MIDTERM Flashcards
1
Q
1st female psych phd
A
margaret floy washburn
2
Q
nature v nurture examples
A
long standing controversy over the contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
hereditary
environmental
ex: children’s grammar mostly innate or formed by experience
3
Q
know and apply biopsychosocial approaches
A
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.
4
Q
biological approach
A
concerned with the links between biology and behavior
5
Q
active processing
A
refers to sets of procedures in which a learner acts on instructional inputs to generate, re-organize, self-explain, or otherwise goes beyond the encoding of presented material.
6
Q
theory
A
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
7
Q
importance of replication
A
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations -> to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
8
Q
Strengths/ weaknesses of psychological testing methods (case study etc)
A
Case study-examines one individual in depth in hope of revealing things true of a greater population
Some are revealing. or suggest directions for further study
Many times incorrect information in attained because the individual piece of data is an outlier
mistake of overgeneralizing results
9
Q
identify different kinds of correlations
positive
none
negative
A
positive = 2 sets of scores rise and fall together
none = no relationship
negative = 2 sets of scores relate inversely.. one falls and the other rises
10
Q
distinguish between different kinds of psychological testing methods
A
case study: one person
survey: random population
naturalistic observation: observation of one person without them knowing that they are being observed
11
Q
ethics in research- example
A
informed consent, etc?
12
Q
placebo effect - apply
A
experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent
13
Q
statistical significance
A
a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
14
Q
sample size
A
how big the sample is?
15
Q
informed consent
A
an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
16
Q
polarization and depolarization
A
Depolarization- the change in electric charge inside and outside the cell membrane and the cell becomes positive.
Polarization- the cell becomes negative
17
Q
synapses - definition and function
A
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
18
Q
reuptake - definition
A
a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron
19
Q
opiates
A
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily defined as what an intelligence test measures
20
Q
receptor sites?
A
receive the neurotransmitters?
21
Q
schizophrenia
A
a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
22
Q
dopamine
A
influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion (excess dopamine reception linked to schizophrenia)
23
Q
fight or flight
A
in a moment of danger for example, releases adrenaline and noradrenaline
noradrenaline counteracts the adrenaline
24
Q
reflex
A
a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response
25
PET scans
a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.
26
limbic system - location/purpose
doughnut-shaped neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives.
27
which part of the brain processes new memories
hippocampus
28
direct stimulation of the motor cortex results in
movement of the mouth and lips
29
results of foerster and penfields research
were able to map the motor cortex in hundreds of wide-awake patients by stimulating different cortical areas and observing the body’s responses. They discovered that body areas requiring precise control, such as the fingers and mouth, occupied the greatest amount of cortical space
30
stimulation of the occipital lobe
visual functions
31
brain plasticity - define and apply
the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.
32
neurogenesis - define and apply
the formation of new neurons
33
right and left hemispheres - what do they control?
Right: Creativity, rhythm, spatial awareness, controls left side of body
Left: Language, Numbers, Logic, analysis, Controls right side of the body
34
research on left handedness
more prone to learning disabilities, allergies, migraines, more common among musicians, mathematicians, pro baseball, architects, artists. (textbook)
35
conscious vs unconscious serial processing
conscious-our awareness of ourselves and our environment; one part of dual processing
unconscious-automatic, outside of our awareness
36
define behavior genetics
the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.
37
characteristics of adoptive children
biological factors are the same as their birth parents (heart disease, height, Alzheimers)
social factors differ (socioeconomic status, language, religion)
more likely to experience emotional trauma and have a higher possibility for drug and alcohol abuse
38
popular opinions of biological evolution
supported by science
half of public believes
39
signal detection theory
a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.
40
diff. parts of eye & their functions
Light enters the eye through the **cornea**, which protects the eye and bends light to provide focus. The light then passes through the **pupil**, a small adjustable opening surrounded by the **iris**, a colored muscle that adjusts light intake. The iris dilates or constricts in response to light intensity and even to inner emotions. Each iris is so distinctive that an iris-scanning machine could confirm your identity. Behind the pupil is a **lens** that focuses incoming light rays into an image on the **retina**, a multilayered tissue on the eyeball’s sensitive inner surface. The lens focuses the rays by changing its curvature in a process called accommodation.
41
afterimages - understand & apply
An afterimage is a type of optical illusion in which an image continues to appear briefly even after exposure to the actual image has ended.
42
correct sequence for sound waves moving to auditory nerve
First, the visible outer ear channels the sound waves through the auditory canal to the eardrum, a tight membrane that vibrates with the waves
The middle ear then transmits the eardrum’s vibrations through a piston made of three tiny bones (the hammer, anvil, and stirrup)to the cochlea, a snail-shaped tube in the inner ear.
