia, chanting and it shut down all the factories, Nicholas II order soldiers to disperse the crowds, but the troops joined the demonstrators.
February (March) Revolution
A small faction of the Marxist Social Democrats who had come under the leadership of Vladimir Ulianov Lenin.
Bolsheviks
Was arrested for revolutionary activity, and after his release he chose to go into exile in Switzerland and eventually assumed the leadership of the Bolshevik wing of the Russian Social Democratic party
Vladimir Lenin
Chairman of the Petrograd soviet
Leon Trotsky
Slogan for the Bolsheviks
“Peace, Land, and Bread”
Took control of Russia
Communist Party
War fought in US between North and South (confederate army vs union army)
Civil War
the first international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.
League of Nations
she was torpedoed and sunk by a German U-boat, causing the deaths of 1,198 passengers and crew
Lusitania
was an attempt in 1924 to solve the World War I reparations problem
Dawes Plan
the Rhineland Pact between Germany, France, Belgium, the United Kingdom, and Italy. Germany formally recognized its new western borders acted by the Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Locarno
(1929-39) was the deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world. Began soon after stock market crash
Great Depression
an alliance of left-wing movements, including the French Communist Party (PCF), the French Section of the Workers’ International (SFIO) and the Radical and Socialist Party, during the interwar period.
Popular Front
included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term (1933-1937) of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
New Deal
Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party. Was Italy’s Prime Minister.
Benito Mussolini
a city-state surrounded by Rome, Italy, is the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church.
Vatican City
Is an unofficial historical designation for the German state between 1919 and 1933. The name derives from the city of where its constitutional assembly first took place.
Weimar Republic
German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of the German Reich, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.
Adolph Hitler
is a German title meaning leader or guide now most associated with Adolf Hitler
Fuhrer
political party in Germany that was active between 1920 and 1945
Nazi Party
leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953
Joseph Stalin
period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one
Industrialization
major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers’ Party in Nazi Germany.
SS (Schutzstaffel)
key ritual in which periodic reviews of members of the Communist Party were conducted to get rid of the “undesirables.”
Purges
Spanish general, dictator, and the Caudillo of Spain from 1939 until his death. Conservative monarchist who opposed the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic in 1931. Intending to overthrow the republic, this man and other generals staged a failed coup precipitating the Spanish Civil War. With the death of the other generals, he quickly became his faction’s only leader.
Francisco Franco
A prominent Spanish surrealist Painter
Salvador Dali
a person of Caucasian race not of Jewish Decent; the preferred race
Aryan
These powers consisted of Germany, Japan, and Italy
Axis
a policy of forced consolidation of individual peasant households into collective farms called “kolkhozes”
Munich Conference
the British prime minister as Great Britain entered World War II. He is known for his policy of “appeasement” toward Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Germany
Neville Chamberlain
An English political leader and author of the twentieth century; he became prime minister shortly after World War II began and served through the end of the war in Europe
Winston Churchill
is the common name of the French State, following its relocation to the town of Vichy during WWII
Vichy France
the aerial warfare branch of the German Wehrmacht during World War II
Luftwaffe
a city in Germany named after Stalin. Was overtaken by the Germans later on in a battle
Stalingrad
A historical region and former province of northwest France on the English Channel. Its beaches were the focal point of Allied landings on D-day (June 6, 1944) in World War II
Normandy
the United States dropped atomic bombs here
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
the mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime during the period 1941-45. More than 6 million European Jews, as well as members of other persecuted groups, such as gypsies and homosexuals, were murdered at concentration camps
Holocaust
an industrial town in S Poland; site of a Nazi concentration camp during World War II
Auschwitz-Birkenau
the Nazi policy of exterminating European Jews. Introduced by Heinrich Himmler and administered by Adolf Eichmann, the policy resulted in the murder of 6 million Jews in concentration camps between 1941 and 1945
Final Solution
the state of political hostility that existed between the Soviet bloc countries and the US-led Western powers from 1945 to 1990
Cold War
Communist area where Germany was
Eastern Europe
the principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection
Truman Doctrine
A program by which the United States gave large amounts of economic aid to European countries to help them rebuild after the devastation of World War II
Marshall Plan
A military operation in the late 1940s that brought food and other needed goods into West Berlin by air after the government of East Germany, which at that time surrounded West Berlin ( see Berlin wall ), had cut off its supply routes
Berlin Airlift
Germany was divided into a Communist state and a non-Communist state by the Berlin Wall
West and East Germany
a bomb or missile that uses nuclear energy to cause an explosion
Nuclear Weapons
a military alliance of European and North American democracies founded after World War II to strengthen international ties between member states—especially the United States and Europe—and to serve as a counter-balance to the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact.
