Ch. 26-30 Flashcards
was an attempt in 1924 to solve the World War I reparations problem
Dawes Plan
the Rhineland Pact between Germany, France, Belgium, the United Kingdom, and Italy. Germany formally recognized its new western borders acted by the Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Locarno
(1929-39) was the deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world. Began soon after stock market crash
Great Depression
an alliance of left-wing movements, including the French Communist Party (PCF), the French Section of the Workers’ International (SFIO) and the Radical and Socialist Party, during the interwar period.
Popular Front
included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term (1933-1937) of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
New Deal
Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party. Was Italy’s Prime Minister.
Benito Mussolini
a city-state surrounded by Rome, Italy, is the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church.
Vatican City
is a German title meaning leader or guide now most associated with Adolf Hitler
Fuhrer
Is an unofficial historical designation for the German state between 1919 and 1933. The name derives from the city of where its constitutional assembly first took place.
Weimar Republic
German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of the German Reich, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.
Adolph Hitler
political party in Germany that was active between 1920 and 1945
Nazi Party
leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953
Joseph Stalin
period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one
Industrialization
Schutzstaffel; major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers’ Party in Nazi Germany.
SS
key ritual in which periodic reviews of members of the Communist Party were conducted to get rid of the “undesirables.”
Purges
Spanish general, dictator, and the Caudillo of Spain from 1939 until his death. Conservative monarchist who opposed the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic in 1931. Intending to overthrow the republic, this man and other generals staged a failed coup precipitating the Spanish Civil War. With the death of the other generals, he quickly became his faction’s only leader.
Francisco Franco
A prominent Spanish surrealist Painter
Salvador Dali
a person of Caucasian race not of Jewish Decent; the preferred race
Aryan
These powers consisted of Germany, Japan, and Italy
Axis
a policy of forced consolidation of individual peasant households into collective farms called “kolkhozes”
Munich Conference
the British prime minister as Great Britain entered World War II. He is known for his policy of “appeasement” toward Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Germany
Neville Chamberlain
An English political leader and author of the twentieth century; he became prime minister shortly after World War II began and served through the end of the war in Europe
Winston Churchill
is the common name of the French State, following its relocation to the town of Vichy during WWII
Vichy France
the aerial warfare branch of the German Wehrmacht during World War II
Luftwaffe
a city in Germany named after Stalin. Was overtaken by the Germans later on in a battle
Stalingrad
A historical region and former province of northwest France on the English Channel. Its beaches were the focal point of Allied landings on D-day (June 6, 1944) in World War II
Normandy
the United States dropped atomic bombs here
Hiroshima & Nagasaki
the mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime during the period 1941-45. More than 6 million European Jews, as well as members of other persecuted groups, such as gypsies and homosexuals, were murdered at concentration camps
Holocaust
an industrial town in S Poland; site of a Nazi concentration camp during World War II
Auschwitz-Birkenau
the Nazi policy of exterminating European Jews. Introduced by Heinrich Himmler and administered by Adolf Eichmann, the policy resulted in the murder of 6 million Jews in concentration camps between 1941 and 1945
Final Solution
the state of political hostility that existed between the Soviet bloc countries and the US-led Western powers from 1945 to 1990
Cold War
Communist area where Germany was
Eastern Europe
the principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection
Truman Doctrine
A program by which the United States gave large amounts of economic aid to European countries to help them rebuild after the devastation of World War II
Marshall Plan
A military operation in the late 1940s that brought food and other needed goods into West Berlin by air after the government of East Germany, which at that time surrounded West Berlin ( see Berlin wall ), had cut off its supply routes
Berlin Airlift
Germany was divided into a Communist state and a non-Communist state by the Berlin Wall
West & East Germany
a bomb or missile that uses nuclear energy to cause an explosion
Nuclear weapons
a military alliance of European and North American democracies founded after World War II to strengthen international ties between member states—especially the United States and Europe—and to serve as a counter-balance to the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NATO
A military alliance of communist nations in eastern Europe. Against NATO
Warsaw Pact
fought in the early 1950s between the United Nations, supported by the United States, and the communist Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea)