The incoming vibrations cause the cochlea’s membrane (the oval window) to vibrate,jostling the fluid that fills the tube. This motion causes ripples in the basilar membrane, bending the hair cells lining its surface
Hair cell movement triggers impulses in the adjacent nerve cells, whose axons converge to form the auditory nerve, which sends neural messages (via the thalamus) to the temporal lobe’s auditory cortex.
43
distraction & pain control
When we are distracted from pain(a psychological influence) and soothed by the release of endorphins, our natural painkillers (a biological influence), our experience of pain may be greatly diminished.
44
relationship of endorphins and pain
People who carry a gene that boosts the availability of endorphins are less bothered by pain, and their brain is less responsive to pain
45
conscious awareness
sentience, awareness, subjectivity, the ability to experience or to feel, wakefulness, having a sense of selfhood, and the executive control system of the mind.
46
what triggers circadian rhythms
light
47
hallucinations - define
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
48
free radicals - define
molecules that are toxic to neurons
sleep allows neurons resting time from combating free radicals
49
night terrors - define
sleep related problem characterized by high alertness and an appearance of being terrified
50
positive effects of dreaming
serve to alleviate emotional distress.
Freud: guard sleep and source of wish fulfillment
reflection on life events
51
hypnosis define/apply
a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another person (the subject) that certain perceptions, cognitions or behaviors will
52
post-hypnotic suggestion
suggestions made during hypnosis, have helped alleviate headaches, asthma and stress-related skin disorders.
53
evidence of drug addiction
physical and psychological dependence on the drug
withdrawal
tolerance
54
classification of thc
hallucinogen
55
examples of classical conditioning
little albert
pavlov
?
56
generalization - define and apply
In operant conditioning, the occurrence of responding when a stimulus similar (but not identical) to the discriminative stimulus is present
ex. Little Albert feared white dogs, fur coats, etc. when conditioned to fear a white rabbit
57
BF skinner
behaviorist
studied on rats
law of effect: The idea that responses that produced desirable results would be learned, or “stamped” into the organism.
58
schedules of reinforcement
Fixed Interval Schedule (FI): rewards a learner only for the first correct response after some defined period of time
Variable Interval Schedule (VI): rewards a correct response after an unpredictable amount of time
Fixed Ratio Schedule (FR): rewards a response only after a defined number of correct answers
Variable Ratio Schedule (VR): rewards an unpredictable number of correct responses
59
latent learning - define
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until the learner has an incentive to demonstrate it.
ex. A student is taught how to perform a special type of addition, but does not demonstrate the knowledge until an important test is administered.
60
operant conditioning - define
A form of learning in which the probability of a response is changed by its consequences…that is, by the stimuli that follows the response.
61
mirror neurons - location
frontal lobe
62
types of encoding
semantic
acoustic
visual
Semantic Encoding: encoding of meaning, including meaning of words
Acoustic Encoding: encoding of sound, especially sound of words
Visual Encoding: encoding of picture images
63
automatic processing
effortful processing
automatic processing • unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
effortful processing • encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
64
semantic encoding
encoding of meaning, including meaning of words
65
mnemonic devices
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Associate items with peg-words. Make up a story that incorporates vivid images of the items. Chunk information into acronyms. Create rhythmic rhymes (“i before e,except after c“).
66
recall v recognition
Recall: one must reproduce previously presented material (like when writing an essay on a test)
recognition: a retrieval method in which one must identify information that is provided, which has previously been presented (like on a multiple-choice test)
67
retrieval clues
anchor points you can use to access the target information when you want to retrieve it later. The more retrieval cues you have, the better your chances of finding a route to the suspended memory.
68
algorithms in problem solving
guarantee a correct outcome if correctly applied
generally take more time than heuristics
69
divergent thinking
type of creative thinking in which one generates new solutions to problems
70
overconfidence - examples
the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments
71
belief perserverance - examples
tendency or unwillingness to admit that their foundational premises are incorrect even when shown convincing evidence to the contrary.
Pretend you hear that Rahindi talked some smack about you. You will start thinking that Rahindi is a real schmoolie. Then you later find out that Rahindi never ever said those bad things. The feelings you have developed about Rahindi still may not change even though you discovered evidence that should make them.?????
72
language - definition
our spoken, written, or gestured works and the way we combine them to communicate meaning.
73
smallest speech units
phoneme: smallest SOUND unit
morpheme: smallest unit that has MEANING (syllables, prefixes, suffixes, etc.)
