Ch. 9 & 10 Flashcards
Pulled by 6 or 8 oxen or horses to make plowing faster
Iron plow
NA
Three-field system
These were developed to grind and produce flour
Mills
NA
Sacraments
NA
Castles
All classes were taught in this language, which provided a common mean of communication for students, regardless of their country of origin
Latin
These are examples of different degrees that students could achieve
Bachelor/Master/Doctor
Attempt to reconcile faith and reason to demonstrate that what was accepted on faith was in harmony with what could be learned by reason
Scholasticism
Cathedrals of the eleventh and twelfth centuries were built with this style in mind
Romanesque
A symbol for medieval people’s preoccupation with God
Gothic cathedrals
An army of knights under king William of Normandy landed on the coast of England and defeated King Harold
Battle of Hastings
Had a clear goal of expanding the jurisdiction of royal courts. King of England in the twelfth century. Founder of the Plantagenet dynasty.
Henry II
Archbishop of Canterbury and therefore the highest-ranking English cleric. Claimed that only church courts could try clerics.
Thomas Becket
NA
King (monarchy)
During the reign of Edward I the English version of this emerged. In need of money, Edward invited two knights from every county and two residents from each town to meet with the Great Council to consent to new taxes.
Parliament
The first French Parliament
Estates-General
Frederick I planned to get his chief revenues from Italy as the center a “holy empire” as he called it.
Holy Roman Empire
Means universal ruler. Mongolian leader, Temuchin, achieved this title after unifying the Mongol tribes.
Genghis Khan
The practice by which secular rulers both chose and invested their nominees to church offices with they symbols of their office
Lay investiture
Believed that he, as pope, was the supreme judge of European affairs
Pope Innocent III
The pope’s major advisers and administrators
Cardinal
Founded the Franciscan friars. Lived among the people, preaching repentance and aiding the poor.
Francis of Assisi
Dominicans arose out to the desire of a Spanish priest to defend church teachings from heresy
Dominic
Men and women who, through their holiness, had achieved a special position in heaven, enabling them to act as intercessors before God
Saints
Virgin Mary Occupied the foremost position in the High Middle Ages. Viewed as the most important mediator with her son, Jesus, as the judge of all sinners
Virgin Mary
Usually the bones of saints or objects intimately connected to saints that were considered worthy of veneration by the faithful
Relics
Believed in a dualistic system in which good and evil were seperate and distinct. The good things, including our souls, were created by God. The bad things, including our bodies, were created by Satan
Cathars/Albigensians
Jews were accused of causing the plague by poisoning town wells, so persecution of Jews began
Anti-Semitism
Military campaign in defense of Christianity
Crusades
Distinguished nun of Germany
Cardinal Hildegard of Bingen