Korean War
a Cold War conflict pitting the U.S. and the remnants of the French colonial government in South Vietnam against the indigenous but communist Vietnamese independence movement, the Viet Minh, following the latter’s expulsion of the French in 1954
Vietnam War
Fortified concrete and wire barrier that separated East and West Berlin from 1961 to 1989
Berlin Wall
A confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 over the presence of missile sites in Cuba; one of the “hottest” periods of the cold war
Cuban Missile Crisis
Many countries became independent after WWII
Decolonization
the Jewish state in Palestine
Israel
A political and military organization formed in 1964 to unite various Palestinian Arab groups and ultimately to bring about an independent state of Palestine
PLO
founder of the People’s Republic of China
Mao Zedong
After Stalin’s death he became first secretary of the Soviet Communist Party (1953-64) and initiated a policy to remove the influence of Stalin (1956)
Nikita Khrushchev
A Soviet political leader of the twentieth century. He seized the leadership of the Soviet Communist party from Nikita Khrushchev in 1964
Lenoid Brezhnev
a nationwide revolt against the government of the Hungarian People’s Republic and its Soviet-imposed policies, lasting from 23 October until 10 November 1956
Hungarian revolt
a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of its domination by the Soviet Union after World War II
Prague Spring
the dominant political leader and grand figurehead of France during and after World War II
Charles DeGaulle
a system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits
Welfare State
The abbreviation for the European Economic Community. An organization of nations established in 1957 to promote free trade and economic cooperation among the nations of western Europe
EEC
He was the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union, having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991 when the party was dissolved
Mikhail Gorbachev
the policy or practice of restructuring or reforming the economic and political system
Perestroika
Had become united once the Berlin Wall was torn down
Germany
President of the Russian republic who criticized the slow pace of Mikhail Gorbachev ‘s reforms. In 1991, he successfully led the opposition to an attempted coup by communist hard-liners and became the most powerful person in the former Soviet Union
Boris Yeltsin
The president of Russia since 2000
Vladimir Putin
an independent trade union movement in Poland that developed into a mass campaign for political change and inspired popular opposition to communist regimes across eastern Europe during the 1980s
Solidarity
a Czech writer, philosopher, dissident, and statesman. From 1989 to 1992, he served as the last president of Czechoslovakia
Vaclav Havel
a Romanian leader whose attempts to fuse nationalism and communism resulted in such a brutal dictatorship that the Romanians overthrew his regime
Nicolae Ceausescu
formerly, a federal republic in S Europe: since 1992 comprised of Serbia and Montenegro; disbanded into independent countries in 2006
Yugoslavia
Ethnic Cleansing the mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society
Ethnic Cleansing
an autonomous province of Serbia, in the SW. Had an ethnic cleansing which caused NATO to come in
Kosovo
A political union, often called the EU, to which the member states of the EEC are evolving
European Union
the single European currency, which replaced the national currencies of France. Seventeen member states of the European Union now use the euro
Euro
An English political leader of the twentieth century, who became prime minister of Britain in 1979
Margaret Thatcher
A political leader of the twentieth century. A member of Congress in the late 1940s, he came to national attention through his strong support for the investigation of the alleged communist Alger Hiss
Richard Nixon
A political leader of the twentieth century who served as president from 1974 to 1977. He took over from Nixon
Gerald Ford
American politician and author who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981
Jimmy Carter
an American politician and actor who was 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989
Ronald Reagan
He was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993
George H. W. Bush
American politician who was 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001
Bill Clinton
American Republican statesman, 43rd president of the US 2001-2009; full name George Walker Bush. He is the son of George Bush
George W. Bush
a group of Islamic terrorists, widely believed to be part of the Al Qaeda network, hijacked three commercial airliners in midair, took over the controls, and deliberately crashed them into the Pentagon and the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in Manhattan
September 11, 2001
an influential American painter and a major figure in the abstract expressionist movement. He was well known for his unique style of drip painting
Jackson Pollock
French philosopher, playwright, novelist, political activist, biographer, and literary critic
Jean-Paul Sartre
the first Polish pope and the first non-Italian pope in several centuries. He has traveled extensively to spread the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church
John Paul II
Ability to rule by decree for for years; proposed by Hitler
Enabling Act