74
one word stage
From about age 1 to 2
The stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words
75
# reversed
margaret floy washburn
1st female psych phd
76
# reversed
long standing controversy over the contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
hereditary
environmental
ex: children’s grammar mostly innate or formed by experience
nature v nurture examples
77
# reversed
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.
know and apply biopsychosocial approaches
78
# reversed
concerned with the links between biology and behavior
biological approach
79
# reversed
refers to sets of procedures in which a learner acts on instructional inputs to generate, re-organize, self-explain, or otherwise goes beyond the encoding of presented material.
active processing
80
# reversed
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
theory
81
# reversed
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations -\> to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
importance of replication
82
# reversed
Case study-examines one individual in depth in hope of revealing things true of a greater population
Some are revealing. or suggest directions for further study
Many times incorrect information in attained because the individual piece of data is an outlier
mistake of overgeneralizing results
Strengths/ weaknesses of psychological testing methods (case study etc)
83
# reversed
positive = 2 sets of scores rise and fall together
none = no relationship
negative = 2 sets of scores relate inversely.. one falls and the other rises
identify different kinds of correlations
positive
none
negative
84
# reversed
case study: one person
survey: random population
naturalistic observation: observation of one person without them knowing that they are being observed
distinguish between different kinds of psychological testing methods
85
# reversed
informed consent, etc?
ethics in research- example
86
# reversed
experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent
placebo effect - apply
87
# reversed
a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
statistical significance
88
# reversed
how big the sample is?
sample size
89
# reversed
an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
informed consent
90
# reversed
Depolarization- the change in electric charge inside and outside the cell membrane and the cell becomes positive.
Polarization- the cell becomes negative
polarization and depolarization
91
# reversed
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
synapses - definition and function
92
# reversed
a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron
reuptake - definition
93
# reversed
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily defined as what an intelligence test measures
opiates
94
# reversed
receive the neurotransmitters?
receptor sites?
95
# reversed
a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
schizophrenia
96
# reversed
influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion (excess dopamine reception linked to schizophrenia)
dopamine
97
# reversed
in a moment of danger for example, releases adrenaline and noradrenaline
noradrenaline counteracts the adrenaline
fight or flight
98
# reversed
a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response
reflex
99
# reversed
a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.
PET scans
100
# reversed
doughnut-shaped neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives.
limbic system - location/purpose
101
# reversed
hippocampus
which part of the brain processes new memories
102
# reversed
movement of the mouth and lips
direct stimulation of the motor cortex results in
103
# reversed
were able to map the motor cortex in hundreds of wide-awake patients by stimulating different cortical areas and observing the body’s responses. They discovered that body areas requiring precise control, such as the fingers and mouth, occupied the greatest amount of cortical space
results of foerster and penfields research
104
# reversed
visual functions
stimulation of the occipital lobe
105
# reversed
the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.
brain plasticity - define and apply
106
# reversed
the formation of new neurons
neurogenesis - define and apply
107
# reversed
Right: Creativity, rhythm, spatial awareness, controls left side of body
Left: Language, Numbers, Logic, analysis, Controls right side of the body
right and left hemispheres - what do they control?
108
# reversed
more prone to learning disabilities, allergies, migraines, more common among musicians, mathematicians, pro baseball, architects, artists. (textbook)
research on left handedness
109
# reversed
conscious-our awareness of ourselves and our environment; one part of dual processing
unconscious-automatic, outside of our awareness
conscious vs unconscious serial processing
110
# reversed
the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.
define behavior genetics
111
# reversed
biological factors are the same as their birth parents (heart disease, height, Alzheimers)
social factors differ (socioeconomic status, language, religion)
more likely to experience emotional trauma and have a higher possibility for drug and alcohol abuse
characteristics of adoptive children
112
# reversed
supported by science
half of public believes
popular opinions of biological evolution
113
# reversed
a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.
signal detection theory
114
# reversed
Light enters the eye through the **cornea**, which protects the eye and bends light to provide focus. The light then passes through the **pupil**, a small adjustable opening surrounded by the **iris**, a colored muscle that adjusts light intake. The iris dilates or constricts in response to light intensity and even to inner emotions. Each iris is so distinctive that an iris-scanning machine could confirm your identity. Behind the pupil is a **lens** that focuses incoming light rays into an image on the **retina**, a multilayered tissue on the eyeball’s sensitive inner surface. The lens focuses the rays by changing its curvature in a process called accommodation.
diff. parts of eye & their functions
115
# reversed
An afterimage is a type of optical illusion in which an image continues to appear briefly even after exposure to the actual image has ended.
afterimages - understand & apply
116
# reversed
First, the visible outer ear channels the sound waves through the auditory canal to the eardrum, a tight membrane that vibrates with the waves
The middle ear then transmits the eardrum’s vibrations through a piston made of three tiny bones (the hammer, anvil, and stirrup)to the cochlea, a snail-shaped tube in the inner ear.
