Ch. 26-30 Flashcards by Emily Peck

was an attempt in 1924 to solve the World War I reparations problem

Dawes Plan

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the Rhineland Pact between Germany, France, Belgium, the United Kingdom, and Italy. Germany formally recognized its new western borders acted by the Treaty of Versailles

Treaty of Locarno

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(1929-39) was the deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world. Began soon after stock market crash

Great Depression

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an alliance of left-wing movements, including the French Communist Party (PCF), the French Section of the Workers’ International (SFIO) and the Radical and Socialist Party, during the interwar period.

Popular Front

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included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term (1933-1937) of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

New Deal

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Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party. Was Italy’s Prime Minister.

Benito Mussolini

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a city-state surrounded by Rome, Italy, is the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church.

Vatican City

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is a German title meaning leader or guide now most associated with Adolf Hitler

Fuhrer

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Is an unofficial historical designation for the German state between 1919 and 1933. The name derives from the city of where its constitutional assembly first took place.

Weimar Republic

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German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of the German Reich, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.

Adolph Hitler

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political party in Germany that was active between 1920 and 1945

Nazi Party

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leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953

Joseph Stalin

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period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one

Industrialization

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Schutzstaffel; major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers’ Party in Nazi Germany.

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key ritual in which periodic reviews of members of the Communist Party were conducted to get rid of the “undesirables.”

Purges

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Spanish general, dictator, and the Caudillo of Spain from 1939 until his death. Conservative monarchist who opposed the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic in 1931. Intending to overthrow the republic, this man and other generals staged a failed coup precipitating the Spanish Civil War. With the death of the other generals, he quickly became his faction’s only leader.

Francisco Franco

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A prominent Spanish surrealist Painter

Salvador Dali

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a person of Caucasian race not of Jewish Decent; the preferred race

Aryan

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These powers consisted of Germany, Japan, and Italy

Axis

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a policy of forced consolidation of individual peasant households into collective farms called “kolkhozes”

Munich Conference

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the British prime minister as Great Britain entered World War II. He is known for his policy of “appeasement” toward Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Germany

Neville Chamberlain

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An English political leader and author of the twentieth century; he became prime minister shortly after World War II began and served through the end of the war in Europe

Winston Churchill

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is the common name of the French State, following its relocation to the town of Vichy during WWII

Vichy France

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the aerial warfare branch of the German Wehrmacht during World War II

Luftwaffe

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a city in Germany named after Stalin. Was overtaken by the Germans later on in a battle

Stalingrad

A historical region and former province of northwest France on the English Channel. Its beaches were the focal point of Allied landings on D-day (June 6, 1944) in World War II

Normandy

the United States dropped atomic bombs here

Hiroshima & Nagasaki

the mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime during the period 1941-45. More than 6 million European Jews, as well as members of other persecuted groups, such as gypsies and homosexuals, were murdered at concentration camps

Holocaust

an industrial town in S Poland; site of a Nazi concentration camp during World War II

Auschwitz-Birkenau

the Nazi policy of exterminating European Jews. Introduced by Heinrich Himmler and administered by Adolf Eichmann, the policy resulted in the murder of 6 million Jews in concentration camps between 1941 and 1945

Final Solution

the state of political hostility that existed between the Soviet bloc countries and the US-led Western powers from 1945 to 1990

Cold War

Communist area where Germany was

Eastern Europe

the principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection

Truman Doctrine

A program by which the United States gave large amounts of economic aid to European countries to help them rebuild after the devastation of World War II

Marshall Plan

A military operation in the late 1940s that brought food and other needed goods into West Berlin by air after the government of East Germany, which at that time surrounded West Berlin ( see Berlin wall ), had cut off its supply routes

Berlin Airlift

Germany was divided into a Communist state and a non-Communist state by the Berlin Wall

West & East Germany

a bomb or missile that uses nuclear energy to cause an explosion

Nuclear weapons

a military alliance of European and North American democracies founded after World War II to strengthen international ties between member states—especially the United States and Europe—and to serve as a counter-balance to the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact. North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NATO

A military alliance of communist nations in eastern Europe. Against NATO

Warsaw Pact

fought in the early 1950s between the United Nations, supported by the United States, and the communist Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)