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
A military alliance of communist nations in eastern Europe. Against NATO
Warsaw Pact
fought in the early 1950s between the United Nations, supported by the United States, and the communist Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea)
Korean War
a Cold War conflict pitting the U.S. and the remnants of the French colonial government in South Vietnam against the indigenous but communist Vietnamese independence movement, the Viet Minh, following the latter’s expulsion of the French in 1954
Vietnam War
Fortified concrete and wire barrier that separated East and West Berlin from 1961 to 1989
Berlin Wall
A confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 over the presence of missile sites in Cuba; one of the “hottest” periods of the cold war
Cuban Missle Crisis
Many countries became independent after WWII
Decolonization
the Jewish state in Palestine
Israel
A political and military organization formed in 1964 to unite various Palestinian Arab groups and ultimately to bring about an independent state of Palestine
PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization)
founder of the People’s Republic of China
Mao Zedong
After Stalin’s death he became first secretary of the Soviet Communist Party (1953-64) and initiated a policy to remove the influence of Stalin (1956)
Nikita Khrushchev
A Soviet political leader of the twentieth century. He seized the leadership of the Soviet Communist party from Nikita Khrushchev in 1964
Lenoid Brezhnev
a nationwide revolt against the government of the Hungarian People’s Republic and its Soviet-imposed policies, lasting from 23 October until 10 November 1956
Hungarian Revolt
a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of its domination by the Soviet Union after World War II
Prague Spring
the dominant political leader and grand figurehead of France during and after World War II
Charles DeGaulle
a system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits
Welfare State
An organization of nations established in 1957 to promote free trade and economic cooperation among the nations of western Europe
EEC (European Economic Community)
He was the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union, having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991 when the party was dissolved
Mikhail Gorbachev
the policy or practice of restructuring or reforming the economic and political system
Perestroika
Had become united once the Berlin Wall was torn down
Germany
President of the Russian republic who criticized the slow pace of Mikhail Gorbachev ‘s reforms. In 1991, he successfully led the opposition to an attempted coup by communist hard-liners and became the most powerful person in the former Soviet Union
Boris Yeltsin
The president of Russia since 2000
Vladimir Putin
an independent trade union movement in Poland that developed into a mass campaign for political change and inspired popular opposition to communist regimes across eastern Europe during the 1980s
Solidarity
a Czech writer, philosopher, dissident, and statesman. From 1989 to 1992, he served as the last president of Czechoslovakia
Valclav Havel
a Romanian leader whose attempts to fuse nationalism and communism resulted in such a brutal dictatorship that the Romanians overthrew his regime
Nicolae Ceausescu
formerly, a federal republic in S Europe: since 1992 comprised of Serbia and Montenegro; disbanded into independent countries in 2006
Yogoslavia
the mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society
Ethnic Cleansing
an autonomous province of Serbia, in the SW. Had an ethnic cleansing which caused NATO to come in
Kosovo
A political union to which the member states of the EEC are evolving
European Union (EU)
the single European currency, which replaced the national currencies of France. Seventeen member states of the European Union now use this.
Euro
An English political leader of the twentieth century, who became prime minister of Britain in 1979
Margaret Thatcher
A political leader of the twentieth century. A member of Congress in the late 1940s, he came to national attention through his strong support for the investigation of the alleged communist Alger Hiss
Richard Nixon
A political leader of the twentieth century who served as president from 1974 to 1977. He took over from Nixon
Gerald Ford
American politician and author who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981
Jimmy Carter
an American politician and actor who was 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989
Ronald Reagan
He was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993
George H. W. Bush
American politician who was 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001
Bill Clinton
American Republican statesman, 43rd president of the US 2001-2009
George W. Bush
a group of Islamic terrorists, widely believed to be part of the Al Qaeda network, hijacked three commercial airliners in midair, took over the controls, and deliberately crashed them into the Pentagon and the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in Manhattan
September 11, 2001
an influential American painter and a major figure in the abstract expressionist movement. He was well known for his unique style of drip painting
Jackson Pollock
French philosopher, playwright, novelist, political activist, biographer, and literary critic
Jean-Paul Sartre
the first Polish pope and the first non-Italian pope in several centuries. He has traveled extensively to spread the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church
John Paul II
Ability to rule by decree for for years; proposed by Hitler
Enabling Act
Postmodern thinker that says with books, if an author said something was the truth, we as readers should be skeptical and analyze how the author is subjectively stating their view. Says there is no objective truth. Truth is based on each person’s reality.
Jacques Derrida
Postmodern thinker that says people are trying to control people with certain language. In ordinary conversation, human nature is to build ourselves up and tear others down. The medical field has the power to say which people are normal and which are defective. The diagnosis is subjective to the physicians. Very skeptical of modern medicine. Language is often being used to control people and is a use of power.
Michel Foucault
Postmodern thinker that questions whether or not we can create a single truth. There are strong and weak arguments, but it is all based on a person’s reflection and there is no certain truth that can be determined from these arguments. Truth is what colleagues will let you get away with. Intellectual relativism.
Richard Rorty