The incoming vibrations cause the cochlea’s membrane (the oval window) to vibrate,jostling the fluid that fills the tube. This motion causes ripples in the basilar membrane, bending the hair cells lining its surface
Hair cell movement triggers impulses in the adjacent nerve cells, whose axons converge to form the auditory nerve, which sends neural messages (via the thalamus) to the temporal lobe’s auditory cortex.
correct sequence for sound waves moving to auditory nerve
117
# reversed
When we are distracted from pain(a psychological influence) and soothed by the release of endorphins, our natural painkillers (a biological influence), our experience of pain may be greatly diminished.
distraction & pain control
118
# reversed
People who carry a gene that boosts the availability of endorphins are less bothered by pain, and their brain is less responsive to pain
relationship of endorphins and pain
119
# reversed
sentience, awareness, subjectivity, the ability to experience or to feel, wakefulness, having a sense of selfhood, and the executive control system of the mind.
conscious awareness
120
# reversed
light
what triggers circadian rhythms
121
# reversed
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
hallucinations - define
122
# reversed
molecules that are toxic to neurons
sleep allows neurons resting time from combating free radicals
free radicals - define
123
# reversed
sleep related problem characterized by high alertness and an appearance of being terrified
night terrors - define
124
# reversed
serve to alleviate emotional distress.
Freud: guard sleep and source of wish fulfillment
reflection on life events
positive effects of dreaming
125
# reversed
a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another person (the subject) that certain perceptions, cognitions or behaviors will
hypnosis define/apply
126
# reversed
suggestions made during hypnosis, have helped alleviate headaches, asthma and stress-related skin disorders.
post-hypnotic suggestion
127
# reversed
physical and psychological dependence on the drug
withdrawal
tolerance
evidence of drug addiction
128
# reversed
hallucinogen
classification of thc
129
# reversed
little albert
pavlov
?
examples of classical conditioning
130
# reversed
In operant conditioning, the occurrence of responding when a stimulus similar (but not identical) to the discriminative stimulus is present
ex. Little Albert feared white dogs, fur coats, etc. when conditioned to fear a white rabbit
generalization - define and apply
131
# reversed
behaviorist
studied on rats
law of effect: The idea that responses that produced desirable results would be learned, or “stamped” into the organism.
BF skinner
132
# reversed
Fixed Interval Schedule (FI): rewards a learner only for the first correct response after some defined period of time
Variable Interval Schedule (VI): rewards a correct response after an unpredictable amount of time
Fixed Ratio Schedule (FR): rewards a response only after a defined number of correct answers
Variable Ratio Schedule (VR): rewards an unpredictable number of correct responses
schedules of reinforcement
133
# reversed
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until the learner has an incentive to demonstrate it.
ex. A student is taught how to perform a special type of addition, but does not demonstrate the knowledge until an important test is administered.
latent learning - define
134
# reversed
A form of learning in which the probability of a response is changed by its consequences…that is, by the stimuli that follows the response.
operant conditioning - define
135
# reversed
frontal lobe
mirror neurons - location
136
# reversed
Semantic Encoding: encoding of meaning, including meaning of words
Acoustic Encoding: encoding of sound, especially sound of words
Visual Encoding: encoding of picture images
types of encoding
semantic
acoustic
visual
137
# reversed
automatic processing • unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
effortful processing • encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
automatic processing
effortful processing
138
# reversed
encoding of meaning, including meaning of words
semantic encoding
139
# reversed
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Associate items with peg-words. Make up a story that incorporates vivid images of the items. Chunk information into acronyms. Create rhythmic rhymes (“i before e,except after c“).
mnemonic devices
140
# reversed
Recall: one must reproduce previously presented material (like when writing an essay on a test)
recognition: a retrieval method in which one must identify information that is provided, which has previously been presented (like on a multiple-choice test)
recall v recognition
141
# reversed
anchor points you can use to access the target information when you want to retrieve it later. The more retrieval cues you have, the better your chances of finding a route to the suspended memory.
retrieval clues
142
# reversed
guarantee a correct outcome if correctly applied
generally take more time than heuristics
algorithms in problem solving
143
# reversed
type of creative thinking in which one generates new solutions to problems
divergent thinking
144
# reversed
the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments
overconfidence - examples
145
# reversed
tendency or unwillingness to admit that their foundational premises are incorrect even when shown convincing evidence to the contrary.
Pretend you hear that Rahindi talked some smack about you. You will start thinking that Rahindi is a real schmoolie. Then you later find out that Rahindi never ever said those bad things. The feelings you have developed about Rahindi still may not change even though you discovered evidence that should make them.?????
belief perserverance - examples
146
# reversed
our spoken, written, or gestured works and the way we combine them to communicate meaning.
language - definition
147
# reversed
phoneme: smallest SOUND unit
morpheme: smallest unit that has MEANING (syllables, prefixes, suffixes, etc.)
smallest speech units
148
# reversed
From about age 1 to 2
The stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words
one word stage