Korean War

a Cold War conflict pitting the U.S. and the remnants of the French colonial government in South Vietnam against the indigenous but communist Vietnamese independence movement, the Viet Minh, following the latter's expulsion of the French in 1954

Vietnam War

Fortified concrete and wire barrier that separated East and West Berlin from 1961 to 1989

Berlin Wall

A confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 over the presence of missile sites in Cuba; one of the "hottest" periods of the cold war

Cuban Missile Crisis

Many countries became independent after WWII

Decolonization

the Jewish state in Palestine

Israel

A political and military organization formed in 1964 to unite various Palestinian Arab groups and ultimately to bring about an independent state of Palestine

PLO

founder of the People's Republic of China

Mao Zedong

After Stalin's death he became first secretary of the Soviet Communist Party (1953-64) and initiated a policy to remove the influence of Stalin (1956)

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet political leader of the twentieth century. He seized the leadership of the Soviet Communist party from Nikita Khrushchev in 1964

Lenoid Brezhnev

a nationwide revolt against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic and its Soviet-imposed policies, lasting from 23 October until 10 November 1956

Hungarian revolt

a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of its domination by the Soviet Union after World War II

Prague Spring

the dominant political leader and grand figurehead of France during and after World War II

Charles DeGaulle

a system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits

Welfare State

The abbreviation for the European Economic Community. An organization of nations established in 1957 to promote free trade and economic cooperation among the nations of western Europe

EEC

He was the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union, having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991 when the party was dissolved

Mikhail Gorbachev

the policy or practice of restructuring or reforming the economic and political system

Perestroika

Had become united once the Berlin Wall was torn down

Germany

President of the Russian republic who criticized the slow pace of Mikhail Gorbachev 's reforms. In 1991, he successfully led the opposition to an attempted coup by communist hard-liners and became the most powerful person in the former Soviet Union

Boris Yeltsin

The president of Russia since 2000

Vladimir Putin

an independent trade union movement in Poland that developed into a mass campaign for political change and inspired popular opposition to communist regimes across eastern Europe during the 1980s

Solidarity

a Czech writer, philosopher, dissident, and statesman. From 1989 to 1992, he served as the last president of Czechoslovakia

Vaclav Havel

a Romanian leader whose attempts to fuse nationalism and communism resulted in such a brutal dictatorship that the Romanians overthrew his regime

Nicolae Ceausescu

formerly, a federal republic in S Europe: since 1992 comprised of Serbia and Montenegro; disbanded into independent countries in 2006

Yugoslavia

Ethnic Cleansing the mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society

Ethnic Cleansing

an autonomous province of Serbia, in the SW. Had an ethnic cleansing which caused NATO to come in

Kosovo

A political union, often called the EU, to which the member states of the EEC are evolving

European Union

the single European currency, which replaced the national currencies of France. Seventeen member states of the European Union now use the euro

Euro

An English political leader of the twentieth century, who became prime minister of Britain in 1979

Margaret Thatcher

A political leader of the twentieth century. A member of Congress in the late 1940s, he came to national attention through his strong support for the investigation of the alleged communist Alger Hiss

Richard Nixon

A political leader of the twentieth century who served as president from 1974 to 1977. He took over from Nixon

Gerald Ford

American politician and author who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981

Jimmy Carter

an American politician and actor who was 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989

Ronald Reagan

He was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993

George H. W. Bush

American politician who was 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001

Bill Clinton

American Republican statesman, 43rd president of the US 2001-2009; full name George Walker Bush. He is the son of George Bush

George W. Bush

a group of Islamic terrorists, widely believed to be part of the Al Qaeda network, hijacked three commercial airliners in midair, took over the controls, and deliberately crashed them into the Pentagon and the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in Manhattan

September 11, 2001

an influential American painter and a major figure in the abstract expressionist movement. He was well known for his unique style of drip painting

Jackson Pollock

French philosopher, playwright, novelist, political activist, biographer, and literary critic

Jean-Paul Sartre

the first Polish pope and the first non-Italian pope in several centuries. He has traveled extensively to spread the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church

John Paul II

Ability to rule by decree for for years; proposed by Hitler

Enabling Act